System Pathology

Veterinary Pathology
Credit hrs 4(3+1)
Wondewsen Bekele (DVM, MSc, PhD)
1
Chapter 8. Pathology of Digestive System
Pathology of Oral cavity
Anomaly & inflammation
Anomaly is any sort of deformity/ malformation that makes
a part of the body function incorrectly.
– Malformations: Cleft lip (Chelioschisis) and cleft palate
(Palatoschisis)
 Anomalies can be:
– congenital: present at birth.
– developmental: appearing later after birth
Inflammatory processes in oral cavity
 The inflammation resulted from exposure to irritation.
2
Palatoschisis
Chelioschisis 3
Pathology of Digestive ….
PATHOLOGY OF ORAL CAVITY
o STOMATITIS
• It is the inflammation of mucosa of oral cavity.
• It includes:
– Gingivitis: Inflammation of gums
– Glossitis: Inflammation of tongue
– Cheilitis: Inflammation of lips
– Tonsilitis: Inflammation of tonsil
– Palatitis : Inflammation of palates
4
o Etiology
• Physical
– Trauma -due to nails, wire, or any sharp object like
needle
– Thermal injuries: Hot drenches and eating frozen foods.
• Chemical- Alkali/ acids
• Microorganisms
– Bacteria: Actinomyces bovis; Actinobacillus
– Fungi: Candida albicans
– Viruses: FMD; Rinderpest
• Deficiency of vitamins
– Hypovitaminosis eg fowls
– Niacin deficiency : Black tongue in dogs 5
o Macroscopic and microscopic features Figure
1.docx
– Catarrhal stomatitis: Mucous exudation in oral cavity.
– Vesicular stomatitis: Vesicles in oral mucosal
pictures\Vesicular stomatitis.jpg e.g.
– Erosive stomatitis: Erosions in oral mucosa e.g. Rinderpest
– Fibrinous stomatitis: False membrane in oral mucosa.
– Ulcerative stomatitis: Presence of ulcers in oral mucosa
e.g. mucosal disease.
– Congestion of oral mucosa
– Presence of erosions, vesicles or ulcers
– Infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes & macrophages.6
Pathology of Esophagus choke
 Choke is complete or partial obstruction of esophagus
o Etiology
• Common in old age
• Abscess, tumor of neck area
• Foreign body
o Macroscopic and microscopic features
• Tympany
• Gangrene & toxaemia
• sac like dilatation
• Perforation due to sharp bone ends
• Necrosis gangrene at a point of obstruction
• Congestion haemorrhage in perforated cases
7
o Esophagitis
It is the inflammation of esophageal mucosa
characterized by:
– catarrhal inflammation
– ulceration
– stenosis due to fibrosis.
o Etiology
• Trauma due to foreign bodies
• Chemicals- Acids, alkalies
• Infection- Mucosal disease virus
• Parasite- bot fly larvae in horses
• Nutritional- Vitamin A deficiency
• Persistant vomiting in dogs and pigs 8
o Macroscopic features
– Congestion
– Ulcer formation.
– Red streaks of catarrhal inflammation.
– Stenosis due to fibrous nodules or inflammatory
exudate.
– Enlargement of glands.
o Microscopic features
– Congestion
– haemorrhage
– Ulceration
– Infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes
– epithelial fibrosis/ nodules formation
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PATHOLOGY OF STOMACH
GASTRITIS :
– Inflammation of the stomach is called gastritis.
o etiology
– Physical eg. Foreign bodies
– Chemicals eg. Caustic and corrosive chemicals ( mercury, lead, copper,
and phosphorus)
– Bacterial eg. enterotoxemia and colibacillosis
– Viruses eg. Rinderpest
– Fungi eg. Aspergillosis
– Parasites eg. Trichostrongylus sp., Hemonchus sp., Ostertagia sp.,
10
TYPES OF GASTRITIS
o Acute gastritis classified into:
– It may be
– Catarrhal = gastric mucosa is covered with mucus.
