What Is Keyboard PCB

RAYMING PCB & ASSEMBLY
What Is Keyboard PCB?

Introduction
A keyboard PCB or printed circuit board is the physical platform that
interconnects all the components in a computer keyboard. It plays a
central role in transmitting key press inputs to the host computer. This
article provides a comprehensive overview of keyboard PCB design,
manufacturing, and functionality.
Keyboard PCB Basics
A keyboard PCB serves as the structural base to mount and connect the
various components:
 Switch matrix – allows detecting key presses
 Microcontroller – scans matrix and sends key data
 Stabilizers – for larger keys like spacebar
 Additional chips – drives LEDs, RGB, macros etc.
 Connectors – interfaces with computer
 Components are soldered onto the PCB
The PCB is the backplane that routes signals between the microcontroller,
switch matrix, and computer interface.
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Fig 1. Fully assembled keyboard PCB
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Design Considerations
Several factors go into keyboard PCB design:
Layout
 Matches physical keyboard and key layout
 Optimize trace routing to minimize length
Layers
 Simple keyboards can use single-sided boards
 Multi-layer (2+ layers) allows crossing traces
Switch Matrix
 Grid of traces to detect key presses
 Scanned by microcontroller firmware

Noise Reduction
 Careful grounding and shielding important
 Avoid crosstalk and interference
Stabilizer Mounts
 Support plate/PCB mounts for larger keys
RGB Lighting
 Traces and pads to support per-key LEDs
Manufacturing Process
Modern keyboard PCBs are fabricated using SMT assembly:
PCB Fabrication
 Generate from CAD tool and fabricate bare PCB
 Common materials are FR-4 or polyimide
Stencil Printing
 Solder paste stencil printed onto PCB
Pick and Place
 Use machine to populate components onto paste

Reflow Soldering
 Heat to melt solder and attach components
Testing
 Electrical testing and functional checks
Assembly
 Add plate, connectors, case, keycaps etc.
Keyboard Switch Matrix
The switch matrix is core to a keyboard PCB’s operation:
 Grid of trace rows and columns
 Intersection points connect to switch terminals
 Microcontroller scans matrix rows/columns
 Detects closed circuit when key pressed
Allows detecting individual key presses without one trace per key.
Fig 2. Keyboard switch matrix using row and column traces
Integrated Circuits
Keyboard PCBs host a few key integrated circuits:

Microcontroller
 Scans switch matrix to detect key presses
 Popular options are Atmel ATmega328P or 32U4
USB Controller
 For USB interface, manages data transfer
 Such as V-USB or LUFA USB libraries on ATmega32U4
RGB Controller
 Drives individual RGB LEDs for backlighting
 Often uses Holtek HT68FB560 or similar LED driver
Other
 Support chips for macros, audio, OLED displays etc.
 Power regulation and reset control
Common Connectors
To interface with the host computer:
 USB – Most common today, supports both data and power
 PS/2 – Legacy round 6-pin connector
 RJ45 – For keyboards using parallel TTL interface
 Bluetooth – Wireless via Bluetooth LE

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Additional Components
Besides the core PCB and switches, additional components are added:
 Case – Plastic enclosure for aesthetics and rigidity
 Plate – Metal plate to provide structure
 Keycaps – Individual plastic caps that mount on switches
 Cable – Connects keyboard to computer
 Lighting – LEDs for backlighting effects
Customization Options
Many customizations can be done:
 Switch types – MX, optical, low profile etc.
 Form factor – 60%, TKL, full size, ergonomic
 Wired or wireless
 RGB backlighting

 OLED screens
 Rotary encoders
 Macro/media keys
 Acrylic diffusers
 Aluminum cases
Allowing endless keyboard variations to suit any need or preference!
Applications
Keyboard PCBs are used in:
 Computer keyboards – for desktop, laptop, servers
 Peripherals – music, gaming, point of sale
 Smart devices – tablets, smart TVs, appliances
 Industrial controls and instrumentation
Modern keyboard PCB manufacturing enables cost effective, high quality,
and customizable data input devices.
Pros and Cons
Advantages:
 Allows compact, thin keyboard designs
 Supports extensive customization
 High reliability with quality components

Disadvantages:
 Repairs often require full PCB replacement
 Custom PCBs involve high NRE costs
 Tight component spacing can limit modularity
Conclusion
In summary, a keyboard PCB provides the interconnect foundation for all
components in a keyboard. Careful trace routing, switch matrix design,
and noise control are required to ensure reliable performance. When
combined with quality switches, firmware, and enclosures, keyboard PCBs
enable the creation of high performance and customizable data input
devices. The vast range of computer peripherals we use today are enabled
by advanced PCB and electronic manufacturing capabilities.
FAQs
Q: What is the minimum number of layers required for a keyboard PCB?
A: Simple keyboard matrices can be implemented with a single PCB layer.
2-4 layers are more common for including ground planes or more
complex routing.
Q: What interface is most modern keyboard PCBs designed for?

