Biomolecules

I
I
Hormones
NucleicAcid
Carbohydrates Proteins Vitamins

mutible
Carbohydrate mp
Carbohydrates are defined as optically active polyhydroxy
or ketones
aldehydes or
units on
produce such
hydrolysis
the compound which

sucrose glucose fructose

9

sweet in taste are called

Carbohydrates which are
sugars
also known as SACCHARIDES
Carbohydrates are

E i
iE
i i

monosaccharides
2 10 monosaccharides alargenoof
cannot be hydrolysed on hydrolysis
carbohydrates
on hydrolysis
into simpler a.k.a non sugars
fructose
fructose el sucrose glucose sincetheyaren'tsweet
eg glucose
maltose glucose glucose
9 cellulose starch
About Tre know further classified as disaccharides
trisaccharides tetrasaccharidesetc 849h sunset
nature
 unit contains aldehydegroup it is
If a monosaccharide

called ALDOSE
unit contains ketone group it is
If a monosaccharide

called KETOSE
ketone
Gamins general term aldehyde
triose abdotiose ketotiose
tetrose abdotetose ketotetose
pentose aldopentose ketopentose
hexose aldohexose ketohexose
heptose aldoheptose ketoheptose

On the basis
of reducing nature towards Fetting's
solution Totten's reagent and Benedict solution
Acetal
ftp.ig.IfIiYmgnosHemiacetal
RE or

it i
a

Carbohydrates which contain hemiacetal carbons

can REDUCE Fehling's solution tollen's
regent
and Benedict solution Therefore they are called
REDUCING SUGARS
Carbohydrates which contain acetal carbons

can't REDUCE Fehling's solution tollen's regent

and Benedict solution Therefore they are called
NON REDUCING SUGARS gon
0 themigthm
on
9 glucose REDUCINGSUGAR
no on
 H

ch All
O monosaccharides
thhemiacetto
i Ravana 9M are reducing
Chon in nature

from Chad
o
AM on
Lol non reducing
no gon
no on sugar

GLUCOSEI Compo

Monday hydrolysis of sucrose in dit nd or 42504

1211220 t 120 4 641206 64206

sucrose glucose fructose
1 1
By hydrolysis starch in dit acid
of or cellulose
pressure

6111005 n t 120 nGHiz06

starch or cellulose glucose

AMIT Ghose is an aldohenose and dextrose

It is the monomer starch cellulose
of
like larger carbohydrates

on prolonged heating with HI it gives

n hexane
 CHO

H OH
3
no m
h 4
on H1 Ch Cha 413
s
in on a
Gerson n hexane
glucose
Yeo HI on
j Yen
on

hydroxylamine argon
it gits
on reaction with
oxime and with hen it gives cyanohydrin

often
ig J
m on OH
no
h
3
4
n no wI
s s
n on a

cizon
glucose
octzon
an oxime
Yin
on
Io
OH
OH
a
3
no H no H
h 4 on
h s n s
on on

cizon octzon
glucose
a.m

i Althoff o n
Aldende
t Ef.ie
H to
on reaction with mild oxidising agent like
Bromine water it becomes gluconic acid
 Io o

cizon
I ocizon
glucose gluconic acid
On reaction with strong OAC like tends glucose
as well as gluconic acid give saccharicacid
a dicarboxylic acid
Coon o

on
no I n Is no Y
n
cocoon ocizon
cizon
glucose sacchanic acid gluconic acid
reaction with acetic anhydride o
ay
g
on
it pentaacetate
g g
gives glucose
acetic anhydride i
o

t on gag di o É as in o day
ng s
ch
di
n
g acetylation y s
É on
o
ocizon g as
glucose 642 0 93
g 5430011
glucose
pentaacetate