– Fibrinous
– suppurative
– haemorrhagic or necrotic, depending upon the
cause and their severity.
o Chronic gastritis = mucous membrane is thickened and
covered with tenacious, viscid glassy mucus
11
 Tympany/ Bloat
• It is accumulation of gases in rumen characterized by distended
rumen and dyspnoea
 Types
– Based on course, bloat may be acute or chronic.
– Based on nature of gas, bloat may be gas or frothy.
o Etiology
– Choke of esophagus
– Sudden change in animal feed with high content of legumes.
– Excessive lush green fodder
– Distention due to excessive accumulation of gases (Co2, H2S, CO)
– Distended rumen compresses diaphragm
– hinder respiration.
– Tarry color blood
– rupture of diaphragm.
– Hemorrhage in lungs, pericardium, trachea and lymph nodes
12
o Rumenitis
• It is the inflammation of rumen in ruminant animals
characterized by:
– ulcer formation with or without parakeratosis.
• Etiology
– Change in diet
– Chemicals/ drugs
– infection
• Macroscopic features
– Ulcers , Spherical white nodules of 1-2 cm diameter size.
– Sloughing of mucosa
• Microscopic features
– Infiltration of lymphocytes and neutrophils
– Fibrous nodules due to hyperplasia of fibroblasts
– Parakeratosis 13
o Reticulitis
 It is the inflammation of reticulum in ruminant
characterized by
– abscess formation
– peritonitis and pericarditis
o Etiology
• Foreign body
• Perforation of reticulum by foreign body.
• Abscessation/ suppuration
• Pericarditis due to foreign body
• Infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes
• Proliferation of fibroblasts producing adhesions.
• Liquefactive necrosis. 14
o Omasitis
• It is the inflammation of omasum characterized by:
• granulomatous inflammatory reaction.
o Etiology
– Actinobacillus ligneiresi
– Granulo.natous nodules in omasum
– Typical granuloma formation
– Sulfur granules of Actinobacillus in the centre of lesion.
15
o Abomasitis
• It is the inflammation of abomasum characterized by:
• congestion, edema and/ or haemorrhagic ulcers.
o Etiology
– Chemicals/ drugs
– Bacteria
– Virus
– Parasites e.g. Theileria sp.
– Presence of ulcers due to virus infection
– oedema of abomasal folds
– Catarrhal, haemorrhagic abomasits
– Congestion and haemorrhages.
– Ulceration with lymphocytic infiltration.
– Presence of gram positive rods
16
o Impaction of Rumen & Reticulum
• It is common in cattle and buffaloes, with carbohydrate
diet and characterized by:
• Atony of rumen (lack of tone or energy)
• Acidosis and hemorrhage on serous membranes.
o Etiology
– Overfeeding of carbohydrate feed.
– Lack of water
– Defective teeth or damaged tongue.
– Paralysis of rumen.
– Atony of rumen due to lactic acid production.
– Rumen is filled with hard, caked undigested food with foul
odour. 17
– Hemo concentration
– anuria
– blood becomes dark in colour.
– Hemorrhage in lungs.
– Desquamation of ruminal epithelium.
– Toxicosis.
18
19
o HEPATITIS
 Hepatitis is the inflammation of liver.
 It may be acute or chronic hepatitis characterized by:
– the presence of degeneration and necrosis
o Etiology
– Bacteria- Necrobacillosis, Salmonella, E. coli
– Chemicals- Carbon tetrachloride
– Parasites- Fasciola gigantica, Fasciola hepatica
• Enlargement of liver
• Congestion /haemorrhage.
• Cloudy swelling and/or fatty changes in liver.
• Infiltration of neutrophils
• Necrosis of hepatic parenchyma
• Focal necrosis 20
21
o CIRRHOSIS
• It is the chronic inflammation of liver characterized by
• extensive fibrosis
• hepatic degeneration and necrosis.
o Etiology
– Bacteria eg. Salmonella
– Virus- Infectious canine hepatitis
– Chemicals- Carbon tetrachloride
– Parasites- F. hepatica, F. giantica Poisons/ toxins- Aflatoxins
– Liver becomes hard and firm,
– atrophy of liver,
– Colour becomes yellowish, grey.