A: USB has become the standard keyboard interface supported on
modern PCBs, replacing legacy PS/2 and serial interfaces.
Q: What is the role of diodes in a keyboard switch matrix?
A: Diodes prevent ghosting by blocking reverse currents when multiple
keys are pressed simultaneously in a matrix.
Q: What is an example microcontroller used in keyboard PCBs?
A: Many keyboards use ATmega32U4 or ATmega328P from Microchip due
to their built-in USB support and ample GPIO for matrix scanning.
Q: How are most keyboard PCBs fabricated and assembled?
A: The majority of keyboard PCB manufacturing utilizes SMT assembly
with automated pick-and-place and reflow soldering for high volume
production.
Definition of Keyboard PCB and Some of the Variants
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Plate Mounted versus PCB Mounted Switches.
There are two mounting style types switches for mechanical keyboard:
Plate mounted and PCB Mounted. Sorting out the distinction can be hard,
so we’ll describe both switches more specific in this article. Plate-mounted

switches only have 3 pins, in the other hand PCB-mounted switches have 5
pins. You can change PCB-mounted to fit with plate mounted switches by
cutting the additional pins on the lower part of the switch. In this article,
we’ll discuss entirely the contrast between these switches types and reveal
to you how to adjust the switches to fit your board.
Fig. 1 PCB Mounted Switches vs Plate Mounted
The main difference between plate-mounted switch and PCB-mounted is
the contact pins that they have. There are 3 pins on a plate-mounted
switch, beside PCB-mounted has 5 pins.
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PCB-Mounted Switch
Look closer at the bottom of PCB-mounted switches and you’ll find 5-pin
switches in total. Those 5 pins are consist of two pins that is plastic

based on the sides designed to give stability, two metal pins that make the
switch working, and a “pin” at the center that looks more like an enormous
round handle. By soldering the switches, it can be install to the PCB, and
performing a simple mount as shown below.
Fig. 2 PCB-Mounted Switches Illustration
As for PCB-mounted switches, it also has guiding pins to help mount the
switch on the PCB. Commonly, this kind of assembly has a lighter vibe, and
the keys will might spring back a bit more. This mounting mostly utilized
in a small size keyboard as they will need less construction to hold
and have less flexibility. Nonetheless, in the current board, having a plate
is extremely normal. It is feasible to decide to assemble a keyboard which
do not have a plate, soldering quality will determine the switch stability.
Plate Mounted Switch .The fact that these switches require a plate hence it
is called Plate-mounted switches. Only 3 pins exist on the base: the center

round knob and the two metal pins. It is designed with the plate because
they do not have the stabilization pins. Each switch will be stabilized by the
plate and decrease side-to-side staggering no matter when the key is
pushed down (as demonstrated beneath).
Plate Mounting vs PCB-Mounting
As for Plate-mounting, it needs to install the switches with a metal plate
which is located over the PCB. Then soldered the switches to the
PCB after it is installed in the metal plate then. The plate permits the
keyboard to become more fortified and stable with more tough feel.
These are regularly utilized in a larger keyboard to offer more support
because of the large size, the keyboard will flex more. To keep everything
better construction the plate likewise adds greater sturdiness to the
keyboard.

One major distinction of Plate-mounted switches from PCB mounted style
is they do not need extra guiding pins since they are mounted into the
plate rather than to the PCB. Simply remember, the plate will be hard to
take off when soldering the switches,. You should take it off to remove the
plate and solder it back to the PCB. This probably won’t be the good, if you
want to make bunches of adjustment and changes. Generally, the
plate-mounted is having high durability and higher grade. A few people
like the sensation of this way of mounting since it changes the keysto
be more steady and less rough. Simply remember this design is ordinarily
more costly because of the additional parts and assembly.
3-Pin vs 5-Pin Switches.
Think a more deep at 5-pin and 3-pin switches, each switch isn’t better
than the other. Even so, if you use switches without a plate, at that point
there is less bolster for your switches. Because of the absence of support,
the keyboard will feel shakier and less steady. By the chance you are type
of heavy-handed keyboard user or you like of experience of a steady
keyboard, you might need to utilized a plate on your keyboard.
In general, the PCB-mounted style doesn’t need an extra support plate
that’s why it is cheaper and easier to build. In numerous hot-swappable
board, they uphold essentially 3-pin switches. With 3-pin switches, it might
be useful in such a term. In case you are making a customized keyboard,

