troduction to the philosophy of the hu
troduction to the philosophy of the hu
troduction to the philosophy of the hu
WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY
The word philosophy comes from two Greek words:
philos (love) and sophia (wisdom). The ancient
Greeks used this term to refer to "love of wisdom" and
they soon applied it to the study or discipline that uses
human reason to investigate the ultimate causes,
reasons, and principles which govern all things.
People who engage in philosophy are called
philosophers or "lovers of wisdom." Among the
ancient Greeks, the philosophers became pioneers in
various fields of knowledge such as history, biology,
medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and even physics.
It was quite common to hear of ancient philosophers
who were "experts" in various fields of learning.
The Most Notable Ancient Greek Philosophers are:
• Pythagoras (570 BCE to 495 BCE)
- A mathematician and scientist, he was credited
with formulating the Pythagorean theorem.
• Heraclitus (535 BCe to 475 BCE)
- He proposed that everything that exists is based
on a higher order or plan which he called logos.
• Democritus (460 BCE to 370 BCE)
- He devoted himself to the study of the causes of
natural phenomena.
• Diogenes of Sinope (412 BCE to 323 BCE)
- He was a known advocate of living a simple and
virtuous life.
• Epicurus (341 BCE to 270 BCE)
- He believed that philosophy could enable man to live philosophize since we have the tendency to wonder
a life of happiness.
• Socrates (470 BCE to 399 BCE)
- He was considered the foremost philosophers of
ancient times. He was credited with formulating
the Socratic method- means of examining a topic by
devising a series of questions that let the learner
examine and analyze his knowledge and views
regarding the topic.
@harunotes
LESSON - 1
• Plato (427 BCE to 347 BCE)
- A student of Socrates, he wrote down his mentor’s
teaching and incorporated some of his own ideas
into them. Plato’s most significant ideas included
his Theory of Forms, which proposes that everything
that exist is based on an idea or template than can
only be perceived in the mind. Plato is also known
for his dialectic- a method of inquiry where two
opposing ideas are discussed in an attempt to arrive
at new knowledge. Plato’s lasting contribution to
learning was his founding of the Academy, an
institution of higher learning.
• Aristotle (384 BCE to 322 BCE)
- He attended the Academy, and was the prominent
student of Plato. For him, all ideas and views are
based on perception and our reality is based on what
we can sense and perceive. His studies in logic
led to the formulation of a formal process of
analyzing reasoning which give rise to deductive
reasoning-the process by which specific statements
are analysed to reach a conclusion or generalize.
Why is there need to philosophize?
Philosophers have often wondered and argued about
the role of philosophy in man's life. One view is that
each one of us is a philosopher, whether or not we
have studied philosophy. We all have the potential to
and doubt. We possess the capacity to reflect on our
experiences, and we have a never-ending need to
learn and discover.
troduction to the philosophy of the hu
troduction to the philosophy of the hu @harunotes

