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    Islam Under Double Eagle The Muslims of

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    Islam under Double Eagle

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    Islam Under Double Eagle The Muslims of

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    Islam under Double Eagle

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    ISLAM UNDER THE DOUBLE EAGLE: THE MUSLIMS OF BOSNIA AND HERCEGOVINA, 1878-1914 ROBERT J. DONIA EAST EUROPEAN MONOGRAPHS, BOULDE DISTRIAUTED BY COLUMBIA VAIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK, EAST EUROPEAN MONOGRAPHS, NO, LXXVI Rober J. Dona ie Assan Profesor cot History at he Ohio State Univenty Copyright© 1981 by Rape. Bona ‘nay Coes Calo Crt Neer B-S844L isos 091610939, Printed ip the United Stais of Amesica ‘CONTENTS ‘Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations ‘ANote on Spling Comentions Introduction: On Topi an Nethod Mops ‘Who we the Bosnian Muslims? Habsburg Colona and the Boman Response Sarjvo: The Quest for Consensus ‘Travk: Factions Embitered Mosie Fctions Mobiized ‘The Polite of UalReston: Creation of Pury Machinery, 1900 “Te Aas of arty Pots (Conhson: The Soure of Police! ange Nees Bibloeaphy Index 8 160 181 195 am 253 ToSharon ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Prepiing a book changes one's lf, | have wade may fiends and Incured numerous debis of thanks, sme of which I would lke to ack nowlede here Joho Fine has been patient advo, blpfa ese, and source of unlimited encouragement in those low moments when the materia was ‘overwhelming and the wards stopped flowing. Mis fendsip, and that of Iwate Gen, hasbeen the most retcdig of ny academic caves, Roman Spot, wh brigs syle and zest to eveything he does, wae a spl tion and 1 cizful reader, Willam G. Lockwood, ¢ founder of Bossi studies atthe University of Michigas ont me many iss and insight into the life of the Bosnian Masiins. Charles Tilly aied many provocative questions and helped suige me to some prospective answers, Tro¥h their on going soil history seminar, Chas sn Louie Tilly have added ‘ew dimensions to my understanding of social change. Kathy Spence and Toanne Spalde forge countess fies at the University of Mihigia Graduate Librtey; it ems I could never get the books back on time, Danica Jekch aad Joseph Plaek at the Michigan Librtyeendared inva ble assistance locating obscure and esterie tomes, To William Zimmer mam, Darlene Breiner, 20d others the Conter for Rustan and Esst Europese Study at the Unierity of Michignn, L aay gratafl fr the Financial asstance and other suppor that made this study possi I wish offer speci tharksio the any Yagolve wo hee supported and encouraped my work. Not being Yogosiav by ethnic origin, 1 felt lke an outside intruder when I gan this projet. Yugo Scholars snd frends received and welcomed me witha warmth and openness tht bas (ouch ae deeply. Mila Ekmedi, an eloquent historian with «poet's Senstvty, wis my mentor an adviser when I dd serch in Yugoslavia Jn 1974.75, Musata Imamow secms Io show up whenevee and wherever 1 need him. He has patiently red various dats of this work and greatly added to my understanding of his people, Dood Suzbatit and Nuset Sehie, whose scholarly teritry [hav waded, have net only welcomed “ ‘THE MUSLIMS OF BOSNIA me, they have been of immense help by introducing, me to sources and icing historical roblmss with me, Bote Mattar, Kes foie, and ‘members of their aff at the Arhiv Bosne i Heroopovie taltrated my voracious sppattive for as many a6» hundyed documents a day and yet ‘were consistently helpful Nada Kurt and Goran Rls became clos frends whose encouragement has meant 4 great deal to me, 1 also gratefully acknowledge the fnancil support of the Bintral Commision for the FulbeightHays Progam in Yugodaia, without which my rosarch ia 1974.75 would nt bave been porsbe. ‘Work on this manuscript was completed st The Ohio State University ‘Lima Campos wish especially to thank Judy Von Blon, who should be Jeighted for her ¢yping sls and canons for he patience With me, She didnt oven complain when decided to change the spelling fom “Modem” 0 “Muslin” when the manuseipt was three quart syped, James Budde and Woodford Zimmerman protded gascous asstzaae and suppott for research and waiting endeavors. My history colleagues Foha Hevener ad Wayne Reinhardt ave been good Tuends and helpful in many respects, ‘To Dvight and les King, my thanks for helping make my expeience bere pleasuable and reverding. Poblictuon of his volume has boon made posse by sbstis fron, the Collegeof Humanities of The Oko State Univer from the Reseach Commitee of The Ohio State Lima Campus, and from the Director of| ‘The Ohio State Lima Campus. wid to thank al thovs who helped make ‘hese subidieeposible “Throughout the research and writing of this work, Deborah Dusfec Barron has bean a ind, consltat, ad ete, and much of what Flows Isthe rest of many dcsons wit Be Foy the emors and omissions thatthe reader wil) ind, assume Fl esponsibility ‘Aatl asa mac PRO Mavi & Kati Bi IME PG RS va coo oc Pa LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Arehes Aiv Bose i Hereegovne. Sargjev, Yugoslavia Material Regier Pri Repiser Kebinet Boe Bosniea und der Hercegovina Joint Misisty of Finance (Gemeinsime Flexo ‘milena Provinis Government (Landkteierun) Regional Superior (Kresworsteher) District Officer (Berieksbehede) Chay Distt often (Stadbecisksam) Government Commisec Repeungicommist) Fas, Hof, und Ststachiv, Vienna, Avs Pelches Archi Magyar Orsegos Levi, Budapest, Hungary Public Records Office. London, Elan, Fas ce Documents Collections Ferdo Hauptmann (64), Borbe Maslnane 2a Nfersku t vakufskommearifiex autonomie (Sa jv rh Bosoe i ercegovine, 1987). vi event ‘THE MUSLIMS OF BOSNIA evict ber de Verwoleung von Bosnien und dor Horeegovina, Published iwcelarty beginning ia 1906. Sarajevo. Soraing der Gasetze, Verordnungen und Nor ‘malweisingen von Bosnlen wad der Hereerovina Pblsed snualy beginning in 1880. Suajevo, A NOTE ON SPELLING CONVENTIONS In the interest of redabilty I hae wed en English word rather than ronEaglsh equivalent whenever possble. (Thus sheriat eather than ‘Shan of Sra, Psovincial Government rather than Landevesicrane) In instanes where no Eoglsh term is reognized by sandacd dictionees, have norrlly used the Serbo-Csoatlan fms and cited its German, Tusk: Jak, of Arabic equivalent upon fst usse, My remoning ie that moe tealecs are moce likely to be fambiat with Sezb-Crostian than with Toke isk or Arabic word forms. In afew instances | have employed Gorman ‘eens when they esmed to have been the excloive province of Habre sGronistators Place nant fave bean given in theie present-day fom rather than thei stoic context whenever possible: Istanbul rather than Constante nople or Stambul, Zaie cathe than Agram. I hope his wil faiitate the reader's recognition of the many towD names whish sppear In the arate, Peuonal eames and ties of offices I have normily rendered in the most probable naive language of the individual concerned; ths convention also tend (9 favor SeboCroutian over Gesman or Turkish. ‘The spling of some Bosnian Muslim sacs must be ceguded se proble matical, since spelling and tranditeration conventions have changed over te past century. In general Lhave lel outhonori tts such a “Eten” sod “Hada!” uaess they appeared to be integral pats ofthe proper mame INTRODUCTION: ON TOPIC AND METHOD Inthe early 19605, by several Loa act af the Yugoslav government ‘and by prosamations of the League of Communists, the Muslims of Bosnia and Hercegovins achinwed ful cecogition a8 one of six nation les fo the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugodavis, This book i about the fst poltial strugsle ofthese paople in modern tes, lathe vers that the Habsourg Double Eagle Daw over Bosnia and Hercegovina (1878 