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Electricity Nuclear Energy in Russia
Electricity Nuclear Energy in Russia
Electricity Nuclear Energy in Russia
SAJIDA KHALID
MS-ESS
ESS-591
26.12.2017
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Country Profile
Energy Profile
Electricity generation in Russia
Nuclear energy for electricity generation
RUSSIA-COUNTRY
PROFILE
Officially known as the Russian
Federation
Largest country in the world by
surface area, covering more than
one-eighth of the Earth's
inhabited land area
Capital: Moscow
Population: 144 million (at the
end of March 2016); ninth most
populated country of the world
Area: 17075200.00 km²
GDP: $4,000 billion (2017)
Government Type: Federalism
HDI: 49 (2015) Image source: CIA World Factbook
ENERGY PROFILE
RUSSIA-ENERGY OVERVIEW
One of the top producers and consumers of electric power in the world with installed generation capacity of
more than 240 gigawatts
For 2016, gross electric power generation: 1,071 billion kilowatt-hours, consumption: about 900 billion kWh
World’s largest producer of crude oil, second largest producer of dry natural gas and significant amounts of coal
Oil and natural gas accounts for 36% of federal budget revenues (Annual report on execution of the federal
budget, Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation
Fourth largest generator of nuclear power and fifth largest installed nuclear capacity (International Atomic Energy
Association, Power Reactor Information Service, 2017)
ELECTRICITY GENERATION SOURCES IN RUSSIA
13% Natural Gas Fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal) are used to
generate about two-thirds of Russia's electricity,
13% Petroleum
Most of the fossil fuel-fired generation comes from
52% Coal natural gas.
22% Nuclear, renewables and Hydropower and nuclear each accounting for about
other
one-sixth of total electric generation.
Russia is the fourth largest Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emitter in the world contributing to 4.53% of total CO2
emissions in the world. Total CO2 emissions were 1468.99 million metric tons (IEA, 2015)
Russia is listed in Annex I of United Nation Framework on Climate Change (UNFCC) and Annex B Party of
Kyoto Protocol
As part of plan of action to achieve targets defined by UNFCC and Kyoto Protocol, Russian government is
considering shift towards RES.
The legal framework to promote energy efficiency can bring substantial reductions in CO2 emissions if effectively
implemented.
President issued Decree no. 752 on September 30, 2013 on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reduction,
requesting the government to facilitate GHG emission reduction to level of no more than 75% of emission levels
recorded in 1990.
According to International Finance Corporation calculations, if 4.5% of electricity in Russia could be produced
with RES in 2020, this could bring a GHG emission reduction of approximately 18 Mt CO2 /yr.
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES
Legislative and regulatory provisions with the aim of increasing the production of electricity from RES could also
facilitate CO2 emission reductions.
In Energy Policy 2009, Russia’s Energy Strategy to 2030 was developed which outlines strategic objectives for the
use of renewable and local energy sources, including:
• reducing the anthropogenic impact on climate change while meeting growing energy demand;
• the rational use of available fossil fuels;
• maintaining the health and quality of life of the population; reducing government health expenditure;
• reducing the rate of increase in the costs of electricity transmission and distribution and related electricity losses;
diversifying the country’s fuel and energy mix;
• enhancing security of energy supply through decentralization.
ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN RUSSIA
ELECTRIC SECTOR ORGANIZATION
A number of ministries and regulatory agencies are involved in the electric sector.
The Ministry for Economic Development supervises tariffs and investment in the energy sector.
The Ministry of Energy is in charge of general energy policy, including development of the legal framework for the
electric sector. It also approves investment plans for Russia’s electric transmission system.
The main regulatory agency involved in the sector is the Federal Antimonopoly Service. It regulates transmission tariffs
and oversees compliance with the unbundling rules and charges of abuse of market dominance in competitive electric
markets.
The state atomic energy corporation, Rosatom, controls all aspects of the nuclear sector in Russia, including uranium
mining, fuel production, nuclear plant engineering and construction, generation of nuclear power, and nuclear plant
decommissioning.
The Russian electric sector was restructured in the past decade, and much of it was privatized. Most of Russia’s fossil-
fueled power generation was privatized, while nuclear and hydropower remain under state control.
POWER SYSTEMS IN ELECTRIC SECTOR
Balakovo 1 988 5/86 2043 Kola 1 432 12/73 2028 Leningrad 4 925 8/81 2026
Novovoronezh
Balakovo 2 988 1/88 2033 Kola 2 411 2/75 2029 385 3/73 2032
4
Novovoronezh 2035
Balakovo 3 988 4/89 2049 Kola 3 440 12/82 2027 950 2/81
5 potential
Novovoronezh
Balakovo 4 988 12/93 2053 Kola 4 440 12/84 2039 1114 2/2017 2077
6
Beloyarsk 3 560 11/81 2025 Kursk 1 971 10/77 2022 Smolensk 1 925 9/83 2028
Beloyarsk 4 789 10/16 2056 Kursk 2 971 8/79 2024 Smolensk 2 925 7/85 2030
Dec 2018,
Bilibino 1-4 11 4/74-1/77 Kursk 3 971 3/84 2029 Smolensk 3 925 1/90 2050
Dec 2021
Kalinin 1 988 6/85 2045 Kursk 4 925 2/86 2031 Rostov 1 990 3/2001 2030?
Kalinin 2 988 3/87 2047 Leningrad 1 925 11/74 2019 Rostov 2 990 10/2010 2040
Kalinin 3 988 11/2005 2065 Leningrad 2 971 2/76 2021 Rostov 3 1011 9/2015 2045
Kalinin 4 988 9/2012 2072 Leningrad 3 971 6/80 2025 Total 26,865 35 plants
CURRENTLY EMPLOYED TECHNOLOGIES
Energy demand in Russia rose in 2010 after more than a decade of stagnation.
More than 25% of currently operating plants (about 50GWe) are approaching end of their design life.
Gazprom cut back on the very high level of natural gas supplies for electricity generation because it can make
about five times as much money by exporting the gas to the west (over 30% of EU gas comes from Russia).
In early 2017 the CEO of Rosatom indicated that the government would end state support for the construction
of new nuclear units in 2020, so Rosatom must learn to earn money on its own, primarily via commercial nuclear
energy projects in the international market. (The theme of optimization of the management system)
Rosatom's current long-term strategy up to 2050 involves moving to inherently safe nuclear plants using fast
reactors with a closed fuel cycle, especially under the Proryv (Breakthrough) project.
The ultimate aim of the closed fuel cycle is to eliminate the production of radioactive waste from power
generation.
LIFE EXTENSIONS,
ADDITIONS &
RETIREMENTS
Generally, Russian reactors were
originally licensed for 30 years
from first power. Late in 2000,
plans were announced for
lifetime extensions of 12 first-
generation reactors totalling 5.7
GWe, necessitating major
investment in refurbishing
them. However, the cost of this is
generally only one-fifth that of
building replacement capacity. In
2014 a new state program on
licence extension was approved,
bringing standards into line with
international ones.
TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR FUTURE