troduction to the philosophy of the hu LESSON - 1

WHY IS THERE A NEED TO PHILOSOPHIZE ? Socrates

The Greek Philosopher Plato - the need to philosophize is driven by the love for
wisdom. To love wisdom is to have an insatiable
- traced man's need to philosophize to his sense of desire for truth. A philosopher does not seek
wonder. Whenever we are confronted with an knowledge to claim ownership of it; and one who
experience, we always wonder how it came about. engages in philosophy is not satisfied with figuring out
Man's overbounding curiosity drives him to ask the answer to a question. He seeks to continue to
questions, some of which have no definite answers. question, to probe, and to discuss in order to get to the
Where did we come from? Why do we exist? For what bottom of things.
purpose were we created? - Socrates is famous for having said "I know that I do
- This perspective drives the need of a philosopher to not know..." and it is in accepting this state of
question, examine, and learn more. ignorance that one can begin to learn and understand.
The 15th-century French Philosopher By expanding our knowledge through philosophy, we
Rene Descartes begin to realize that learning is unceasing - there is a
- traced the need to philosophize to doubt. Descartes lot more to learn and experience in life.
was famous for rejecting or questioning established - Socrates is also recognized for his motto: "The
ideas, and he even went as far as doubting his own unexamined life is not worth living." And nowhere is it
ideas. His method of examining ideas and more appropriate to embark on philosophy than in an
perspectives became the basis of critical thinking and examination of our own life.
analysis in the sciences. For example, a scientific
hypothesis must first be tested and verified before it is HOW DO WE CHARACTERIZE THE STUDY OF
accepted as truth. PHILOSOPHY
- In life, we will be faced with several ideas and
1. Philosophy is to consider it as a way of analyzing
arguments which present themselves as "truths." A
framework.
critical and questioning perspective is necessary to
Framework - a framework is defined as a way of
determine if indeed these ideas or views are
thinking about the world and is composed of the views
correct or true.
and beliefs of a person. Whenever a person
The 20th-century Swiss-German Philosopher encounters a problem or question in life, he or she
Karl Jaspers often goes back to his or her own framework in order
- saw the need to philosophize because of experience. to make sense of the problem.
Jaspers believed that man is often confronted by
experiences which challenge his ideas and Internal Questions - Questions dealing with our own
frameworks. Jaspers called these experiences limit correctness which can be addressed using our own
situations, and these are often accompanied by personal frameworks.
feelings of helplessness, anxiety, or dread. For External Questions - that seek to question the very
Jaspers, philosophy provides us a means to frameworks upon which people base their own beliefs
understand adverse or challenging conditions, and to and views.
rise above them and gain new knowledge and
perspectives.
troduction to the philosophy of the hu
troduction to the philosophy of the hu @harunotes