1918), the Bossian Muslin cated for the fist time 2 repreentative ongaization that articulated many oftheir economic, religious and political "Tho movement is known ty Yogosly historians 25 tho Musi move tment for cultural and religious autonomy. Most hisorias date is orghn 1 1899, In 1905 the autonomy movement became transformid io 2 palit party, the Muslim National Organization (MNO). In recognizable form, the MINO was zonved after Word War I ae the Yugcelav Muslin Drgemaation and represented the interests of the Bosnian Musims in the Pauliament ad governments ofthe interwar Vugosay state My approach fo Muslim police differs substantially from that of ‘Vugosly historians, The majority of shit volume deal with the pesiod before 1899, the your thatthe autonomy movement i aliged to have begun, As I punued my research atthe Archiver of Bosnia and Here: ‘ovina in Sjev, I found thst Muslim press did cot simply emerse Sponianeousy at the provincal level, "They were preceded’ by many years of failed iniitives and Loa! caflet without whieh the wider autonomy movement might never hive emerged. } Became convinced that the ongins of Muslim activism were deeply embedded in loa! power struggles within and between te elites of varios towns in Bosna and Neqeapoias. Consequently in the following gages I have focused on the ‘organizational lafastractue of the Bosnian Nulim elites at the loc! sd provincial vl, Ihave also discussed the polit sgprations, gle snot, and demands of Musi lasers and the polemical debate tht sccompanied dhe csng activism, But my primary interest i the evolving xi “THE MUSLIMS OF BOSNIA Institutions of rots fs governed both my research and the petetation ‘fy weslsin the following pages. Ceca to my analysis of local Muslin ates the notion of “personal networks” ae expat by ce antvopologetFeremy Bossevain.' Uhave ‘etapoyad this concept tecause certain tite of Bosman Musin pois se1 st of from many other social movements, ‘The politcal avakening of the Bosnian Muslims under Ausutan rae was hardly typical Eat Buropeen nationalist ceil The Muslon nave rent was not preceded by large-scale socal changes such as rap indus taliaton, urbanization, or oe in iterey rates that have fequenty been noted as ontibuting czuss to politcal nationalism. In addition ‘te Muelins for many years lacked a formalysrkcsed ideology and hd no outstanding itellectual spokes, Tei chit ehaismatic personality, ‘Mufti As Daabc, was respected for his theological erudition and celigious onhodoxy; but lke some present day Idamie conserates, be pai Le attention to the formalities ofa pli! program. Cealy seth now tive Keolgies nor soci slocation could account for the gowth of Musi politcal acts. Furthermore, many of the mavement's lade had personal histrig which suggested clow and often ostentatious cooperation with the Aus ant before yuaor protests begun, Alibog Ped, 3 recognized leader of Mush landlord disdents from 1901 und his deus in 1910, had in 1896 publicy prised the Ausvians for bulding 2 schol in is home town of Livao. Seif Araavtove, after 1899 a bitter and outspoken eli of the ‘Awan regime, had been an employer of the Mostar city goverament until 1898. And Mahmudbep Fadpase, anther landowner who partic: pated in potests, was Mayor of Sarajevo and expressed support forthe [government at te sane time tht ho endorsed antigoserimeat acts ‘Tho evidence suggests thatthe plitiration of the Musi wasa grad val and ext preset, The Mudim autonomy movement wat not the work of activists who endured years of sidering hostility to Austrian Tule and then saddeniy burst fort in angry elfsueruveness, Many indi aval Muslims Bald ranting loyalties for some tine and only showy veloped an allegiance to the notion of Mui autonomy. PRE protracted Invoduetion “a ‘nterston Between the Austrian saglne andthe Bosnian Muslims cons ‘buted in large ease co this planation. ‘Our contemporary historical som 16 aot particularly wel suited 10 avalyoe the lies of mea such as Arnautovie, Pixs, Fadlpasé, and simile Muslin acts, Historian are Frequetly tempted, inthe intrest (of clcty, 0 adopt as uit of analysis hove readily sdentiabe corporate ‘10098, sich at golitial parties or interest group, which sxbsequeatiy became the vehicles of pirtoation atthe national or provi lve ‘The guest (or te antecedents of the Bosnian Muslim movement, If one opted ths approach, would logically involve sdenniyig thos indi tals who fir promoted the viewpoints of the national pasties in thew Joeal communities or in an erie geri. ‘But it tue out that labels derived from ane of party politics were ‘argely ferdonant to the interactoe in foal commuritins porto theese of supralca iniutions, To foeu on the broad compan denominators hat apparently defined the paticipants in «given sei movement (sc 6 shueed stil enperonce oF aceptance of a particular ieslogy)™ would be 10 sk by-passng the complex machinations of local setrs which Jed then to largescale group mobilization in the fst ple, Such Individuals may appear to have held conctng llepances when judged by retrompectie crue, when in fat te poet hoe alemacves may Not che have Been perceived contralictony by the persons conceraed Most men are deepiy interwoven in 9 conplex web of human relation- Ships and the Bosaitn Muslims io the Aystin period were certainly 22 ‘exception, Theis hocizoos only infiequently went beyond heir fol communis and tv networks of fiends and eaves that made up {brie of thet society. Eser afier they Began 10 enter into corporate lastitotone auch at voluntary asocitions and politcal partes, mot members of the Muslin elites remlned Fly ted 1 ther traditional moorings, The new organizations were ony fragile superstructues resting ‘envoualy upon a foundation of personal clationdhips, In aay instances ‘Muslim Leaders found thoi mediate cele of contacts mor tlovat 19 their decisions than any large-xale saci changes or even previous hld politcal views, Simpy sated, many Muslims did things for fends, ele tives, and business ascites that they refused 19 do for strangers ot competitors xy THE MUSLIMS OF BOSNIA Jn exploing how tational socal patterns influenced the growth of province wide Muslim policalInstiations, | have found Jeremy Boise: ‘ain concept of “peronal networks” to Be singlay appropriate ana Iytieal ool, Bossesain anviions network, “the spe relations in which every individual is embedded,” a6 analogous to communiations systems tong which mesages, goods, and services ae exchanged between persons Cental figures ina pectozal astwork may become “poker,” ox network speci, who Facitate interpersonal transactions between others wit the exptcaton of realizing « profit. Ir brokers mobize persons in ther steers For political purpose, the network bosomes a faction, "3 coat tion of persons rented personally” to engage in competition for scarce Boleeain’s concept affee thes advantages a exploring the foal polite of the Bosnian Muslims. Fist, the transaction within personal eIworks encompass a vajety of aon-ocporate personal tes: masage alliances, personal fdendshpe, patron cent relations, and osha. Thus the unit Of analysis is suffisienly broad and eclectic to include many ‘iferent interpersonal linkages. Second, personal cvtocke ace dtc fies in constant fx and ae therefore responsive to the visitas of change in the community's masons with te outside wold, As willbe seen in subsequent chaps, the nature of pessoal networks in patcuae oF factional aligameatsinTavnik and Mostar, underwent Fequent changes Jn the years of Ausan cule Finally, the roton of persyal networks has posits for explaining the simalteneou existence of apparent conflicting loyaios inthe sie ston, The “broker” in lage personal network, particulary if hi post ton is unchallenged, may find it necsstry to tric lt oltionships ln txder to maintain his monopoly on the contol of resources being Aixponte. tn sacking to optim2s he command of