Glucose reacts with 3 molecules

of phenylhydrazine

to give osazone Ph Nn Ny
 I N na Ph
É on m

Ij
no 3 Ph WH Wha
no

1 I 2420
cizon ocizon
glucose OSAZONE
Carol
On reaction with methyl alcohol in presence

The reaction
nd
g forms a e
occurs only
p oing
methyl glycosides
at the on hemiaceted
y
Carlson
och
Io i so

i ii
Cason
no
n on
dry tree
ocizon
so ocizon
glucose
2 methylglycoside
p methylglycoside
Glucose is correctly named as
Dil aren't
firedproject D t glucose the
game
I dextrorotatory
Cho Cho
aright
gon n

Chon
g Chon
D config
GI L config

D t glyceraldehyde L C J glyceraldehyde
 U y
y 6
R on cryo 0

o 1 as

n OR n OR
c

9
o Ron no
I may ii
dry lice
action chaotic
gut
α methylglucoside α methylglucoside

i ch on

n µg
chaon

Be

gluconic acid
 Cyclic structure Glucose
of gonleft

Ethan semi I
i Io
n Io in s
ochaon
can giggle
L D t glucose
D
Egon 4 on is down
ntwoÉ
P benzoin
t glucose
son is up at
STRUCTURES
1
0
É
1
ixisted
N D
Iie D
x E
t glucose
B t glucose

Diastereomers epimers and anomers not in what

Diastereomers D epiness D anomers

are non mirror images

Diastereomers stereoisomers which
of each other

Epiment Diastereomers which differ on

exactly one
carbon
differ at
comers Spinels which c s
for
aldose and C 2 for ketose
 x x x x
n on n on y on no H
h 2
H on no n no h h on
3 on 3
in n on y on a on
4 h h
a oh y on yo h h on

elton Cha on ch on
47 I I I
Diastereomers
f 11 l 111 it 4 fi mi l N d
1
117,4 1111,1 N

Antes l N

is
The six membered cyclic structure of glucose
also called a
pyranose structure
chzon chzon

Y 0 h O

Iie
I

PYRAN
tier
A D t glucopyranose B D t glucopyranose

r
 erythe
A

three
I a

D glucose reacts with hydroxylamine and

Q t
is
gives an oxime The structure of oxine

on NOH on Not on not on non

no
f if no
in no
f
Iii Iii won
on
Iii
Ethan 2018

linear andcyclic
d No
of
stereocentres print in
are respectively
structure glucose
of
5 4 484 5,5 104 25
 FRUCTOSE Mon
2 to
It is a ketohexose
no n
It is levorotatory compound
a

It belongs to D series
h s I
6Cheon

carbon D C fructose
anomeric

FOH

h s

action
n
h s

6Cheon
I
on a
4

6Ction
on

a D C D c pug D c
fructose
p fructose

note inzon note on

0 o

a
p
calm
init
a to
calm

9 D E qq.an.se B D E fructofuranose

FURAN

fructose is reducing Suger

DISAGIMEI.name min on
boys with dilute
two molecules
acids or enzymes field of
either monosaccharides
same or different
are called disaccharides
Two monosaccharide units are joined together
an
ether linkage ie
by a glycosidic
loss
oxide linkage
formed by a
g ko
o
Enffuenose o
2 no
5

L D glucose
i Ito son Yo
B D fructose joined a D glucose
B D fructose
together by CI C2
glycosidic linkage a
glycoside linkage

It is SUCROSE
a non reducing sugar

It is dextrorotatory But on hydrolysis it gives

dextrorotation glucose 52.50 and levorotatory
fructose 92 40 in 1 1 ratio Hence

the hydrolysis mixture becomes Levorotatory

and product is know as INVERT SUGAR
 Maltose
Two arson
units joined by ÉÉ p I.io
L Ch glycosidic
linkage
It is a REDUCING
D Shae
I
Lce Ch
d D glucose

SUGAR glycosidic linkage

MALTOSE
mLk sugar b cmon
no gyron

pis galactose
units joined by
L Ch glycosidic
msn.FI opFD I
linkage B D galactose B glucose

It is a REDUCING
Bgym
CI c 4
SUGAR my
LACTOSE

Various tests for aldoseses and ketoses nothing

t sodium potassium tartarate
minangson
Fehlingysoffon Rochelle Salt
treat with share onat
Leto 1g.tl
fructose gives
red ppt of Cuzo