22
Hepatic Fibrosis
23
– Degenerative and necrotic changes in liver.
– Biliary cirrhosis e.g. Fasciola giantica.
– Congestion
– Proliferation of fibrous tissue in the wall of gall
bladder
– Infiltration of mononuclear cells
– Increased number of mucus secreting cells.
24
o PANCREATITIS
• It is the inflammation of pancreas characterized by
– necrosis of pancreatic tissue
o Etiology
– Bacteria
– Virus- Reovirus in poultry
– Parasites
– Pancreas becomes pale, swollen, oedematous.
– In chronic cases, atrophy of pancreas
– Pancreas becomes hard, firm, and fibrous.
– Necrosis of pancreatic cells.
– Edema, infiltration of leucocytes, haemorrhage.
– Fibrosis characterized by proliferation of fibroblasts. 25
PATHOLOGY OF PERITONIUM
 It is the inflammation of peritoneum characterized by
– suppurative, serofibrinous or nodular lesions.
o Etiology
– Bacteria- Staphylococci
– Mycobacterium sp.
– Virus
– Neoplasia
– Parasites
– Suppurative or granulomatous lesions
– Accumulation of clear fluid/ Ascites.
– Presence of nodules in tuberculosis
– Thickening of peritoneum, adhesions due to fibrosis. 26
Chapter 9. Pathology of Respiratory System
 PATHOLOGY OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
 inflammation of mucosa of upper respiratory passage leading to nasal
discharge .
 Epistaxis is bleeding from nasal passage
 due to trauma, neoplasm and ulcerative lesions as a result of
infections.
– Pharyngitis is the inflammation of pharynix while laryngitis is the inflammation
of larynx.
o NASAL POLYPS
 They are the inflammatory condition of respiratory mucosa
characterized by:
– Benign neoplasm in nasal passage.
o Etiology
– fungus
27
Pathology of Respiratory….
– Formation of a single polyp in respiratory
mucosa
– bleeding.
o NASAL GRANULOMA
– It is inflammation of respiratory mucosa characterized
by
• the presence of granulomatous growth filling the nasal
passage causing obstruction.
o Etiology
– Schistosoma nasalis
– Type II hypersensitivity reaction 28
o Macroscopic and microcopic features
– Nasal pruritus
– Small tiny nodules on nasal mucosa
– Edema
– Proliferation of fibroblasts.
– Mucous glands may have metaplasia pseudostratified
columnar epithelium.
29
o TRACHEITIS
It is the inflammation of trachea.
o Etiology
• Infection
– Canine adenovirus
– influenza virus and herpes virus
– Avian infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is caused by herpes virus.
• In canine congestion of trachea
– presence of catarrhal exudate.
• In poultry
• haemorrhage of trachea causing obstruction.
• Haemorrhagic tracheitis 30
o BRONCHITIS
 Bronchitis is the inflammation of bronchi, characterized by
– catarrhal, suppurative, fibrinous or haemorrhagic exudate.
o Etiology
– Bacteria e.g. Pasteurella
– Virus e.g. Infectious bronchitis in poultry
– Parasites
– •Allergy/Inhalation of pollens etc.
– Coughing, dyspnoea
– Mucous exudate in lumen
– Congestion and/ or haemorrhages in bronchi
– Presence of caseaous in infectious bronchitis of poultry.
– Mucous exudate along with inflammatory cells bronchi.
– Hyperplasia and/or necrosis of bronchiolar epithelium
– Accumulation of mononuclear cells in the bronchial mucosa 31
 PATHOLOGY OF LUNGS
o ATELECTASIS
 It is the failure of alveoli to open and thus do not have air.
o Etiology
– Obstruction in bronchi/ bronchiole
– Pleuritis
– Atelectasis neonatorum in new born animals.
– In the absence of respiration, lung alveoli remain closed
– Dull red in colour, hard area of lung
– Atelectic lung sinks in water.