saab sources, the broker may not even peosive the moral dBemma of conflicting iyalty £9 rival community power soups. The situation may change dramatic, however, i he monopoltic broker x callenged By a sng entrepreneur, foe who sake to accumulate followers eo that he may launch carer of| sown asa network pecs ‘This sudy shows thatthe Bosjan Muslin local elites shifted betweon two base network stusions: the monopole sng beoker network, and What Ihave called bipolar factional rivalry, OF the thes fowssexaiined, Introduction a» Secevo sine wns the scone of a monopole network throught the Asia ped, Mostar and Trin had las stable network contig tions; Mostar in partlar Wat prope 0 move ito poi Taconl ‘nly. In the tpolar alignment dichotomous atenates ee more starply posed and clusters of ues emerged around whieh Musing in ter tows could be sled. Partly Benue the bipala configution ceeted moe incentives for ech faction tarsi margin ad uted supposes, it proved more conduc t longterm mobiztion than id swanopaiste Sighs nator “The oxi of Bosnian Must poll activ, 1 bene, 10 bs found i he Toa factional stops that occured over tay yea in several tows. thar ues ofthe Bossa Meslins ln this peo ave ignored or dengratd the need to understand the antecedents of the dite for elu snd lous suonony. Lol events at fle sen Asati of ler a0d more powerful socal moreient, or 8 bse iicocasms of Broa free at wore in the sovety as 3 while My con teasing view Is that the dais of pronase pois exact Bs apreciated withoue a examiiton of he oa developments om which {he toeler movements, My method of inquiry draw fn 9 more general sine upon the writings of Charles Tily, * George Rudé:! EP. Thompion? Wiliam Gamsen,# tnd Anthony Oberschll? These authors sues the organaational founds tions of social protest. They have theoised the colts action i est explained by the efforts of Kentifible, organized groups t promote tic aspiatons, hopes, and grievances; they rect those theoris which auibute eoletveaetion principally 10 alienation, anomie, ora sense of ‘appointed expectations in this work | have mesifleg these aeurmpione in one major way, suguestng that noncorprate personal networks, rather ‘tan clealyDounded ovgancations, wese the fundamental mediation unit forthe Bosnian Musi, However, have borrowed other Key a: sumptions of their theoreti approzeh. The Muslim bes understudy tye tated a5 las actor, ening 4 cape for rational decision snaking advance their own interest ww ‘THE MUSLIMS OF BOSWTA Literature on the Muslin autonomy movement is sparse, even in Serbo Crostign, and to my knowlege noting has been published con- ‘ering the Tocal sources of polis action that make up much ofthis ‘tudy, The best salable sumacy of Mus politics is found ina wode by Mostafa Inamovie concecing the legal status and internal pola development of Bosnia and Hercegovina {rom 1878 to 1914 Ferdinand Schmid? Osman NuviMadé." Hamel Keebvskovie.” Ante Mal. bate. Mohamed Hadajahic and Todor Keuevac™ have each deat biely with thi peiod of Musi actiism. Moce recently Ferdo Haupt- rana's publication of documents fons the Archive of Boris and Herce ovina (along with a thought provoking intoduetion) has contributed ‘substantially to the avilable inforaation on the movement. (Hit eal lection of cocuments abbreviated BMA ta the nots of Ha study) [Nascet Sehié of the Insitute for History & Sarjevo has published ‘oo excellent atticles wening spree tistrkal problems within the rorernent!® and is prepacig a Booklongth stidy ofthe Muslim dive for fautonomy steséng Its legal abectves and politcal program, Bxeept for Seti work, which snow in proms, he preset say is the fst major ‘work devoted to Muslim politics in thee ofthe Double Eagle Ghen the dearth of published materials, have cli heavily upen atchival data. For the later pared (efter about 1883) 1 have depended Aiyst exclavely on the Austrian adminatie files contaned in the Archive of Bosnia and Hercegovina (abbreviated ABH) in Saraevo, whete Teondusted reesrch in 197475 and apsin in 1978, Some valuable infor nation wat aio located, especially forthe ery years of Austen me in the Magyar Orszigns Levitér (MAG) in Butapes, tne Haus, Hot ‘ond Staitsrchiv (HHSA) in Vien andthe Publi Record Office (PRO) In Londoa, Additional searches i te DiplomatskiAchiv in Bagrade ano the manuscript colecion of the Narodna | Syevcelsna Bibiotela in Zagreb yielded aa ifocration relevant to the study, Thave nt examines sources inthe Ottoman archives in Istanbul, But jt seems to me unlkaly that the Ottomans had any bass for a systematic ceporing system in Bosnia, It existed, have not been able to ident My considerable dependence upon archival infxmation brings with & cztainlabiive, Often no other sources exist in which to cose-check key Information, My attempts to conf detals in he periodical pees wore Tergely fetes, The redeeming fe4tue of resscch in governmen! Introduction i ocuments i that higher officials themselves often isied ypon confi: mation of vital det, Whea ramors were unfounded, loweclewel ffcale were noxmally able to determine the acta situation afte an investigation, ‘The Ausio Hongain ofials became very peofcent 35a adminis tion became more fimiy entrenched. Wheres oc reports a sketchy In the ealy 18805 by the rid1890sehay have become a seemingly ne austble source for oc and politcal information, have looked tvaugh some newspapers from the period understudy, ‘but J tive not made a systemstc search ai believe that the reals woul ‘not have tubsentily added to the research findings. For ane thing, Habsburg officials kept 2 close watch on contemporary pres articles concerning Basal so my examination ofthe archival les urne@ yp most sor pres stories conctening Muslim polities both in the Bsn and in the foreign press For another, I found tht aewapaper stories of te ie ‘cceasonally distorted rather than illuminated the tue nature of events Most articles were written by polemicist seking 2 impress oppinents withthe strength oftheir gun movement and the sophistication oftheir poliial capubites. The accounts often stabuted drama and grandeur commonplace events 10 inflate coi significance. The point wt well made by a Habsburg offal commenting on a newspaper article by Meh med Spahié2 Mostar Muslim seeking to draw the attention ofthe outide world othe Bosnian situation ‘The ene ate is aothing move then 2 fantasy of Mehmed Spa Tt takes the most ordinary. cms event, even every-day conve. sation in the masketplace, and cloaks them inthe technical expres ‘tons of modern paslimentay and politi life” In the ew press accounts of Musi activism that & hase found, such ‘sending image ar aot uncommon, ‘The books orgnizaton is partly chronologies, patly analytical. Coster I presents basic infoumation on the ethnogeness and socal semctue of the Bosnian Musins. Chapter Il discuss the ergs an ‘ature of Habsburg colonialism and asesn the manner in which Bosnns si ‘THE MUSLIMS OF BOSNIA responded 10 te oscupaton. Chapters, 1V, and V deal with the afer at sora comppsition and politcal histories of Saajow, Travnik, nad Mostar respacthely. The thee towas were the ony aes in wich Muslim protest wore rovsitondy launched. Chapter VI examines the mergece ofthe fst provneewide politi institutions in 1900, Chapter Vib is a study ofthe program and activites of Musi in tho er of party polis fom 190| to 1914. Chapter VIM outlines the conclusions that I faye drawn fom the study. Notes I. Jeremy Boltesin, Fendt of Friends: Neeworks, Manipulators, ‘and Coalitions (Onford: Basl Blackwall, 1971), pp. 2427. 2, Thase appenycher ae endorsed by Kall Deutsch in Nb mia wotk, Nationalism and Social Communication (Cambeidge, Magy: MIT Pros, 1953), and Hans Koha, The Ides of Nationalism (Now York: Cole, 1965), 3, Charles Til, From Mobileatinn to Revolution (New ¥osk: Addon: Wesley, 1978) 4, George Rul, The Crowd in History (New York: Wiey, 1964), 5. BP, Thompson, The Making ofthe English Working Css (Lonéoa! Galan, 1964) 6. Wiliam Ganson, The Soutery of Sood frotst (Homewood, Minos: Dosey, #975}. 