BarfoedReagent 7 cuzcook It ascool

924 120
 treat with monosachtoniale
gives red ppt of Cuzo
Benedictreagent Cusa sodium citrate
treat with glucose Nat
readymade
fructose gives
red ppt of Cuzo
Hd
Seliwanoffreget Resorcinol in cone

treat wth glucose redidiotor

with both
fructose gives
but ketose fructose reacts more

than aldose glucose

quickly

Molisch'sTest used to detect the any

presence
g
Carbohydrates

POLYGAGYARIEST monosaccharide units joined

page no
y
glycosidic linkages
together
by
act as food storage or structural materials
in plant kingdom
I
Starchy men
y a D glucose ants
made
They are
of two components
 water soluble
Amylose 15 20
ofstarch
insoluble
Amylopectin water 80 851 starer
g
Amylose
É
i
potion potion
o o o o
i
Lol
i ios
in in
y
q
o
who
9
a link 4 link a link
C Cu Ca Ca C Ca

Amylopect n
É o
a
J
si donto i Yin link G G
g ya
C Cy a link
64th potion

iii
o a

I i Into
alot i
into
a
in o
huh
II Eating pass
and is the most abundant ago
C 4
P
6 J o
i
phon
substance in
plant Kingdom o
found in cell wallsofplantcells it
consists D glucose only 3
of B
um
y p Wey ween c ago
chon
go
 i

TI GLYCOGENICANIMALSTARCH
carbohydrates are stored in animal body as glycogen

structure is similar to amylopectin rather highly

branched
present livers muscle
in brain
Also found in yeast fungi

Which statement is incorrect about glycogen

Q
It is a straight chain polymers similar
to amylose

only a links are present

present in animal cells

present in yeast and fungi

Proffitt a amino acids

are polymers of
H

R coom
contain amino Enna
and Coon
group carboxyl my
group
on the relative position Laid
depending
amino group writ Coon group they
 7
can be classified as a
Ip D d and so on
a amino acids are obtained on
only
hydrolysis proteins
of
H
amino acids can have other
fg's too in side chain R h cook

Simplest amino acid is Nhs

2 11 Glycine gey
glycine
mugitupl n
amino acids a
Naturally occurring r coon

C's Ala A
Alanine
en Val V
Valine Chs
Len L d Increasing
leucine tangency
Isoleucine Ite t
order
ypka
as for
city the follow

Arg R
Gly Asp Lys
un eats
Arginine gym
lysine ten er Lys K
is
AT
E
glutamicacid Kool Ck uz Gm Aspsguy Arg
D Lys
Aspartic acid hooc ay Asp
glutaminterstating I organ a 94C Asp Ag
gin LYS
Asparagine kn d g Asn N Asp594C
Lys Arg
Threonine
tf of Thr T Arg Lysa
serine Ser s Asp
gaz
Cysteine is uz Cys C
Highlighted
methionine 13C S Cray Met M

Phenylalanine Ph C1 Phe F EYcalled

Y ESSENTIAL
Tyrosine plon cony Uf Tyr
AMINO
Tryptophan W Aads
Trp

h
Histidine his n

III
Proline P
naff
Pro

Tentirestities

Classificationofaminoaudi
I On the basis of synthesis

tsodymndaganmggarent
sohu.insedam taken
through diet
histidine et
9 valine lysine
Amino acids which
are
N
gge.IE body
Alanine eh
9 Glutamine Glycine
 than won
basic more my guys
neutral equal
no
of Nz and won guys

Properties colorless crystalline solids watersoluble

high melting point and behave like
salts not like amines or carboxylicacids

In aqueous
solution the amino acids
a bipolar ion calledZWITTER
form
ON

R I coon F R K woo

Liz My
ZWITTER ION
Except all amino acids are
glycine
optically active
most amino acids have L configuration