troduction to the philosophy of the hu LESSON - 1

HOW DO WE CHARACTERIZE THE STUDY OF Ethics

PHILOSOPHY - The study of moral principles and values and their
2. Philosophy can also be thought of as an application to human behavior.
examination of a particular area of knowledge. Notable philosophers: Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, John
- The central principle in philosophy is examination Stuart Mill
and questioning, and this is often applied in the Logic
analysis of the frameworks of other areas or sciences. - The study of reasoning,argumentation, their validity,
Philosophy goes hand in hand with other disciplines in and soundness.
examining their fundamental purposes and evaluating Notable Philosophers: Aristotle, Gottfried Willhelm
the changes they experience. Leibniz,Bertrand Russell
- There is a philosophy of science, which seeks to Aesthetics
understand the fundamental principles that guide
- The study of beauty and artistic expression,including
scientific thought.
questions of taste, form and meaning.
-There is also a philosophy of religion, which
Notable Philosophers : Plato, Immanuel Kent,
examines the basic tenets of any faith.
Friedrich Nietzsche
-There is philosophy of education, political philosophy,
philosophy of history - every aspect of knowledge can
Philosophy of the Human Person
benefit from the inquiring nature of philosophy.
- is an area in philosophy that understands the human
3.Philosophy itself is a distinct area of knowledge with person from a philosophical perspective - integrating
its own goals, concerns, and ways of doing things. and synthesizing the different branches of philosophy
and other fields of study to know the truth about the
human person.
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
Two Important Facts about Philosophizing :
Metaphysics
1. Philosophy is a reflective and meditative activity,
- The study of the nature of reality, including the
and it has no designated subject matter of its own.
relationship between mind and matter, substance and
2. It is also a method of mental exercise on any type of
attribute, and fact and value.
• Ontology: the study of being and existence. experience. When confronting human experience,
• Cosmology: the study of the universe and its origins. philosophers often employ tools that engage the mind
Notable philosophers: Aristotle, René Descartes, in analyzing problems and situations.
Immanuel Kant
Epistemology
- The study of knowledge and belief and their
justification, including its nature, sources, and limits.
Skepticism: the view that knowledge is uncertain or
doubtful.
• Skepticism: the view that knowledge is uncertain or
doubtful.
• Empiricism: the view that knowledge comes from
experience and observation.
Notable philosophers: Plato, John Locke, Bertrand
Russell
troduction to the philosophy of the hu
troduction to the philosophy of the hu
troduction to the philosophy of the hu
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HOLISTIC
THINKING AND PARTIAL THINKING?
Holistic Thinking
- refers to a perspective that considers large-scale
patterns in system. This is often described as looking
at the "big picture" when describing and analyzing a
situation or problem. A holistic perspective requires an
individual to have an open met and an ability to get the
general sense or impression regarding a situation.
Partial Thinking
- focuses on specific aspects of a situation. The partial
view is an important component of analytical thinking,
as an individual focuses on certain areas or aspects of
a problems in order to understand it. Though partial
thinking is useful, philosophy utilizes thinking in
making sense of problems and issues related to the
human experience
HOW DOES ONE ENGAGE IN REFLECTION?
Reflection
- Requires a person to be willing to examine one's
thoughts, feelings, and actions and to learn more
about one's life and experiences. One can reflect on
almost any subject.
- This will enable you to set your daily goals and set
you on the path of thinking of ways to achieve them.
Seemingly simple or mundane actions take a whole
new meaning when one engages in reflection.
- Reflection is vital in ensuring that our actions and
decisions are well thought out and are done with due
regard for their implications and consequences on
ourselves, others, and our surroundings.
- Reflection helps us understand ourselves and our
actions better. When we reflect, we can judge whether
our actions or decisions are reasonable or not. Taking
time to analyze your decisions and actions is one vital
skill that will greatly help you as you encounter more
challenges in life.
@harunotes
LESSON - 1
WHAT ARE THE PRACTICAL USES OF PHILOSOPHY
IN OUR LIVES ?
1.Philosophy enables a person to engage in critical
analysis and interpretation of concepts, definitions,
arguments, and problems.
- It also trains us to be critical of our own ideas as well
as of others-meaning, we don't simply accept or reject
whatever is pressed to us. One can apply this critical
and analytical mindset in processing information
gained from media and addressing certain issues
encountered in life. Critical thinking skills can help us
avoid being tricked by false claims or manipulative
schemes.
2. Philosophy also improves problem-solving and
decision making.
- The ability to analyse a problem or dilemma, identify
its significant aspects, and come up with alternative
solutions is an important skill learned through
philosophy.
3.A philosopher is a good communicator who can
clearly and adequately present his or her ideas
- Discussion and debate require skills in presenting
and communicating ideas. Philosophy can also help
us be more open to new and different ideas.
Communications skills are also enhanced by the study