7. Anthony Obotschal, Sols! Confics and Socal Movement (Ene wood Cif NJ: PrenieHal, 1973), 8, Musafa Imamené, Poni polosef wnutatn politekt roxtak Bowne 1 Herceprvine od 1878. do 1914 (Stsevo: Suetlos, 1976), pp. 10327. 9, Fesdnand Sch, Bogner und dle Herzegovina water der Verwal. tung Ostencoh-Ungarns (Lelpig: von Veit, 1914), p. 685.894. 10. Osman Nun ada, “Borba Musimana 2a verse jvakufsho-weasit sly autonomy,” in Vindiav Skane, (eds), Bosna 4 Hereegovina pod aus ugartom uprerom (Beograd: Gecs Koa, 1938) PP. 56-101 1, Hama Krefovkovic, Serjere sa unjeme aurroupeite uprave 11878-1018) (Sarjovo:Indane alsa aada Sanjea, 1959), pp-81-83 12, Ante Mlbols, Hrvatek? ¢apskt macionalat problem a ol 2a Inoduction x Drie resina Benjamina Kallas (Onieh: Tht gadanske tisha, 1940 0) 90.6673 13, Mohamed Hadajshis, Oa gudice do Henttee (Sarco: Syet= oat, 1974), expecally pp. 171-180, ° 14, Todor Krutevae, Safa padaustronugarskom your, £978.918 (arsjevo: Muze} grada Sorsjers, 1960), pp. 307324, The account is Jel based onthe easier esay of Osman Nari adh, |. Ferdo Hauptmann (ed), Borba Musimana Bose t Hevcegonne 2a ers vauko-mearu autonomiu (Sasje Arkiv Boane 1 Herce- ovine, 1967) 16, Nuset Scie, “Pokret Mostimana ea vetku i vekufsko-messfku onion ayjtly pregovor 2 Zemalkotnvaom 22 Bost erce s0riny 1901. godine, " Pilz! inna 21 itor u Soren, 9 (1973), pp. 97-159, and *Neka pitanja agar odacta u polite musimanskoy sutonomaeg pokset,” Piles insite sa tora Sarajeru, 13 (1979), pp. 133.465 7 Ath Bosne 1 Hercegovne, 4153/Materal 1897. CDO Mostar to RS Mostae, 4 October 1897. These archives wil hencefoxt be abbres. lated BEL For further abbeevistons usd ia this and other notey soo the Lint of abbreviations, Southeastem Europe 1901 “Towne Bosna on Heseeovina 1901 (CHAPTER ONE, WHO ARE THE BOSNIAN MUSLIMS? In 1910, according to & census taken by Austo Hungarian authorities, {612,137 Musims lived in the cents! region of present-day Yugoslavia ‘pwn 2s Bosnia and Mercepovina (See Map 1)* These people, known as osnisn Muslims io his study. were Sunni Muslins. Far removed from ‘enters of Safsm and Shite Islam, most Bosnian Muslins were probably ‘unaware unl feoent years tat ther Muslim sss even existed. Like the Croatian Cathalis and Serban Orthodox lo lvng in Bosnia, the Bosnian Moaims are Slas who speak the Serbo-Crostian language, Just at thei religions heritage sets them off fom the Chvstians iin sound cham, thei Save origins an language make them dine! from the Turks who fis brought Islam to Bossa.” Bosnia ws, and is today, 9 genuinely multiethnic society. Each ofthe tIvee major tligions ezine to be the basis fora distinct ethic groun. $9 figues on telgious afuiation roughly cepresentethalc Mearfeation as well In 1910 the Bosnian Muslims nade up 32% of the total population Of 1 898,044, Thete were 825,418 Sebi Orthodox, or nearly 43% of the population. The Catholics, mas? of whom wer ethnically Croat, rumnbered 438,061, of 23% Jews acounted for 11,868, a ese than 1% Despite propagands by some Croats and Serbs that continues tthe pre ent day, po group could substantiate a total cai to Bosnia oa the ‘as of» romerel maori ‘osnia hat had checkered politcal history. An independent Kingdom Ln she interest of simplicity Ihave employee the term “Bosna” 40 rele to the two provinces of Bosnia and Herogovins when the geographic teritory as 2 whole if discussed. Ihave sod the separate terms when 2 speciic geographic or admiastative reference require, Likewise, 10 fold the clumey “Austea Hungary.” T have simply refered to he Habsburg Monarchy as “Austria” thoughout this work, ee ————————————— 2 “THE MUSLIMS OF BOSNIA of Boris acs in the Mile Ages, but inthe itenthcentry it was con ‘gered bythe Otioman Erp, In 1878 the Congres of Besia awarded Tlahts of occopation to the Avetcian Dual Monarchy, and the Habsburg Double Eagle flew over Bosnia Fr the next forty yen. In 1908 Austen formally annexed is “occapied”teraitory, and in S918 Bos became past ofthe newy-reated Yugosiny slate. Duting Word War 1 many bates between Tio's Prine and Geiman forces took pace in Bosnia and ovcepovina because of thei mountainous train and key ental location inthe South Slv lands. Today the Republic of Bosnia and Heregovinn ands in a ctl pivotal postinn between the Republics of Serbia and ‘Coat in the Socials Federal Republic of Yugosav. “This study deals mainly wih the social and pobtical changes expr ‘enced by the Bosnian Mali elites during the pedod af peacetime Aus ftan cle fom 1878 to 1914. Before turing to the orginsand nature of Usustan occupation in Chapter Two, I all biely outline inthis chapter the nature of slazaton in Bosra andthe regions soe structure ast stood during the Era. ofthe Double Ea. Inurnztion in Bova ane Hercegonna For nearly two centres, the Ottoman Turks comprised the most ayaamse, succes itary power in southeatem Europe, They ir {ced the Balkan Peninsla inthe mi-fourteenth century and began ir rlltary raids against the feagasented medieval Kingdoms which thes held ‘Sayin the rexjon? Following thee conquest of Constantinop®= (tare “iter called Istanbul) in 1453, the Ottomans accelerated ther campians In the west and completed the subjugation of Bosnin in 1463 and of Het Ceeovina in 1481, Taoresfter the contined ther dive int Habsborx and ‘Venatan lands, Finally besieging Vienna in 1529 atthe pinnacle of thee area to Chitan Europe, "at the time of the Turkish conquest, Bosia and Hercegovina wer in hated by Slavs belonging to thee rious govps* Bosnia proper was mostly aol, ving been subjected to extensive Fragclscan prose Iytsm inthe century prot to the Ottomin victories, Orthodox Slaws Gand tome Orthoton Viseks lived in Hercegovina and were also to be Found in the exer border rgions of Bosnia adjacent to Serbia, fiom ‘whence they had fled from Turkish agvanees. The tied eligius group, Who Ave the Rossi Busine? 3 adherens ofthe medieva}Rosnian Chuch, consisted ofa few cemalning clergy and lsyenconcentated in northern Hexcegovina, For these Slave of mised religion, the victorons Turkih campaigns had special siniticance, Large numbers of them, despite thelr nominal Chis Aianty prior to the conquesis, accepted Islam In the years after the Oto- mans arived in ter Lands, These converts came feom all socal classes ‘hu religious onmmunitie, This meant that the popolation in the Turkish period came tobe divided into three mor celigons: Catholics, Musins, {nd Serbin Orthodox. The medieval Bosnian Church passed from the “The rerons forthe proliferate conversion to Islam in Bosnia have long been a matter of geat historical contovesy. Many scholars have argued tat the medieval Bosnian church of the pre-Ottoman years had been subiertoé by 2 powerful dualist heresy known 35 Bogomilisn.