this is carefree since you can determine and pick out what PCB you
are utilizing. Regardless you purchase 5-pin switches but you need to
place them into a 3-pin pcb, it is not difficult to make them suitable.
As we have discussed previously, the major distinction between 3-pin and
5-pin is total pins that standing out. You can cut the two plastic pins on
side with either fingernail skin cutters, tissue cutters, nail trimmers, or
other regular tools you may have around the house,.
What is Keyboard Plate means? The plate is used over of the PCB for
additional help, this keeps the keyboard more steady and from flexing.
Commonly this part is not owned in every keyboard. This is the
fundamental distinction between the two switch mounted, regardless of
they have this plate or not.
Fig. 4 Keyboard Plate Illustration

Diverse Plate Materials. The common materials for plate
materials are found in the following list below. There are often new
materials being tried as plates, so noted that this is not an fix list.
Numerous customized mechanical keyboard, after they are bought, set up
the plate documents on the web. This is for individuals who need to
print or produce in CNC their plates to utilize on their keyboard.
Aluminum and brass are the two most used materials for plates. Other
than those two, it is depend on the client to determine materials and
constructs their own. Even though there are diverse plate materials, giving
them a shot and finding which material which suitable for you is the best
method. The various case of materials and switches will also influence the
general keyboard’s feel and sound.
1. Plates from aluminum are the most well-known and used on a
custom keyboard. It is broadly accessible and not difficult to cut.
Aluminum gives a solid plate that has no bend in the keyboard. This
material is a tolerably solid.
1. Brass is more solidthan aluminum. Gradually, without being dealt
with, brass will stain and oxidize after some time. A few people have
seen that brass is noisy and bassy. Nevertheless, the other have
seen minimum contrast between brass and aluminum.

1. One of plastic based material used as plate material is
Polycarbonate. Nonetheless, it is bassy. Polycarbonate feel
bouncy on the PCB and permit bend.
1. Carbon Fiber. Lightweight and exceptionally additionally tough is
carbon fiber characteristics. It permits bendwhen gaming/typing,
which gives a bouncy vibe.
In this guide, we have known all differences between PCB-mounted and
plate-mounted Switches. The major difference is the pins quantity on the
lower part of switches, regardless of whether they are 3-pin or 5-pin. The
pins quantity doesn’t have a significant effect, still, the fact that you can
basically cut or clip off the additional plastic based pins if your PCB just
suitable for the 3-pin mounting. We additionally described the advantages
of making a keyboard with a PCB mounting and plate system, for
example, contrasts in solidness, feel, and quality. There are a few kind of
PCB’s out there that all serve an uncommon features and
typing experience, which truly indicate that this is intriguing leisure activity.
Following are a few keyboard variations hat you need to know.
1. Mechanical Keyboard

Commonly, all modest computer users may assume that all keyboards are
equivalent. As they might believe that after all computer users may just
type a couple of messages and play out a couple of searching on
internet through a day. Nevertheless, choosing a keyboard for the
hardcore gamer is on another level, it is very crucial. Having the correct
keyboard is about tactual feedback and feel. It is about enhancing gaming
experience (and general computing) to the next level. All this about is
choosing a keyboard that feels directly in your grasp, which empowers
you to reach your best performance. There are two keyboards core
types, mechanical keyboards and membrane keyboards. Choosing which
type is proper for you rely on a few factors. All things are considered, you
may have spent a lot of money and endless hours exploring the best PC
parts to purchase. it pays to consider how you will be communicating with
your new build as well!