of philosophy because it trains be very clear and
precise about our thoughts and sentiments in order to
express exactly what we want to say.
4.Wisdom is one intended product of philosophizing
- This refers to a person's ability to apply knowledge to
daily life particularly in making sound choices and
judgement.
5.Knowledge of Philosophy can contribute to self-
development.
- One can be a better student, scientist, artist,
professional, and citizen if he or she has the capacity
for inquiry, critical thinking, and reflection. In addition,
philosophy encourages a person to know oneself, his
or her strengths and weaknesses, establish an
identity, and determine his or her purpose in life. Self-
knowledge also grows along with one's understanding
of the world and this is essential to the realization of
the self. These are tools to develop one's own ideas
and views and engage fully in useful activities in the
community, nation, and world at large.
troduction to the philosophy of the hu
troduction to the philosophy of the hu
troduction to the philosophy of the hu
METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
Ancient Greek Philosophy
- The ancient Greeks were some of the first
philosophers to develop a systematic approach to
thinking and reasoning. They used a method called
dialectic, which involved the exchange of ideas and
arguments between individuals in order to arrive at a
deeper understanding of a particular topic or concept.
Medieval Philosophy
- During the Middle Ages, philosophers began to
incorporate religious beliefs and teachings into their
work. This led to the development of scholasticism, a
method of philosophizing that emphasized the use of
reason and logic to explore theological questions and
issues.
Modern Philosophy
- In the modern era, philosophers have developed a
wide range of methods and approaches to thinking
and reasoning. Some of the most influential include
empiricism, which emphasizes the importance of
observation and experience in gaining knowledge;
rationalism, which emphasizes reason and intuition;
and existentialism, which focuses on individual
experience and the search for meaning in life.
Confucius
- was a Chinese philosopher and teacher who lived
from 551-479 BCE. His philosophy emphasized the
importance of personal and governmental morality,
justice, and sincerity. He believed that individuals
could improve themselves and society through self-
cultivation and education. His teachings became the
foundation of Confucianism, which had a significant
impact on Chinese culture and society.
Lao Tzu
- was a Chinese philosopher and writer who lived in
the 6th century BCE. He is best known for his work,
the Tao Te Ching, which is the foundational text of
Taoism. His philosophy emphasized the importance of
living in harmony with the natural world and the Tao,
or the way of the universe. He believed that individuals
could achieve inner peace and enlightenment through
simplicity, humility, and detachment from material
possessions.
@harunotes
LESSON - 2
HOW DO WE KNOW SOMETHING IS TRUE?
A belief or statement is True if:
1. It is based on facts
2. There is a consensus or common agreement
3. It can be proven or tested
Perspective on truth:
1. That a belief is true if it can be justified or proven
through the use of one’s senses.
2. A belief or statement is true if it is based on facts.
3. Getting a consensus or having people agree on a
common belief
4. Determining truth requires a person to prove a
statement through an action.
5. Claims and beliefs should also be subjected to tests
to determine truth.
4 METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
Socratic Method
- also known by the Greek term “Elenchus” which
means “to inquire” or “to cross examine”
- an exchange of ideas using “Socratic questioning”
developed by Socrates
- a Greek philosopher and teacher who laid the
groundwork for Western systems of Philosophy and
Logic.
- this method has emphasized using “Statement
Deconstructions” and “Creative Questioning"
- interrogative statements that clarifies points through
understanding the deeper meaning of the claim.
Dialectic Method
- comes from a Greek word “Dialektike” – which
means “the act of conversation”
it is the act of talking back and forth
- disagreeing with one another and coming up with a
conclusion for an exchange of contradicting
arguments (much like a debate).
troduction to the philosophy of the hu
troduction to the philosophy of the hu
troduction to the philosophy of the hu
4 METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
Scientific Method
- involves process of experimentation and observation
- the term Science is derived from a Latin word
“Scientia” which means “to produce knowledge”
Processes:
Hypothesis testing is done to prove the validity of
the idea--- lead to wisdom and truth--- because it uses
an evidenced-based approach to come with a
conclusion--- all truth are supported by facts, that can
be easily tested and proven through experiments,
logical reasoning and observation and are assured for
a valid conclusion.
Historical Method
- derived from record of the past
the term History is taken from a Greek word “Iotopia”
which means” to investigate” or “to find out”
- it is the process of gathering evidence, examining
them, and formulating ideas about the past to come up
with the present truths.
TERMS METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
Truth
- Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry
- Knowledge must be truthful to gain validity and
acceptance
Propositions
- Statement about the world and reality, these may or
may not carry the truth
- Usually stated as short statements or sentences
Knowledge
- Is the clear awareness and understanding of