Strudneyaninoand peptide bond

cot
Is H Nh
Ig tycoon
H Nn
É co on H m tycoon nu
 H NH Ky co on H m Ig coon H Nh Ky co on

I 21h0

H Nn Ey co me co Nh
Cy Ig co on

Tipeptid
when no amino acids are than10
gis more
then it called polypeptide
when the molar mass
of
a polypeptide
exceeds 1000h then polypeptide is called
protein T 1000g nd

AMINO ACIDS NINHYDRIN TEST

DETECTION OF

optimal

I
coon
a
I Nao
win
T
2
and ninhydrin
j N

Yo deeppurple color Ruhemann's

purple
RCHO CO2 1120

Piotrowski's test
Regent sodium hydroxide t

1fffI
Cuson shot
y a purplecomplex
Rochelle's
salt
 CERIC AMMONIUM NITRATE CAN TEST

of alcohol
used to detect presence or phenol group
in
any compound
Nina Ce NO 3ROH Cedros
Ron t 2Nanos
TESTMME
CARBYLAMINE TEST ISOCYANIDE NCERT
used to detect presence
1 aminegroup in
of
any compound
R NII t CHA alcoholic ItawaetkClt the
Kohzyank.IN

Xanthoproteic Test To detect amino acids containing aromatic

ring
Q The peptide that gives positive ceric ammonium
nitrate test and carbylamine test is
Ser Lys Asp gin
Lys Asp Asp Gin

Nh
co
a uz woo
W
NI
Ser Ys
 bonds will be there in
Q How many peptide
hexapeptide 5

correct sequence amino acids present

A The ofbelow
in the tipeptide

Thr Sev Leu Leu Sev Thr

rat Sev Thr Thr Ser Val

Behaviour amino acids in acidic basic media

of
Notify coom coo Coo

E n te mi n It up n

R R R
acidic medium
TWITTER 10N basicmedia
neutral
or highpH
or lowpH
amino acid is an acid
pka of an
dissociation constant that refers to the
the protonated and
deprotonated
equilibria between
form
then in
placed between electric fied
if acid move towards
acidic med amino
negative electrode cathode
between electric fied then in
 Ip
med amino acid move towards
basic
electrode anode
positive
the pH at acid
ISOELECTRICPOI PI is amino
becomes twitter ion this
carries no net charge
electric field
is not affected by
p1 PKIykas
STRUCTURE OF PROTEIN
kinds of structures

Firmentpongfttains run parallel to each

other

É
held togetherby
H bonds and

water wool
insoluble in keratin hair
eg cotton
myosin presenting

Globutarproteins
D
eDy
when polypeptide chains
coil around to give a
globular shape
water soluble
20
i ii

a
specific linear sequence amino acids
 Secondaryshucture 20
marminent
all possible intramolecular H bonds
by twisting
i
at
chains are
when all peptide
Stretched out to nearly
max extent and laid side
by side held together by
intermolecular H bond
Baddest
Tertiarystructure 30
of 20 dude
4G
further folding
gives rise to tertiary structure

main forces in secondary tertiary structures

are n bonds disulphide linkage i van
der waals
s s
forces and electrostatic attraction
force of

Jyj
a

Egham
entangle
tertiary structures
with each other CD
DENATURIYnaofapjg.tt its native form is subjected
to a physical change like change in temp
in then H bonds
change ph eh are

disturbed and protein begins to uncoil and it

loses its biological This process is called
 ge by
denaturation
of protein eg curdling of milk
boiling ofegg eh

ENZYMES
They are proteins that speed up metabolism
and are biological catalyst The substances enzymes
interact with are called SUBSTRATES

SUBSTRATES EMME PRODUCTS

almost all enzymes are globular proteins

They are
very specific substrate for a particular ran
and a
particular reaction
named after the
They are generally
921122011 Items 9941206
the 2641206
I Glucose
5420M 64,206

Enzymes which catalyse

the oxidation of teth
substrate and reduction of another substrate
are called OXIDOREDUCTASE enzymes
Name ends with ase
of
an
enzyme
Mechanism Enzyme actin
of
E S f E S E P