– Compressed alveoli.
– Absence of air spaces
– Collapsed bronchioles
– In inflammatory condition, exudate compresses alveoli
32
– Pulmonary adenomatosis
– Lungs are enlarged
– Colour of lungs becomes pale.
– Alveoli are distended.
– Some alveoli may rupture
– Alveolar wall becomes thin
– Hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue.
33
o PULMONARY EDEMA
• It is accumulation of serous fluid in alveoli of lungs.
o Etiology
– Bacteria
– Virus
– Allergy
– Lungs become enlarged
– Weight of lungs increases
– releases of fluid and frothy exudate in trachea
– Serous fluid accumulation in alveoli of lungs
– Fluid may also be seen in some bronchij bronchioles.
– Congestion of lungs. 34
o PNEUMONIA
It is the inflammation of .lungs characterized by
 congestion and consolidation of lungs.
The pathological lesions in lungs are produced and
includes various stages like
Congestion
red hepatization
grey hepatization
hyperemia and pulmonary oedema.
35
 Stage of red hepatization:
 It is characterized by the consolidation of lungs
– due to accumulation of blood in blood vessels (congestion).
 The consolidated lungs are firm like liver red called
– hepatization
 Stage of grey hepatization:
 The lung remains hard but
– due to lysis and removal of erythrocytes
 There is increase in infiltration of inflammatory cells like
• macrophages, lymphocytes, epithelid cells
– depending on the virulence of etiological agents.
36
BRONCHOPNEUMONIA
 It is the inflammation of lungs involving bronchi or
bronchioles along with alveoli
o Etiology
• Virus , Bacteria , Chemicals , Mycoplasma , Chlamydia
• Parasites , Fungus
– Congestion and consolidation of lungs
– emphysema.
– Congestion, oedema or haemorrhage in lung.
– Infiltration of neutrophils, mononuclear cells around
bronchioles/ bronchi.
– Catarrhal inflammation of bronchi. 37
o INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA
It is the inflammation of the lungs characterized by
thickening of alveolar septa
– due to serous/ fibrinous exudate along
o Etiology
– Bacteria, Virus, Chlamydia, Parasites
– Lungs are pale or dark red in colour.
– Edema
– Alveoli may have serous or fibrinous exudate.
– Thickening of alveolar septa
– Infiltration of mononuclear cells in alveolar septa 38
o FIBRINOUS PNEUMONIA
It is the inflammation of lungs characterized by
• the presence of fibrin in alveoli or bronchioles
o Etiology
– Bacteria , Virus, Parasites, Toxin/ Poisons
– Antero-ventral portion of lung is congested and
consolidation.
– Colour of lungs become deep red due to congestion
– Surface of lungs is covered by fibrin sheet.
– Principal exudate is fibrin, fills alveoli, bronchioles and
bronchi.
– Congestion and/ or haemorrhages 39
o VERMINOUS PNEUMONIA
– It is caused by parasites and characterized by
• the presence of lesions of broncho-pneumonia along with parasites or their
larva.
o Etiology
– Dictyocaulus filariae in sheep and goat
– Metastrongylus apri in pig.
– D. viviparus in cattle and buffaloes.
– Capillaria aerophila in dogs and cats.
– D. arnfieldi in horse and donkeys.
– Multiple petechial/ haemorrhage in lungs
– Mature worms in alveoli, bronchioles and bronchi.
– Muco-purulent exudate in alveoli/ bronchi.
– Pulmonary oedema
– emphysema.
40
– Dilation of bronchiole/ bronchi

– Lesions of chronic suppurative bronchiolitis
– Hyperplasia of bronchiolar epithelium.
– Infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes.
o ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
– It is caused by faulty medication through
eg. drenching which reaches in lungs instead of target place
o Etiology
– Drugs, food, foreign body and oil drench which reaches in
lungs through trachea.
– Paresis of throat predisposes the animal for aspiration
pneumonia.
41
– Congestion and consolidation of anterior and ventral
portion of lung.