* These scholars, beleving that the Bogomils were partiulaly susceptible to aien religous doctrines, hae theoized thatthe heretics ofthe medieval Bos nian church conerted ex ase to Islam when the Ottomans atke, Receally other hslorans have posrayed a rich vary of complex Influences at work inthe religious life of pre-Ottoman Bosnian society © oka V.A. Fine, J casts doubt on the dualism ofthe Bosnian Church and has demonsistee that religiow conversions occured feeqvently end in various dieeions afound the tne of the Turkish invasion.” lading 20 exidence of wholesale conversion to Islam ty members of the Bosnisn Church, Fine argues that no steong church organization of sny faith ested in pre Ottoman Bosnia, so the Bosnins lncked deeply held re ‘gious convictions. Many Bosnians, says Fine, were drawn to Islam fa tho concury folowing the comruest because i wus the ital dynamic faith of the conquers, not decauin they were predisposed to convert by adherence to any here doetines, Scholars genenly agsee that Islamivation was primsriy & peace ul procs, It was the product af fee deebions by indwidal, fale, and Jn some instances shoe vllies rather than forced cornersions a the iat of the sword. Consequently Bosnia was mutieligous, rather than exclusively Musi, society ducing Turkieh rule. The thor mjor fuhs were the Islamic, Catholic, and Serbian Orthodox. In the ine- leenth and twentieth ceatues adherents of each faith, egless of ‘hele ancestry, onuied with a parucuae ethnle group oF nationality 4 [THE MUSLINES OF BOSNIA the Catholics as Cats, the Serbian Orthodox as Serb, and the Muslins se Bosnian Muslims, Sone Jews, Atmenins, Turks, Vicks, Gye, and ‘members of other etic groups Were alo #0 be Fund in the Feri es tiulaly inthe towss, Some members ofthese minarts atsiniated fino the major ethnic groups. With few exceptions, Hower, cligion remained th key toeogeness throughout the Ottoman rue, Bosnia was a complex mosaic of ethnoreligious groups and seca) clisas by the nineteenth century. Although it never hecame stationary, the social structure in Basniaacquized a fundamcnal pattern ding the Inte Ottomin yeu tht Ist Hough Austian cule and into the ea ‘ofthe fist Yugoda state (19181941). Soca Structure inthe Late Nnetenth Century Bosnia termined psimarily an agian sodety wo into she ewentit century. and the peasantry Icomed 36 he largest component inthe compo- sition of each etic group. However, the rlative sient of urban lass vaciod coniderabiy between the Serbian Oxthodon, Croatian Catolcs, snd Bosnian Muss ‘ae Secbisa Orthodox inhabitants of Bosnia vere mostly peasants, many of ther secs (called Kez in Bosna) of Mus landed by the ‘ridninetoenth century. Serbian Orthodon pists lied among them in the villges; many pues were iterate and lndistioguishable fom the Dessans whom shay served. Sine Canistians were not normaly pezmited retin sel, there were few Secban lndlods ia the Ottoman period, ‘The number of Serbian town dwelles was sal in the estly Ottoman ‘esr, but midile class Serby constituted an increasingly impoetant Factor In Bomian tows dung the late yeas ef Qtioman rae, Urban Setbs or anized autonomous church and school communes ia the nineteenth ‘zntury which promoted education and other cultural advantage for rrambers of the Serbian ethnic groups. The gromth of a Serbian male class, based on craft produetion and commerce, cainued thauthout Augen rl. osnian Cathoies were ethnically Crom, Like the Serbs, most Croats Were peasants who gradully became entefed by Musim landlords as Ottoman rule declined. Among tho peasants lved members ofthe Fea ‘scan Onder who fad been ranted excluve responsibilty for Bostian Who Are the Bosnian Mustina? s Catholicism prior to the aria of the Ottomans. Fewer Croats than Serbs ‘moved ino towns, s the Crossan ml cles was very smal tit hee 00 to sow rapidly inthe early years ofthe oneriah cetary. Unt late ‘nthe Austrian perioé, most politely ariulae Cronin Bosna were members ofthe Catholic religous hierarchy, With few landowners ang no substantial urban mile cass, the Cross opanthostrianpaiog as the ‘most fomogeneous ofthe major Botan etn groups, ‘Te Muslim ethnic group in che ltemineteent century may be divided into three major groups: the ees, pases, and rban lowercase, AS vith the other two ethnic groups, the majority of Muslin mete pests Mort wee fee tom feudal obligations, but about 600 of them Here en ‘exfed as of 1910. The Muslim peasants had standard of ving tht lose ly approximated that of thie Cre fellow peasants who were srl Musiim hod, often ilirate and themseles tls of the Feld tved ‘among the Muzkor popoason and weed ther eligous needs, The Muslin Peasants were aware that 3 geat socal gull seporated them from the ‘Muslin elites, but in limited ways they Meiied with the political goal OF thee uppers: covelipioaists. The pessans occasionally turned tthe ‘ban Muslin hes to dated heeft nd way of life auiat peeved Lhweats from unbelievers. Muslin peasants gio knew that they benefited from the Oxtoman landowning system haved ot sheviat law (Tush ‘Sharia, Arable Shana, the Isla legal code dating back to the early «ays of the Muslin faith, ‘Merchants, crftsnen.and artisans made yp the second clement ofthe Muslim population, They constituted a substanal chs of people. Be caves they were so numerous, most towns in Bosnia had 4 Mili major. ‘gy ts of 1878. Organized into uid in Ottoman times, ey wer indepen ene by che aa of the Austrians and voloerable to competition fronn ‘impos. Many cafsmen and artisans believed that shevat aw fered ‘them protection against aebitusy,excesne taxation and incuions fom foreign compeiters. The craftsmen snd asin usally ved and woskes ne center oft, clutered ino sl cps inthe Garo commer ‘al quare, Inthe crowed care much gop and poltia alk wat on changed between metchans, cafisnen, and thelr estomers, and a times of political controversis the Gre became a nothed f information an rumors, The urbas owe clases normaly acquiesced tothe leadership of lite Mushins in public martes, tot in 1878 hey particpated in large numbers in the resistance to Auslanoscupaion, 6 ‘THE MUSLIMS OF BOSNIA [At the top of the social hierarchy ware the Bosnion Musi eis, the object of this study. la the rural seety of nineteenth century Bosna, ‘most mombere of the elt asurlly dened theie wealth ard gous rom ‘control of the land; bur ctepacuar nate of eemic lw and sci prae tice created a rather complex composite elite. Within the elt ware tree sobdivsions: religious funetonars, commercial entepreneurs, and the landowners thimasves. In fit the three fracllons shaded imperceptibly into one another, and many Muslims belonged to or even tvs ofthe ‘lite subdisiors, Some red the goverment aswel, the Ot‘omén nits tne andthe Austrian regime after 1878. ‘The key tothe cohesion of the Musim elite, insofar as was unified, was ts relance upon sherit Ja amie traditions, nd Ottoman land de- oes 10 preserve its multiplosources of power end prestige. Religious leader, Motels, and Moslasintelsctuals mosy derived thet Iveinocd Story su (chaciable foundations-see Chapter Two) which encod ei religous actives and schools, Tho wekuf sytem wus based 0% I lame tation and sheit law. Commercial entrepreneurs and landoeds {ss Jooked to seri law asa guarantor of thei continued prveges: they employed Ortoman dectes to balster ther argumect gaia AUS polly innovsions, 2e we sll 0 In subeequeat chapters, Often a single lite family would have extensive landholdings from which pean duty were coleted, administer several vakufe, and be involved ia commer sotie a ll Inthe 1910 census, 937 Muslim family heads wore reported 2s and owners with peasants? Ths group care wp the core of the Bosnian Musiim elt, Roliious functionaries, eommescal entepreneuts, and ome cht servants 1 Wogld estimate at perhaps another 5,000 family heads This compares with 77,518 Musi heads of family who were froe Peasants and 6.334 who wore seri. ‘The composition of the aati ste vary evbssncaly eeween towns an egos, eho landogds were 2 important social companen al comiuitics, thers Was cnsigrabe vatatnn inthe extent of thee do- ‘inate, the nature of thee political power, and the foundations of their esinonne power In Mostar religious functionaries and commer fontrepenaute wore diaproportionaaly epestted,althovp mambers a both groups owned led. Trawmk was the undisputed domin of land fonee interest, Government functionaries and landownere were most Iho are the Bos Msi? 7 Influential in Sarjevo, In Banja Luka comrcat entepreneus and land. ‘owners book ted. The social structure of any of these communities ould ake» spate sy and he dics froth ll power sllgnents of appropiate coins in ater chapter In 1878 the Bosnian Musi had no formal organiathn in which they ‘ould join together for common action. Such a pac! organization de ‘eloped only dung autaan rule, But many lading famies in the Bos nan Mosim elite were related by