Submitted By Shamsa kanwal

Submitted to: Dr.Jabber

Roll no: 17
Semester: 2nd
Date: 3-12-2023
Subject: Operating system
Assignment 01
Contents
What is Register: .......................................................................................................................................... 3
History of registers: ................................................................................................................................. 3
Evaluation of registers: ............................................................................................................................ 3
How the registers works: ............................................................................................................................. 4
Types of registers: ........................................................................................................................................ 4
Memory address registers: ....................................................................................................................... 4
General purpose registers:........................................................................................................................ 4
Special-purpose registers (SPRs): ............................................................................................................ 5
Instruction registers: ................................................................................................................................ 5
Flag register: ............................................................................................................................................ 6
 Question no:01
Explain registers in detail and its types.
What is Register:
Registers are small, high-speed memory locations inside the central processing unit that store
data and instructions for immediate access. Register are sequence of bits or flip flop. Registers
are used to accept store and transfer data and instructions that are being used immediately by the
CPU.
 The register used by the CPU is often termed as processor registers.
 Register size determines how much information it can store.
 The size of register is in bytes. Each byte can store one character of data.
 Bigger the size of register increases the performance of CPU.
History of registers:
The concept of registers has been around since the early days of computing, first register appear
in the ENIAC, a vacuum tube computer developed during World War II. The use of registers
was essential for early computers, as they provided a much faster way to access data than the
slow main memory of the time.
As computers expand, the number and complexity of registers increased to meet the demands of
more sophisticated programs. In the 1950s, the concept of index registers was introduced, which
allowed for more efficient addressing of memory locations. The 1960s saw the development of
floating-point registers, which enabled more precise calculations.
Today, registers are an integral part of modern CPUs, with each CPU typically having dozens or
even hundreds of registers. These registers are used for a variety of purposes, including storing
data, performing arithmetic and logical operations, and controlling the flow of instructions.
Evaluation of registers:
Early 1940s:
The ENIAC, one of the first electronic computers, introduces the concept of registers.
1950s:
Index registers are introduced, improving memory addressing efficiency.
1960s:
Floating-point registers are developed for more precise calculations.
1970s:
The number and complexity of registers increase with the growth of computing power.
 Today:
Registers are essential components of modern CPUs, enabling fast and efficient data access and
instruction execution.
How the registers works:
1. The CPU fetches an instruction from main memory that tells it to ADD two numbers.
2. The CPU decodes the instruction to determine which registers contain the numbers to be added.
3. The CPU loads the numbers from the registers into its own arithmetic logic unit (ALU).
4. The ALU performs the addition operation and stores the result in a register.
5. The CPU stores the result in main memory or uses it in subsequent calculations.
Types of registers:
Memory address registers:
Memory address register is used to store memory address being used by CPU. When CPU wants
to read and write data in memory it stores the address of that memory in this register.

General purpose registers:

General-purpose registers are the most common type of registers in a computer's central
processing unit. They are used for storing data and performing arithmetic and logical operations.
GPRs are typically 32 or 64 bits wide, and they can store any type of data, including integers,
floating-point numbers, and characters.
Types of General-purpose registers:
1. Accumulator register
2. Base register
3. Counter register
4. Data register
Accumulator register:
The accumulator register is the default data register for arithmetic and logical operations. This
means that if an instruction does not specify which register to use, the AC register will be used
automatically. For example, the following instruction adds the contents of the BX register to the
contents of the AC register:
ADD BX, AC
This instruction would add the value stored in the BX register to the value stored in the AC
register, and the result would be stored in the AC register.
Base register:
In computer architecture, a base register is a special type of general-purpose register (GPR) that
serves as a base address for memory operations. It is used for arithmetic and data movements.
Counter register:
A counter register is a special type of register that keeps track of a count or sequence of events.
It acts as a counter for repetition or loops.
Data register:
It is used for two mathematical operations which are division and multiplication.
Special-purpose registers (SPRs):
Special-purpose registers are specialized registers within the CPU that perform specific tasks
related to floating-point calculations, memory management, and input/output operations. They
are distinct from general-purpose registers which are used for general-purpose data storage and
arithmetic operations.
Their purpose is predetermined during manufacturing process and cannot be changed.
Instruction registers:
This is a register that holds the instruction that is currently being executed by the CPU. It is used
to decode the instruction and determine the operation to be performed and the operands to be
used. This register points to the next instruction to be executed by the CPU.
Flag register:
This is a register that contains different flags that indicate the status or condition of the previous
operation performed by the CPU. For example, some of the common flags are carry, overflow,
zero, sign, parity, etc. they are used to control the flow of the program and to perform
conditional branching