Fig. 5 Illustration of Mechanical Keyboard
The main difference between mechanical and membrane keyboards. The
more common keyboards are Membrane keyboards.Thin membrane
pushes on a circuit layer, that enrolls the button pressed in membrane
keyboards. Compare with a mechanical keyboard, membrane keyboards
are less expensive, handy, calm and lighter. Hence, membrane keyboards
have weaknesses such are a more limited lifespan, inclination towards a
“soft” key feel, just as hard to clean. The last is the incapability to let “key
rollover”. Therefore you can just really enlist one keystroke in
one time with a membrane keyboard. This implies you shall find the key
you push does not enlist. Regardless of whether you are typing or gaming,
this can be a big drawback.
Mechanical keyboards are prominent for their particular key-feel.
Mechanical keyboards give significant feedback to user. A mechanical
keyboard has spring-loaded switches instead of a membrane cap that
pushes down on a narrow membrane layer, to a conductive circuit below.
These register the key squeezed – frequently with a distinct snap, unique
to a mechanical keyboard. An unusual component is their
spring-loaded switches – these come in a few distinct feels. The
fundamental trinity of switch types are clicky, that give
crisp feedback feel; tactile, where a knock in movement gives feedback;

or linear, which the keystroke is subtle;. Two or three lesser switch types
are quiet, which switch makes insignificant aural feedback, and the speedy,
where the key activates as fast as could be expected. Switches can likewise
be found in the low profile design that makes key’s travel shorter and
thinner keyboard . As of late, there have been a few advances in the key
innovation. Razer has made optical switches with low actuation times
utilizing a light beam underneath the switch stem. Steelseries’ reaction is
their OmniPoint switch that can be arranged to perform at various
actuation points.
The other key distinction between the membrane and mechanical
keyboards is customization. Mechanical keyboards permit you to alter the
keycaps – hence profoundly changing the feel and appearance of your
keyboard. On the web, there is no lack of keycaps, which you can modify
your keyboard like what you want. If you have an intention to
modify keycaps, we display the photographs from our Mechanical
Keyboard Mini-meet in display area for your inspiration. Key drawbacks of
a mechanical keyboard include sound, weight, and cost. In case you are
bothered by the noise, you might need to move from most mechanical
switch types and select a silent one. Whereas the various choices of switch
design give great feedback, it makes the keyboard’s sound louder than its
membrane set, heavier, and costly.

What aspect that we must concern in when purchasing a keyboard. There
are a few important points when buying a keyboard. These include the
type of utilization, compactness, just as plain personal preference. The
sort of Personal Computer activity you might be doing will be
consideration to what kind of keyboard you will purchase. In case that you
are seldom using PC, moving around a lot, or enjoy playing light games a
membrane keyboard might be more appropriate. Are you using PC in
almost entire day? Or on the other hand, you are searching for
uncommon and special to complete your build with?
Mechanical keyboard will be a good option for you. If you searching for a
keyboard that permits you to alter the look at feel of board, or that gives
tactile feedback, a mechanical keyboard might be ideal for you.
Mechanical keyboard shall raise your gaming experience – improving your
build speed in Fortnite, or not any more passed spells in Dota. It
additionally consider the keyboard size. If you utilize your PC for a
combination of data entry and gaming, a full-size keyboard, with
complete Numpad is good option. However, if you utilize your console just
to game, a TKL (tenkeyless) design might be more reasonable. Also, if
space is at a higher cost than a normal or premium, more compact
keyboard, consider smaller one. Membrane keyboards commonly are

full-sized, while you can purchase mechanical keyboards in both standard
sizes.
Conclusion. A keyboard is associate with PC. However, the two types of
keyboards have their favorable pros and cons. At the point when you
go to your nearby PC shop, think carefully about the contrasts among
mechanical and membrane keyboards. You need to ensure that it
appropriately fills your need.
1. Hot-Swappable Keyboards
Hotswap (can be written hot swap or hot-swa) is an stated attribute that
Input Club and Kono Store used early. It depicts keyboards that permit
switch substitution without soldering process. Kaihua or Kailh, the first

switch producer in China, made the market-overwhelming hot-swap
socket design presented below.
Fig. 6 Illustration of hot swappable keyboards
Numerous web site says that hotswap keyboards is built from “hotswap
switches,” which is infrequently the case and can create light hesitation.
Cherry MX-style switches hotswap keyboards are applicable for keyboards
with equivalent hotswap socket plate design/pinout, however they
explicitly were not intended for hot swap utilization. Those switches
could be soldered / mounted into a standard keyboard. The genuine
development lives on the PCB or, if there are real hotswap switches same
as our contactless Keystone line / SILO, in the fundamental innovation.
What are the advantages? Hotswap keyboards are quality-oriented
manufacturers and liked by typists. They make switch fixes simple