marriage, and Islamic holidays provided ‘opportunities for mutual visits and social reunions within the extended networks of far relations, Most contact between local elites, therefore, ‘90s through familia, socal, and other informal connections Although these exchanges sorved fo Keep the local Moi lites interconnected citferences etweer loa Abst elites remained profound, (Change such as urbanization, the rise of capita sad te gromth af 4 world economy began t0 affect Bosnian socal svete iy the late insteenth century, but they dd not substantially alter the balance of 0- ‘al foros uni after Word War. Ausvaaindutisieavon poles helped roomate the growth of 2 small whan proletariat that became politely asthe in the fist years ofthe twentieth century, Austiaa lw Fermitied Christians to own both land and sets, and by 1910 there were 900 Bos nan Christians (633 Serbian Orthodox ané 267 Catholics) rho owned land worked by kmets® Austria reforms allowed some seats to buy {heir way out oferkdom i the fagdlrd aged, but the proces: was pains lakingy slow and did net produce a sigiiant growth in the numbers ‘office peasants The most spnfcant changes it lite nineteenth cntury Bosnian seity ‘vere brought about by the avva of Aussi, 2 Westnn atte with 4 bu Feauentie superstucture more final and powerful than thst of the Guoman Empire. The next chapter chronicle the major innovations brought about by th Doal Monizehy’s presence mn Bota, CHAPTER TWO [HABSBURG COLONIALISM AND THE BOSNIAN RESPONSE “The eta of the Double Eagle was 8 time of major changes in Boss, ‘many induced by the Austin regime suf, The Otomar Empite, ere Sed by defeats abroad and rebelion 2 home, was rplaced in Bosnia by 8 Toaenocratic regime vs modern as any in Europe at the time, As Austci's ‘only colonial posession, Bosna was laved with administrate efforts to lemonsttte the humanity and efficacy of Habsburg cule. Austin een: Istory polices, although contriatie in atu, afectod all sectors of 5 ety. Many Botnians rented the Austian innovations either thug fad rebellion oF more psaceful (but nonetheles deg) protest cam palans Tt wat Austin poly innovations rather than econsmc or 5 ‘Sl irs, eat constituted the major itues on the political agenda of a Boznian groups unt he eve of Word War “Ths chapter traces the areal and fire erganizing endeavors ofthe Austcan,digewses those Avstean policy most sigifieant forthe Bos ian Musing, and analyze the Bosnian response to Habsburg ccenpation. Ortens of Austrian Oconpston Tesi and Hercegovina ropresnted an obvious ares For Austrian expansion into Southemt Europe. Geographiely the province formed vedpe that ran 629p into the Habsburg ands, making the hited ‘of Dalmatia insecure From a alitry ané szonome eanépont, Schemes for the acquisition of Hosni and eregovina nite in Austrian military and dipionstiz exces for many years, dating back at lest 10 1856," ‘The Prussian defeat of France ia 1570 andthe formation of the Ger man Empite Inthe next Year permanently sled off possible Habsburg pansion in tue north. The foreign poliy ofthe Menuhy inresingty centered on posible extenson into the Balkans? Symbolic of the new Habsourg Colonial ° thrust in Avstian forign policy, tho traditionalist Reust war supplanted In tho Focega Office in 187 by Count dale Andrsssy, a Hongasan nobleman who sdmited Ssmarck and was determined that no. power ‘Soule ke gains inthe Balkans at the Monarchy’ expen ‘Austis's chief val inthe Balkans was Imperat Russi, which had a Aion of protectorhip over the Balkan Slavs dating back tothe day of| ete tn Grast. The Ruslan drive int the Balkans was propelled both by ‘he PanSlay cology and by a longstanding Russian geopoliial interest, smsecureg an ola othe Medierenen, ‘Austo Rosa sivaly reached a highpoint during the astem Crisis ‘of 1875.1878, which began with a revelt of Hereegovinin Christians ‘guns theie Mulim ovedrds inthe sping of 187S.> Ouiomaa attempts {o quell the revolt ware not immeditely sucasful, and the actemtea edition by tae Consuls of the Powers dld not case the rebels to ay own ther arms. As the rebellion spread, sentiment in fevor of the rebels as 10 foyer pith i de countries of Serbia and Montenegro. In June 1876 the Wo slates dedated war on the Ottoman Bie, Montenegro and Serbia were scon defeated, To sve les Balkan ales, Rusia antezed ‘he war agina the Otioman Emp in Api 1877 By the begining of 1878 the Russn axes were approaching Istanbul snd Russian commanders were able tg dictate the Testy of Sun Stefano (G March 1873) to the Ottomans The San Stefano traty caused gout dismay in England and Austra. in dictating the weaty, Russa gored cuter commitments 10 anaré Bosnis and Hercegovina © Avstra, Furth we, the treaty created huge Bulpisn state, gonorlly assumed 10 be 4 Russan client tae, and reduced Gttoman peesnoe in Europe to mete shadow. Alirmey st the prospect of vst Russian galns with no ofing advances for Austia, Andiisy and others demended a revision of the ‘ucety, In Jone 1878 tepreendves of the Gret Powers asebled at te Congress of Zen to nullify the overwhelming Russan edsantages con tuind ia the San Stefano peace “The Congess of Resin cedrew the Bakcan mp and exablies the Basie Baan power configurations which endored until Wold Wa I, Bl lan was considerably reduced in se, and much Turkld exatory was restore, Serbia and Montenegro were granted independence, ot rather their de facto independence was not granted de fre status, Inan effort 1 balance ‘he gains retained by Rus, the Powers gave Avia the right to “occupy 10 THE MUSLINS OF BOSNIA tnd adeisiste Bosnia and Hercopvina The eal status ofthe two o> vices was to be move precisely defined in pogotations between Austria andthe Ottoman Expire "Austea's right to admis Bosnia constituted a major gan nts p= ‘ena Balk ifenee. For the stand as time, Avstia aoquied a c0- Jony to administer, Many believed thatthe occupation state would be tenporay and tat the plvine would te angexed at an opportune noment! This diplomatic consideration 2édes » dimension to Austia’s teu in Bosnia: it pve the occupation showplace character, since the sucessful demonsestion of Austa's adminiuative ability would bull up the case for definitive Austin cootl Busing the Halves Colony: Theory and Practice Bosnia’ arbiguus legal status led to probs in exganizing the new ‘uiministation. Despite oppostion both feom joveetona! ers and From Ausian fepsative bodies, the Dual Monarchy estabinhed a fem ass for fall contol within few yews afer the Congiess of Besn, Admlnsentive Orantation (Api 1879 Austin eptied an aeenent wih he Oteman fq concerning te admintation cf Homa, Keown m he Now an Convention ox the Api Coytion of 1879, the wesy dented the lpn of ous snd ential thatthe Sia ened the "at of snc pe Aion nsupton hos pd cern tiny gh th Sana of No ay, ing este pron I Seba and Mostemgo. But oda, the Dual Mosh tage tony cnonbe of gin ow Aust engin the ih a Tuk fentnaistt thtpse th fet of Roa asin foe tpede csi it he pitas inthe Otoman Ee fe, agate gh of Tush cone tcc oR A ao {pomed to honors stom and tradions of the Botan Husins ine sor te Alla wold any of the poo! wih puny. but ele Aust commit ae Cenenon gee Eheitng woop win Bom 4 tase for appeing to the Ovonan Ene ed tbe Crest Fone sa Atm sts A ve all Habsburg Colonie n Sec in subsequent chapters, dsidents were fond of tfeting tothe Novi azar Convention in thee petitions and appeals to the Austran and Oto than governments, ‘The occupation engendered serous domestic opposition in both the ‘Austin and Hungarian halts of the Monarchy. Singe 1867 Auta had Sia eo Parliaments, one for the lands ofthe Bungran crown ands. nd forthe remaining ctownlasds of the Monircy.” Each Parliament lccted sixty members to bodies knows 25 the Delegations. one far each Hf of the Monssehy. The two Delegations were the oly bates autho seed to deal with meters comaton to both bales ofthe Epis Both bodies aed the