– Affected part becomes green/ black in color, moist
gangrene.
– Affected lungs are often foul smelling.
– Presence of foreign body
– Thrombosis of blood vessels.
– Necrosis in lungs.
– Presence leucocytes and liquefaction.
– Congestion
42
o MYCOTIC PNEUMONIA
– It is caused by a variety of fungi and characterized by
• the presence of chronic granulomatous lesions in lungs.
o Etiology
– Aspergillus fumigatus
– Blastomyces sp.
– Cryptococcus sp.
– Coccidioidomyces immitis
– Nodules in lungs
– On cut, cheese like caseative mass comes out from nodules.
– Caseation involves both bronchiole and alveoli.
– Presence of granulomatus
– Presence of branched hyphae of fungi in the necrosed area.
43
o TUBERCULOUS PNEUMONIA
• It is caused by Mycobacterium sp. and characterized by
– the presence of chronic granulomatous lesions in the lungs.
o Etiology
– Mycobacterium tuberculosis
– M. bovis
– Grey, white or light yellowish nodules in lungs.
– Nodules are hard, painful and/or calcified.
– carcass is cachectic, weak or emaciated.
– On cut, the cheesy material comes out from the nodules.
– Presence of tubercle/ granuloma in lungs which comprises
– Central area may be calcified.
44
o Ovine Pulmonary Carcinoma /Pulmonary Adenomatosis
• It is a slow viral disease of sheep and characterized by
• Metaplasia of alveolar squamous epithelium to cuboidal and/ or
columnar epithelium leading to glandular appearance of alveoli.
o Etiology
– Retrovirus
– Pulmonary adenomatosis virus
– Multiple focal areas of consolidation in lungs.
– Imprint of ribs on lungs.
– Congestion and hardening of mediastinal lymphnodes.
– Metaplasia of alveolar epithelium
– Mild inflammatory reaction.
– Proliferation of fibrous tissue. 45
o HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS
• It is the inflammation of lung caused by an allergic reaction of
antigen (allergen)
o Etiology
– Parasites - Dictyocaulus viviparous
– Allergens
– Moldy hay
– Fungus- Aspergillus sp.
– Lobes may contain small grey foci
– Presence of yellow and dense mucus in lumen of bronchi
– Presence of worms/ larvae.
– Extensive infiltration of lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils
around the bronchi and bronchioles.
– Accumulation of catarrhal exudate in bronchi/ bronchiole.
– Emphysema as a result of widening of alveoli.
– Hyperplasia of bronchiolar musculature.
46
o PNEUMOCONIOSIS
• It is the granulomatous inflammation of lungs
o Etiology
– Silica
– Asbestos
– Carbon
– Generator smoke.
– Dense fibrous nodules in lungs.
– carbon particles mixed with mucous exudate.
– Granuloma formation around the particles of silica/
asbestos
– Silica produces cellular reaction 'Silicosis'.
47
 Pathology of air sacs
o Air sacculitis
• It is inflammation of air sacs characterized by
– thickening of the wall of air sacs and presence of cheesy exudates.
o Etiology
– Escherichia coli
– Mycoplasma gallisepticum
– Avian reovirus
– Thickening of the air sac wall becomes dirty and cloudy.
– Presence of cheesy exudate in air sacs
– congestion of lungs
– Fibrinous pericarditis
– Liver is covered with thin fibrinous membrane.
– Oedema and infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes
– Caseous exudate in lungs and air sacs. 48
 PATHOLOGY OF PLEURA
o PLEURITIS
– It is the inflammation of pleura
• characterized by serous, fibrinous or purulent exudate. It is also known as pleurisy.
o Etiology
– Mycobacterium tuberculosis
– Mycoplasma mycoides
– Haemophilus suis
– Organisms responsible for pneumonia/ traumatic pericarditis may also cause pleuritis.
– Congestion of pleura Serous, fibrinous or purulent exudate.
– hydrothorax.
– Presence of blood in thoracic cavity is known as Hemothorax.