(bringing a longer lifetime to keyboard) and take into personalization, yet
those are only the base advantages. The simplicity of assembly also makes
production in small quantity possibly runs — manufacturers can
use extraordinary switches but they can get a lower Minimum Order
Quantity, evading huge automation expenditures. On the chance that a
keyboard does not own hotswap sockets, its adjustment alternatives are
exceptionally limited. In the standard keyboard, you should add Holtites
socket and / or solder to alter switches. Holtites sockets are not
excessively solid and can just handle with a couple of switch alteration.
Those problems vanish with advance hotswap socket designs such
as Kaihua’s.
For some reason, Why are not many hotswap keyboards available? The
main explanation is profit decrement — both short and long term.
Hotswap sockets only change the expenditure a little per keyboard. Most
keyboards are inconceivably low cost to make, and created in batches of a
few thousand, so companies do not want additional expense which can
reduce margin. They additionally make repairs simpler; when switches are
broken, people are considerably less likely to purchase another keyboard
instead of recover it themselves. Hotswap sockets additionally need some
engineering expertise to perform. They occupy an additional
space over the PCB so component routing and placement should be exact.
This limit worldwide format support on the PCB level, particularly if the

keyboard is equipped with LEDs. If you require a split space bar that
belongs to a hotswap keyboard or a European enter key, distinct PCB
design is generally essential. Keyboards similar to Minivan, which is not, at
this point accessible, accomplish incomplete success complete keyboard
functionality by decreasing LED functionality.
Conclusion. If you familiar with soldering and have an favorite keyboards
switch, hotswap probably won’t be important for you (regardless of
whether it offers the quality of lifetime improvement). For people who
prefer simple assortment and repairs, nonetheless, hotswap keyboards
are great. It is difficult to confirm making something besides hot-swap
keyboard as a special keyboard producer; expect to see an increasing
number of mechanical keyboards build from hotswap choices available on
the market for the following year.
Keyboard PCB Design Tutorial
Electronic design. It can be described that mechanical design is
another half of electrical design. All the key pushes should some way or
another be transferred to the PC. I have never build anything associated
with USB or designed electronics system for a keyboard usage before, at
the same time, similar to all tasks in this project this appeared to be a
great challenge. Each keyboard has its own controller. This processor do

several things such as reads the keys, makes an interpretation of read
keys to messages that key is pressed, and delivers and deliver messages
to the PC. Most of current keyboards use USB connection. The PC only
sees a common USB device. This keyboard and some other USB
keyboard are just the same. ATMega328P is used as main controller unit
for this keyboard. The processor is associated with the key switches and to
the PC on the opposite side. Because the controller has no USB port this is
copied in firmware with USB. On this prototype, you can see
isp header, the processor, I²C connector, 12MHz crystal, programmer,
and debug led. There are a few more components on the base.
Fig. 7 The processor using on the prototype board
There are a ton of keys using on a keyboard. Associating all
keys straightforwardly to the controller might require a ton of input pins
and plenty of wires. Fortunately, there are alternative methods
to connect all of those keys. The most widely used technique is

multiplexing . All of key switches are connected into a huge network. The
controller drives single row at that point and reads all columns for
checking whether a switch is pushed on the crisscrossing of that particular
column and row. You might find some troubles when more than one key
is pressed without a moment’s delay, while this works fine when a key is
pressed at one time. The issue is that for a certain mix of keys, sometimes
it is read by controller like some different keys are pressed too. People use
term ‘ghosting’ for describe this situation. In many keyboards, the row and
columns are spreading over the board so that ghosting rarely occurs. A
solution to fix this issue could be to add more electronic components.
If you add a series diode with each key switch, the ghosting issue might be
solved. Sadly the Tipro MID128 keyboard that is used for testing the key
format has a ton of noticeable ghosting. Indeed, it shows up so frequently
and you can get truly tired of it. Afterward, there is
a little improvement that can be done, it must be settled in the design.
Due to irritating ghosting issues using the Tipro keyboard, I needed to
ensure my design should not have this issue.
There are few alternative approaches to read every single key switch. I
decide to utilize I/O expanders for this keyboard. I/O or Input
Output expanders have a ton of pins and are associated with the
processor through a straightforward 2 wire communication bus. Each
expander serves 16 additional pins. So every switch is straightforwardly