Retin Trey despite te opposition, but from the beginning they refused fo vote any funds to support the gecupation ‘of Bosnia" In refusing to supply Funds, the Monirchy’s puamentary bots lost thei only potential istrmeot 1 exercise contol over a mitre polices. In the absence of funds from the Monarchy tea Sur, Austin adhinstor in Bosnia were diven to devious means in their quest for fnancal resources? Bu once they proved she to rise ‘he needed fonds, they were fee From al but mor) influence frou the Delegations. The chi archtset of gusts colonial policy were there. ove civil servants ether than eisators Shortly after the military conquest of Bosnia, two Impecil Eales ‘umes administrative responsibilty for Bosnia over to the Joint Min: sey of Finance* Almost from the beginning of the cup, che int Minister of Finance served mainly a¢ colon admunistator and only ‘incidentally as finance manager fr the Monacchy, From estly 1879 ent 1918, the most influential formubtor of Austin police Bosnia wat the Jone minister of Finance. ‘The fis two Foine Finance Miniter tr administer Bosnia were both 4 offs for elatively short terms, Leopold Friedrich von Hota wat 4880 and Joseef vom Savy from 1880 until 1882. Nether mon ap- roahed in influence or importance the thitd Finance Minister mith re Sponsiility for Bos, Bent Kallay von Nagy Kllay (semmonly known by the German wason of his name, Benjamin van Kall), who held the Dost from 1882 unit his death in 1903, Klay was not radia inno. ator who upset all the plans of hie predesestere indeed many of hs eciiows merely confirmed ce implement polices outned by. pre wows Ministers. Neveihels his Wews are etka? co undesioaing 2 ‘THE MUSLIMS OF BOSNIA ‘Austrian plies in Romi, because hiss were dearly stated on seer ‘Sections and his tenure it offle covered over oneal the totl period of ‘Austin adeninisuation ilay was ftom an old Hungarian arctic family. He was «1608 isd Balkan specialist before assuming the post of Joint Finance Miter, faving served es General Corsl tothe Serban government in Belgrade from 1867 to 1875." He mastered the Servo Croatia langage and wrote 1 history ofthe Serbian peagle ln 1879 he became fest Section Chief in the Avstian Foren Ministry under Hayes, Andrisny’s successor, Frown tis post he was appointed by Emperor Francls Josep tobe Joint Miniter of Fiance in 1882. Both admirers and detractors of Kay's polices have recognized him ae man of extrdinary ably and ene). His knowledge ofthe Ballan ste its peoples, and the Serbo-Croatian Tanga was undisput and his posomal influence gervaded Bosnian foes doing his ens i ofice, allay’ successor was latin Freier: Burién von Rajec, who held the Jont Finan Minister's post feom 1903 to 1912. He was elnvely Spmpodiese to indigenous poileal activities, Hix policies lacked the “Genave vigor typica ofthe Kalliy peti. One wsitor from the Monarchy Grew 2 dicoutging picture of the Austdan bureaucracy under isd ection. Leoo Ritter von Bling was Joint Finance Minister fem 1912 to 1915, Thee other men eld the offic before the collapse of the Monarchy, aed Burin had 4 second term inthe post fom 1916 0 1918. None of the others fad the formative impact of Klay o¢ Burin on a ministrative piles in Bosnia “The Joint Minister of Finance, along with his subordinates inthe Bos: rian Boren, supersed from Vienna the activities of the Provincial Go- ‘ernment (Landevepicrané) in Sirxv0." The Provincal Government vias tnodlled on te admiistation of Croatia and Slavonia inthe Hun- jalan half of the Dual Monarchy. It inclded Divisions (German Abel ingen) of Political Admipistaton, Finares, and Sustie: 3 Division oF ‘Construction was aie in 1890, Each Division consisted of several De- pirtmeats (aio Department in German). The head (Landescef) of the Provincial Goverivent wat the general who commanded the XY Army CCors in Bosnia During the Kalay er che Landes was General Johann, Freiherr von Appel (1882-1903). His importance gradually declined in favor of his clvlan counterpart, the Cll AdlUs. Habsburg Colonia i" “he Gn Aus was pone far onary spss of Asian sanitton i sa, A the porns ot te ay design ier TRE he imports of he Cl Asa payer ox crepe igo eof Co Ads ws a or son ya 18861908) by Hag Ferra Kutcher, on ents an cof Of Kaley sh se ay ponies pot sin Bon “he Ateins t ntct he lel eiveSivion k te tered so the Toh pees. Sortie tthe Point Goverment wee six ops (Sibeoin Sd wth er Ger res) eset of who ea oo poset Cay in testy Sno, Tn Rs Dw Tt, Ds a, sed Asan, The Most Reson ens te es Looks eee fives) Exch pina ineaton whee ya Repoen Soper {Shred RSin th ates of hi) whoa comet tre gerne! operations ini un, Sine Repo Supers Sh ffir te el at they tert hk bore) tee to econ te ain tk be fe Bsn pat ede {tthe Auta seine Repo sup te aid i oer or ty Ye, many af hem ce intel ar With he Til steton oh eae tere hs pone wee svbshied to 4 of 54 dst Cth et Senn es) ech hae y Dist ffs bed DO te got) thg 20 weg i tae own he att Cas wue moran a links etc the Prova! Govt ad the pepe, Ty ape dpe vlvg aan ad {rite pla questne. Some ditt sorte ots Shed Expo, of wih te mr 24m Bo: he uo changed ‘rel ine ing Aut aintton Epo dee ot ‘psy popted ean wince la ean of as Mo Een fre wre anne ol by a0 Expat Dido ad oe con “The cpt cy of Saree frm senha of a pton oh sarin hey, A Comat Commis (Gta onl) ete by he cy dmsion nt per et oe Ci A, Sargeras ow eee fom ln Re fat oh pray cet Cy Coun wo nso he se ‘sve nce to he iy. Eon 190) anit sono “ ‘THE MUSLIMS OF BOSNIA was extended to several other towns in Bosnia, but even thi efosm dit Tot completly remove the advantages enjoyed by Sarajevo asthe fist city OF the land. Administrative Philosophy {In 1895 an optimise Renjamin Klay granted rare personal interview to a reporter ofthe London Daily Chrome. “Austin isa pest Occidental Empire,” he tld the reporter, “charged with the mission of eaeyng civ liaaton to Oriotal peoples Kali sessed that rational buresveacy ‘vas the Key to Boss's Tutu, “Adminstation i our ony politi,” he Said of Avstri’s rol, “To make the people contented, to ensure justice, {o develop aicultize, to ender communication easy and cheapo seead tueaton. + That i my adalat ideal-that is my polis lays statements summsrize the two diferent components of AUS tean administrative philosophy ftom the beginaig ofthe oscupation wnt 1903. On the one handy Adee was engaged in acaltual mission; Klly nce refered to "The blsings of culture which the government seks to Spoud though the land." The Dval Monarchy founded schools, esearch Insitutions such asthe Provinlal Museum (Zemalt muze) In Suan, dnd otherwise contebuted to cultura lif in Bosnia Its policy of seo tive reforms was normally cerpectul of the cultural and religious trations ofthe Bosnlan populition. Ax Kalay sald, “What we have ted todo is ‘ull the new upon the ol. £0 retan the ancient aitonsf the land ved and puriied by moder iess"™ Avstia did not wish to dire tard or Germanize Bovis ia the way the French gougt to asimlte the jopolatons of thir colnies to French lanoape, society, and cuir." ‘Ruscian colonialism was coter to the British model which retained exix ting elites 20d indigenous coltral pattems whie gradually introdveing Western educational na administrative techniques? Txt the same time the Klay er was a ie of “administrate abso tus"! The Auscans, sensitive to Great Power opinions concesning Its management of Bosnian faire, dk not want to rsk a exootionary Upteeval oF sens of popular dacontent, Therfore the government was to be the sole agent of reform and modemization, Kia's image was of 4 que, apoitial population guided by 8 moodh sunning rational bureau iy, The Bosnians, he expected, would fUSI heir lves through Hobiburg Colonie 1s urticipation in cultura an eligious organizations. They would ve n0 foed 10 engage in politic, Grievances, if they should somehow arise, ‘would be resnved quicly and atthe lowes possible administrative