1 D ID RD
 substrate Enzyme Substrate Products
Enzyme Enzyme
reactant complex
Catalyst

Neededonly in small quantities

They significantly reduce the activation

energy
Sucrase is an which catalyses
enzyme
the sucrose
hydrolysis
of
in the body
Thingdact like interielluler messengers

They are produced

in endocrine glands and
travel to other organs and tissues in the
blood steam
Chemically hormones maybe steroids g estrogen androgent
or polypeptides
g insulin andendorphins or amino
acid derivatives q epinephrine and norepinephrine

the balances
They help to maintain of
in the body
biological activities
insulin keeps the blood glucose
Level with the narrow limit
increens the glucose
level in
Glucagon
theblood
 Epinephrine
and norepinephrine mediate
to external stimuli
responses
hormones hormones
and sex
Growth
role in growth and development
play
is in the thyroid
Thyroxine produced
gland and is an iodinated derivative of
amino acid tyrosine
leads
Abnormally low level of thyroxine
enlarges thyroidgland

offed
fo hypothyroidism
level thyroxine leads
Abnormally high of
we to to hyperthyroidism
Nat
taldsealt
Steroid hormones are producedby adrenal
testes in males
cortex and gonads
ovaries in females
control carbohydrate
glucocorticoids
manateingamma
Iggy level
Mineralocortioids control the
water and saltby
Freimf
kidney
 adrenal cortex doesn't function
If
properly then
Addigsuseasesecamed
Symptoms hypoglasemia
treated by
glucocortionals
I mineralocatioids
weakness
In
Testosterone in males
produted
develops deep voice
facial hair general
physidontituti
Estradiol produced i females
participates in menstrual
cycle
Progesterone responsiblefor preparing
uterus for implantation
of fertilisedegg
VMAMtittamins
are
organic
compound required in
diet in small amounts to perform specific

biological functions for normal maintainame of

optimal growth and health of organism

mowai

watiiie.ie
they are not stored in body
except Bio
I
cyanocobalamin
 Deficiency
Sources
Vitamin disease

A fish liveroil Xerophthalmia

carrots butter milk nightblindness
B yeast milk Ben Ben
Thiamine greenveg cereals
Milk egg white Cheitosis
B2
riboflavin liver kidney
By Yeast milk grams Convulsions
Pyridoxine
Biz meat fish Pernicious anaemia
egg
c citrus pits green Scurry
absided veg and
to sunlight Rickets
D exposure
osteomalacia
fish egg yolk
muscular weakness
E veg oils sunfloweroil
etc fragile RBCs
Increased blood
k green leafy veg
time
clotting

NUUI.gg mmissia inherent characters

of

Nudeicaad are biomolecules prevent

which are
chromosomes
in the nucleus cell along with
of
and are responsible for heredity
 two types
They are
of
acid
ribonucleic DNA
deoxy
ribonucleic acid RNA
nucleotides
acids
Chemically nucleic are polymers
of
nucleotides
hence are also know as poly
they

They have three components

Nucleotide
pentose sugar NUCLEOSIDE
base
nitrogen containing
phosphate group

Basse o
if 0 Basse

03 3
In on on on
NUCLEOSIDE Phosphydigeter NUCLEOTIDE

phostphate
Egar phosphate Egar Egar Ifan phostphate
phosphate
y
nuueiaadfpolynndat.de

D in DNA
Sugar B 2 deoxyribose

D ribose in RNA
P
f y f
yo
o

In d ribose deoxyribose
 β β y

Nitrogenous base
Hbonds
in DNA y
Adenine A Guanine G cytosine C thymine T
in RNA Abas
Adenine A Guanine G cytosine C Uracil U
r

EBASES

pypgtsmff.in
 5

it i
ci.stkitIagEItjj.I.gg
sIgijjis
DNA double stranded x Helix
RMA single stranded

Threetype
RNA
messenger RNA
M

ribosomal RNA r RNA

transfer RNA t RNA