associated with I/O expanders. General I/O expanders are thusly
associated with the processor and this tackled the pin count issue. This
methodology is like utilizing shift registers, yet has some more benefits.
Microchip MCP23017 is utilized as I/O expanders components, with 16
I/O pins each and internal pull-up. General I/O expanders are associated
to the PC via I²C connection. Each I/O expander is configured to a different
address and can be called individually.
PCB Design. While you can wired everything inside the keyboard one by
one, a more professional and elegant solution is making PCB. This
flawlessly interfaces everything and when all the key are assembled, the
board likewise adds to the general firmness of the construction. Designing
PCB is not excessively different from designing the case. You have to know
where all things goes mechanically and afterward make the electrical
associations. I used gEDA PCB For this project, one of the GPL’d
suit. gEDA PCB is not difficult to use. It probably won’t be as
sophisticated as a few of the commercial software, however, it is
open-source, and with no limiter. I utilized this software before for a few
different tasks (like the tikkenteller, a telephone cost enrollment system)
so I use this software again.

Fig. 8 Screenshot of gEDA PCB
Since the keyboard comprises of two parts, we need one circuit boards for
each hand. The two parts of the keyboard case are mirror in display, so I
contemplated whether it is feasible to make a reverse printed circuit
board version, to utilize the same design for the two parts only mirror it.
This could not just reduce production expense for PCB (numerous
duplicates of a solitary design is normally less expensive than multiple
different designs with a single duplicate each), however, be a challenge for
design also. The keyboard case is minimized and the greater part of PCB is
now filled up with key switches, and it is only limited free space for the
other components on the PCB. Utilizing surface mounted
components giving an advantage to make wider free space. Shockingly
this was used by general I/O expanders. Space for processor is not

available. Then the controller unit moved to a different PCB. Since there
are 4 wires required between the controller unit board and the half of
keyboard (sck, sda, vcc, and gnd) this isn’t a very remarkable issue.
Perhaps I will merge the processor in a next version.
All surface mount components require to be at the PCB lower part to be
able to genuinely fit the Printed Circuit Board into the case. Top layer PCB
is very full. Only the PCB lower part of half keyboard might be the PCB
top layer for another half. So I made footprints for all surface mound parts
on both lower and upper layer of the PCB. It is enough to make one design
for this purpose. There is a slight distinction among upper and
lower footprints. Each I/O expander requires to have different I²C address,
then the processor can call them separately. The address is configured by
giving 3 input pins on general I/O expander either high voltage or
low voltage. The top layer I/O expanders are configured to one address,
furthermore the ‘base’ I/O expanders are configured to another. Another
base/top issue key switches footprint are not asymmetric. The pin on the
pin on the left-hand side sits nearer aside and the right-hand side of the
switch locates nearer to the top. In result I made a unique twofold sided
Cherry MX on the PCB design software. In this form, holes are served for
both top and base mount. The other challenge was some
of measurement used in PCB are in imperial, however, the rest is metric.

For example, the switch dimensions are in inches while the case
dimensions and the free space between key switches are in millimeters.
I considered something simpler (and considerably less expensive) than
producing and designing a PCB for the processor. I would propose one of
the less expensive USBASP boards on eBay. Those are gadgets meant to
be utilized as AVR firmware programmers. There is a processor, voltage
regulator, crystal, USB interface, headers, led, and a all of various things I
prefer to have on the board processor. The USBASP is less expensive on
eBay than purchasing parts by parts, not to mention having another PCB
made. I’d simply reconnect a few pins and upload my firmware.
PCB Production. After the PCB design was completed, I needed to get the
real PCBs. I have home made some PCBs utilizing toner transfer. Print PCB
design on a special sheet with laser printer. At that point, utilized clothes
iron, transfer toner to PCB material from the paper. In the case of
everything works out, you will get the design
printed on the PCB raw material. This way worked previously, however
this time was different. I made a few endeavors with various printers,
various kinds of paper, and various types of PCB, yet nothing get done. At
last, I surrendered and, produced it in online vendor.
There are numerous places to print and make PCBs. Some are high
grade, some are quick, some are less cost, some are not. When you