lve. During Kallty's tenure as Joint Finaace Minster, Bosnians were pet mitted and encouraged to patlpate in voluntary assetatons, religious ‘organizations, ané oltre stiviter But the government banned rsa ations with an avovedly politcal purpose and prohibited the ase of rational ames (Serb snd Crost) for any publi institution. Kall pee tonally dvected many goverment effets to repre expicily political movements while at the same time he encouraged the growth of ed ‘ational institutions desgned to instil loyally to Boma asa politial and georaphc entity. Killay and his Austrian contemporaries looked upon their admin: stration against che background of hat they believed had preceded their avival. They babeved thet Bosnia had been in chaos end vitual anarchy under the Ottomans, with the Chistian populition subject (0 arbitrariness by Musi landlords orto the will oF the strongest briands. (Out of the confusion the Austrians wanted to bring order, end brigan= Gage and replace arbicay role with 4 stematic code of lave? ? To Klay and his contemportis, a wellaun Bureweratic administrative stated the potential to provide for many basic human needs. An essential first step in bringing rational administration to Bosnis, In Kaay’s view, as to introduce policy of legal equality between the sarious confessions. Klay, in an eater analysis of the Ottoman Empl, held thatthe Ottoman failure to insitute dichotomy between ci and religous affairs would oveatualy led to the dowafall of the Empic, He telieved that the Empire had become a “theocracy” ia which the Kone was rocopnzod as slid not only for vligous raters bar also for “all polteal and social istiutions." The Empite could only be saved, he wrote, by Insituing a policy of “equity between Christians ‘nd Mohammedan” which Would mean seculrizing cetsin Facets of public life previously governed ty Islamic elgius law. Once he came {o power in Bosnia, Kelly iaied upon desabihment of tote poli and legal privdeges enjoyed only by the Muslin, Confessional equalty became a mijor slogan of the Austin administetion, It wae invoked in polemical arses, government reports, serous scholarly works, and by Killa when he detended his polices before the Delegations ee 16 "THE MUSLIMS OF BOSNIA For the Musiin landowning clas, Klay’ approsch raulted ina partie establishment of ther preps. Many administrative functions previout Iy exercised by Muslin landlords and judges were now assumed by the Austuan bureaucratic stale, and Muslim sadtiona pola prerogatives were thereby curtalld, Bot Muslims retained thei dominant socal and ‘economic vole in Bosnian sociaty. Laws pertlang to landlod-pesant re lations wore retained, coifed, and enforced anew by the state under the rationale that the institution of seefdom consisted of binding contacts botmeen indus and was therefore within the rahn of “pirate” fw Continaacon of wen meant thatthe Musim landlords were not 8 pened of ther primary souce of income, namely the dusk which they ‘colete From thelr peasants. ‘Austrians also preserved the existing ethnic group leaders (provided they vere sympathetic 10 the Morarcty's aims) for the purpose of fetes acceptance O thee own administration, Tee gorerament omrered into 2 tasitalliance with the leading Mains 9 that existing public leaders ould lend their pestige and authority to legitmiza the new rep in the eyes ofthe popuston. In July 1878 the Austrian Conlin Sean formerded to Andris Tis of the most prominent lea figures so that hey coukt recsie daceations fom the Emperor In stor prominent personalities were rewarded with postions as judas, city councimen, and religious deaters2* Many prominent Musim landlods participated in organized functions to expres patbas tor ats ofthe Provincial Government. In Oetaber 1379, the authorities aceite’ ptiians from the Musi of Viseprad and Livno ‘offering thanks to the reine for allowing the fre exercise of eligion and especially for honoring the Islanus holdays of Bara and Remsen, The patitions ware siened by prominent Muslin i the two towns” Musi la numberof tone prepared Snir pestions of thanks tothe Autiant fer cesing th office of Relea Uems in 1882.™ Such activites designed lo part to win the favor ofthe new occupying power, were not linted 0 pation City Councils voted resolutions of thinks, and in one case a CCouncll proposed aaming 3 new bide actos the Drina ater Francis Josaph, who peronally approved the seques.® Musiis took pat in banquets and celebrations he 10 open sew school, mosques, bids, snd other publi aces °° "The cys self wat seperpetuating: Austans sought oUt the met rouent persons 4 fl vacancies in local fins, and such persons were Habsburg Cotomatim 7 ‘hen indebted to the Austelans for the symbolic recognition of thee wn oles 2 lol leaes, Preservation of the exting Muslin elie was @ mc ‘objective of Ausoisn policy. In Killy's view, fective administration bsted on thecal oftaw was ‘requisite for economic development. Mats prosperity inthe eslony ‘san Important criterion for succes both tothe Austrians themselves and to outside obsrens, Many bolieved that economic success was the bet ay 1o insu loyalty oF the Jos! popuieion to Aust8, Kallay viewed the task of promotingeconomic development as ouside the tsi of normal admin. seativeactiviy, but he was very active personally in encouraging industria ization, a5 Profesor Sugars study has cleanly desinastated" Economie evelopment though, could only proceed ona regular Bat nce the land ‘wat free from the theat of brigandage snd efTectine communication lines ‘woe eatablshed, The lssation of Beaian ATs As an rset! peconition for Austan succes, Bosrians hid % be Invlatedagunst the prevaing politcal and ideslogicalcurents in neigh boring lands. Each ethnic group in Bosna could potentially idonty with an adlacentpottical unit: the Catholic Croats with Croatia, the Orthogox Subs with Serbia, andthe Bosnian Muss with the Ottoman Baye. To Prevent these ieatiertons fiom developing, Avtcin diplomats and 8 Imitators strove r0 seal Bosnia off fram aniabebing propgande and to regulate the lations of Bosnian teliius communities with the outside worl, Through skid diplomacy, tuste, and gnod forte, imperist authorities won the cooperation or neutrality of goverment and seis leaders ouside Bos ‘Tho greatest dangeb came from neighboring Serbia, for may Sebs believed that Bost and Mereegovina shoud be pact of 2 united Greater Sesbia. Serbian Prince Min, a known syenpatizer with Austia, in June 1881 signed an syeement that pledged his govemment to oppate om spiracles o propagands directed agunst the Dual Monarchy.” The pacts ‘inpopuic in Serbia. Milan was orcad to renouace t publiey, but ltr in 1881 be screty affirmed his intention to abide by the orginal agreement Hoste propaganda did not ently cease, buat least it was dened Serbinn government support unt after the tra of the century, 8 ‘THE MUSLIMS OF BOSNIA [As forthe Croan ans, in 1883 Khoertlervry was appointed Ban and instued a policy of divide ant ele. During his sdinseation the Coate and Sebs living ia Croatia and Slavonia were preocenpied with thelr ‘Gum problem As in Sebi, the cegoe was sympathatc with the Austin ‘ainitrtion in Bosns, "The Austrian authorities also wished to reorganize the clations of Bos rian elgious communities with ecclesastical or poial authorities in ‘ter lands In dealing withthe Catholic, Muslin sad Serbian Orthodox Tove hierarchies, they worked to achieve two aims. Fist, they wanted 0 inno that the Iocus of future reigous atvty was cated within the pro- tinot by weakening the ties between Bornan goups and ouside autho Ties. They hoped thereby to prevent agitation with potontay pobieal ‘overtones, Second, the Austrians wished to obtain dominant infuence or hata} ofthe consonal hierarchies by securing the cghs to appoint and remove religous funconafns, yy them from sale

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