something.
- It is the product of questions that allow for clear
answers provided by facts
- Our knowledge is comprised of ideas and beliefs that
we know to be true
Facts
- Propositions or statements which are observes to be
real or truthful
- These statements correspond to one important aspect
of knowledge ; that is based on reality
@harunotes
LESSON - 2
Claim
- Statements that are not evidently or immediately
known to be true
- These statements requires further examination to
establish whether it is true or false
Opinions
- These statements go beyond providing facts, they
provide conclusion or perspective regarding a certain
situation.
- Bases for making arguments and convincing people
that a certain claim is a fact.
Conclusion
- Is a judgement based on certain facts
- The facts that form the bases of a conclusion may not
ve disputed but the conclusion itself could still be
contested or questioned.
Beliefs
- Are statements that express conviction that are not
easily and clearly explained by facts.
Explaination
- Are statements that assume the claim to be true and
provide reason why the statement is true.
Arguements
- Are series of statements that provides reason to
convince the reader or listener that a claim or opinion is
trutful.
- Are made with assumption that the truth of the claim or
opinion is still to be determined.
Fallacies
- Some arguments may contain fallacy. This means that
they are products of a faulty reasoning, this affect the
validity of an argument.
Bias
- Opinions are often influenced by bias.This means that
a person having the opinion may have views and
tendencies that affect the way he/she sees reality
troduction to the philosophy of the hu
troduction to the philosophy of the hu
troduction to the philosophy of the hu
THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT
Man
– the general term commonly used to refer to the
entire human race
Human
– refers to man as a species ; Homo sapiens sapiens
or modern human beings
Human Being
– used to distinguish man from other animals
Person
– is a much more complex term which generally refers
to a human being granted recognition of certain rights,
protection, responsibilities, and dignity, above all.
Personhood
– refers to the state of being a person
Human Nature
– refers to the characteristics that distinguish humans
WHAT IS OUR HUMAN NATURE THAT ENABLES US
from all other creatures.
TO BECOME PERSONS?
SPECIAL TRAITS THAT MAKE A HUMAN A
DISTINCT INDIVIDUAL PERSON:
1. Self-Awareness
– refers to the person having a clear perception of
oneself, including his or her thoughts, emotions, identity,
and actions.
• “Self” – the person who is actively aware that he or she
is perceiving and experiencing reality.
• Interiority – the quality of being focused on one’s inner
life and identity.
2. Self Determination
– refers to the capability of persons to make choices
and decisions based on their own preferences,
monitor and regulate their actions, and be-goal-
oriented and self-directed
• Free will – is the capacity to choose a course of action
from various alternatives
• Consequence – is the result or effect of an action or
condition
• Morality – the goodness or badness of an act
@harunotes
LESSON - 3
3. Externality
– the capability to reach out and interact with others and
the world.
• Philosophers consider man as social being, and that a
person never exists in isolation.
• Man has a natural tendency to seek out fellow human
beings, and the relationships established by this
interaction is a vital component for survival.
4. Dignity
– the innate right to be valued and respected
• Philosophers consider all humans as having an
inherent worth or value.
• Philosophers, however, do not equate value or worth
with any quantifiable measure such as price. Each
person is worth the same as another person in the
sense that every person is priceless, unique,
unrepeatable, and irreplaceable.
• Our body is not the only thing that defines us.
Philosophers believe that a person cannot be simply
reduced to his or her physical body.
• Philosophers point to another unseen aspect of the
human person which, along with the body, defines us
as persons.
• This intangible element is the spirit which enables us
to exercise thought, possess awareness, interiority, and
the capacity to reach out to the outside world and other
persons.
HOW ARE THE BODY AND SPIRIT RELATED?
• Philosophers consider the Human Person as defined
by the union of the body and the spirit.
• Not only are the body and spirit united, but they are
also integrated with each other.
• This means that we cannot separate the two and
they go hand-in-hand in making us who we are.
• Whatever affects the body also affects the spirit, and
this unique trait of the person enables him or her to
experience both the physical world and the spiritual
world.
• Embodiment enables us to do and experience all the
things that make us human persons.
troduction to the philosophy of the hu
troduction to the philosophy of the hu @harunotes

troduction to the philosophy of the hu LESSON - 3

HOW DOES MY HUMAN NATURE ENABLE ME TO

EXPLORE MY LIMITS

• It can be said that the person is a very biologically

deficient being. This means that we are not equipped
with the best physical attributes among all the beings in
the world.
• The ability to surpass limits is called transcendence,
and it is also one important trait that distinguishes the
human person from other beings in existence.
• Our mind is an important tool that allows us to go
beyond many of our physical limits.
Although we have physical limitations, we can
transcend them because of our spiritual dimension.
• Transcendence also means overcoming oneself or
being in control even if the body reminds us of certain
tendencies.