produce it in China you can save money on production costs, yet it may
probably won’t be the best grade and longer time to finish. Saving
expenses would be good, however more necessary for me is that PCB or
other components is delivered with honor for the environment and the
worker. Chinese PCB manufacturers prefer reducing expenses by giving
low payment to their workers and unloading synthetic waste in the
environment. I would preferably spend more on a PCB over permitting
this to proceed. With a several comparison and looking I settled on
Jackaltac. Their PCBs are made in the UK.
More Helpful Resources:
 PCB Manufacturing Process
 Prototype PCB Assembly
 PCBA Testing
How to DIY My Own Keyboard
Brand like Razer, HyperX, Corsair, and so on, take the greater part of the
spotlight in mechanical keyboard market. Most of these brands guarantee
to offer the best functionality and quality, however, that is not generally
the case. While the famous gaming brands have driven the reception and
awareness of mechanical keyboards become the standard, make a

deal on quality are quite often made to bring down costs. At the point
when you look at your choices, the difference which will you find is only on
the outward design. Pick your switch, pick your design—that is all.
Fig. 9 Illustration of mechanical keyboard
Yet, imagine a scenario in which I revealed to you that all aspects on the a
keyboard can be arranged and customized. This goes a long way beyond
only purchasing the most recent keyset from Massdrop or trading in an
weaved connection. With pre-assembled boards, you do not get to pick
the layout or size. When you need a programmable keyboard with 60
percent layout and having devoted arrow keys yet it is just accessible
without the programmability, at that point you should make a deal and
pick the features that are generally imperative to you. In case you do not
want to compromise it, it will be good to assemble your own keyboard.

If you are wanting to do any DIY project, it is important for you
to understand which components you have to purchase. The exact thing
you need is working with soldering tool just to know you are missing a
principal parts. There are six parts you will have to assemble to make a
keyboard alongside a USB link: Enclosure, Keycaps , Key Switches,
Mounting Plate, PCB, Stabilizers,.
All of parts have a wide scope of alternatives to customize your keyboard
and numerous choices for one part can affect or restrict your choices for
another. Picking the correct shop to purchase your parts can be quite
troublesome if you’ve never make a keyboard. Your first sense may be to
jump onto Amazon and begin looking for parts. You can figure out some
great choices however it’s a lot simpler if you can get different parts from
a same shop.
There are a some of various stores I often purchase my components.
KBDfans has an enormous parts and they convey a larger number of PCBs
and enclosures than any shop that I know. It’s completely feasible to get
all components you require from them, yet their keycap selection comes
up short. The other one-stop shopping place for mechanical keyboards
components is 1UP Keyboards. Their case is not as strong as KBDfans yet
if you are in US, you may reduce cost on shipping by buying from them. In

case you’re searching for standard keysets, both of these stores will be
enough.
Assuming, as if you are searching for something more extraordinary and
with a more extensive compatibility, you will have to find it in the other
supplier. Massdrop is an incredible place to get more costly and limited
keysets at notable savings in case you are patient enough to sit tight for
drop and ship process. In case you do not want to wait and ready to pay
more, Originative gives various keysets from high-grade brands like
Signature Plastics and GMK. Presently, before you spend money on
everything without exception, we will talk more deep for each part so you
can understand how they work together.
When you have arranged a workspace far from flammable items, you can
begin assembling everything. The essential process resembles this:
– Press stabilizers to the PCB if it is required
– Soldered in switches after align your plate
– Secure the entire assembly into the enclosure
– Mount all keycaps

There are not many improvement you can perform to make it simpler.
The absolute thing is to guarantee you follow work step by step. Your
stabilizers can not be mounted over on the upper plate section and your
switches can not be mounted under it, except if you ought to do extra
work with solder sucker.
Stabilizers Installation. Stabilizers installation is quite easy. Adjust the
prongs to the proper holes in the Printed Circuit Board and push them in.
The direction, though, is important.
Fig. 10 Installing stabilizer on keyboard PCB
The plain with the stabilizers need go assemble in the bigger PCB holes
meanwhile the ends with clips must be mounted on the smaller holes.
When you mount them in different way, they won’t remain in. The first
thing you need to do is getting it to the huge holes and afterward push the
opposite and mounting the stabilizers to the smaller holes. You may need

to apply right pressure to make the clips to near one to another. It ought
to be noticed that stabilizers are not cover with grease from the
producer before start soldering it. This implies they can be somewhat
noisy, yet can be eased by applying a little grease to the connection points.
WASD sells silicone-based grease for two or three dollars.
Adjust and Solder. It is difficult to keep the keyboard plate lined up with
the PCB if you are attempting to put all switches in one time. For an ideal
arrangement and to maintain the plate level, at first mount and solder the
4 corner switches. You can assemble the base row and test keycaps. The
base row normally has numerous switch placement choices to oblige
unique space bar and modification. It will be good to check the fitment
and solder one switch than to desolder a whole row.
Fig. 11 Align and solder keyboard PCB
Before soldering components, ensure your soldering iron temperature is
enough, and remember to clean the tip. Applying a little solder to the tip