– Suppurative exudate in thoracic cavity is known as pyothorax.
– Presence of air in pleural cavity is termed as pneumothorax
– presence of lymph in pleural cavity is called as chylothorax.
– Tuberculous pleuritis /small nodules on pleura and is known as "pearly disease".
– In chronic cases, development of fibrous tissue causes adhesions and is known
as adhesive pleuritis.
49
Chapter 10. Pathology of Nervous System
 Nervous system is composed of
– brain
– spinal cord
– peripheral nerves.
 The neuron is a basic functional unit of nervous system.
Necrosis of neurons in brain is known as encephalomalacia.
 necrosis of neurons in spinal cord is termed as
myelomalacia.
 necrosis in gray matter it is known as polioencephalomalacia.
 necrosis of neurons in white matter is called as
leukoencephalomalacia.
 There are three types of scavenger cells in nervous system known
as
– Microglia
– Oligodendroglia
– Astrocytes.
50
Pathology of Nervous….
 Microlial cells surround the necrotic neurons and are known as satellite cells and
the process is called as satellitosis.
 As the neuron dies, it is engulfed by microglial cell termed as neuronophagia.
 The necrosis of nerve fibers starts from myelin sheath called as
• demyelination or Wallerian degeneration.
o ENCEPHALITIS
– It is the inflammation of brain characterized by
• purulent/ lymphocytic or proliferative changes.
• Encephalomyelitis is the inflammation of brain as well as spinal cord.
o Etiology
– Bacteria
– Listeria monocytogenes (L. ivanovii) main cause
– Haemophius spp.
– Pasturella spp.
– Virus
– Mycoplasma
– Strychnine poisoning
51
– Congestion
– Hemorrhage
– Small, tiny abscess
– small abscess in cerebrum
– Infiltration by neutrophils and lymphocytes.
– Necrosis of neurons.
– Satellitosis, neuronophagia
– Pleocytosis (Increase white blood cells in cerebrospinal
fluid).
52
o ENCEPHALOMALACIA
– It is the necrosis of nervous tissue in brain characterized by
• loss of normal architecture and soft friable liquified mass.
o Etiology
– Deficiency of copper, thiamine, vitamin-E.
– Poisons: lead, mercury, salt poisoning
– Enterotoxaemia
– Mycotoxins.
– Encephalomalacia- necrosis in brain.
– Myelomalacia necrosis in spinal cord.
– Poliomalacia is necrosis in brain gray matter.
– Leukomalacia is necrosis in brain white matter.
– Soft, friable liquified mass in brain.
– Congestion.
– Liquefactive necrosis surrounded by neurological
– Proliferation of small new capillaries
53
o Spongiform encephalopathy
– It is characterized by
– the presence of vacuoles in grey and/or white matter.
o Etiology
– Scrapie in sheep
– virses
– No characteristic gross lesion.
– Edema of brain or hydrocephalus
– Congestion
– Vacuolation in white and grey matter
• Vacuoles are usually in neurons 54
o MENINGITIS
– It is the inflammation of meninges characterized by
• congestion and infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear
cells.
– Pachymeningitis is inflammation of durameter while
leptomenigitis involves the piameter.
o Etiology
– Virus e.g. swine fever
– Trauma
– Bacteria e.g. Pasturella, Listeria
55
– Toxoplasma
– Leptospira
– Congestion
– Thickening of meninges.
– Petechial haemorrhage
– Infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes.
– Fibrosis
o NEURITIS
– It is the inflammation of nerves along with degenerative
changes characterized by
• Edema
• infiltration of inflammatory cells
56
o Etiology
– Toxins
– Trauma
– Virus e.g. Marek's disease MD
– Lead and Mercury
– Bacteria e.g. Strangles
– Deficiency of vitamin E.
– Wallerian degeneration
– Infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes.
– More destruction at distal end of the neuron.
57
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Veterinary Pathology

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Wondewsen Bekele (DVM, MSc, PhD)

– Dilation of bronchiole/ bronchi

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