raises conductivity and soldering become quicker which will secure your
board. Each solder joint might require close to two or three seconds. Try
not to keep the tip squeezed the pad for more than that. it can make the
pad broken and lift from the board. Clean the tip with a sponge and
afterward tin on the clean surface.
Right, when you are tinning, it is the exact time you ought to be touching
the solder tip (on soldering iron) to the solder. For a solid solder joint, heat
the switch terminal and pad while provide tin to solder from the other side.
Your solder have a synthetic cleaning chemical named flux which can’t
tackle its work if it never contacts with the soldering surface. A decent
solder joint will have a pleasant shine and not bubble.
Last Assembly and Keycap Mounting. The last assembly process ought to
be very simple if you have used a screwdriver previously. Ideally,
you have left the small screws for securing the PCB to somewhere
protected as yet—they simply get lost .
Place the assembled board to the enclosure and keep the screws save.
Commonly, it may have 5 mounting points yet your PCB may have four.
This is okay, four screws will be enough to hold the entire board. The final
activity is installing or mounting your keycaps. Press each keycap to the

stems of all switches and you’re finished. If you follow this guide, you willl
get extraordinary, just for you, to your specifications and appetite.
Fig. 12 Result example of DIY keyboard
Related Posts:
1. Hotswap PCB Vs. Mechanical Keyboard PCB: What’s the Difference?
2. Printed Circuit Boards(PCB)and Their Applications in the LED
Lighting Industry
3. What is Single Sided Flexible PCB?
4. Rogers Material PCB – Rogers 4003C and Rogers 3003
https://www.raypcb.com/keyboard-pcb/

What Is Keyboard PCB

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What Is Keyboard PCB

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RAYMING PCB & ASSEMBLY

What Is Keyboard PCB?

A keyboard PCB or printed circuit board is the physical platform that

interconnects all the components in a computer keyboard. It plays a

article provides a comprehensive overview of keyboard PCB design,

manufacturing, and functionality.

Keyboard PCB Basics

 Switch matrix – allows detecting key presses

 Microcontroller – scans matrix and sends key data

 Stabilizers – for larger keys like spacebar

 Additional chips – drives LEDs, RGB, macros etc.

 Connectors – interfaces with computer

 Components are soldered onto the PCB

switch matrix, and computer interface.

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Fig 1. Fully assembled keyboard PCB

Request Keyboard PCB Manufacturing Quote

Several factors go into keyboard PCB design:

 Matches physical keyboard and key layout

 Optimize trace routing to minimize length

 Simple keyboards can use single-sided boards

 Multi-layer (2+ layers) allows crossing traces

 Grid of traces to detect key presses

 Scanned by microcontroller firmware

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 Careful grounding and shielding important

 Avoid crosstalk and interference

 Support plate/PCB mounts for larger keys

 Traces and pads to support per-key LEDs

Modern keyboard PCBs are fabricated using SMT assembly:

 Generate from CAD tool and fabricate bare PCB

 Common materials are FR-4 or polyimide

 Solder paste stencil printed onto PCB

Pick and Place

 Use machine to populate components onto paste

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 Heat to melt solder and attach components

 Electrical testing and functional checks

 Add plate, connectors, case, keycaps etc.

Keyboard Switch Matrix

The switch matrix is core to a keyboard PCB’s operation:

 Grid of trace rows and columns

 Intersection points connect to switch terminals

 Microcontroller scans matrix rows/columns

 Detects closed circuit when key pressed

Fig 2. Keyboard switch matrix using row and column traces

Keyboard PCBs host a few key integrated circuits:

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 Scans switch matrix to detect key presses

 Popular options are Atmel ATmega328P or 32U4

 For USB interface, manages data transfer

 Such as V-USB or LUFA USB libraries on ATmega32U4

 Drives individual RGB LEDs for backlighting

 Often uses Holtek HT68FB560 or similar LED driver

 Support chips for macros, audio, OLED displays etc.

 Power regulation and reset control

To interface with the host computer:

 USB – Most common today, supports both data and power

 PS/2 – Legacy round 6-pin connector

 RJ45 – For keyboards using parallel TTL interface

 Bluetooth – Wireless via Bluetooth LE

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