Bhoj Raj Pant Steel Sap Report

Detailed Structural Analysis & Design Report
[ Of Commercial Building
Submitted to
Designed & Submitted By: Ram Engineering

Client’s Name: Bhoj Raj Pant
Consultancy Pvt Ltd.
Client’s Address: Dhangadhi-05, Kailali
Dhangadhi-02, Kailali
Chapter 1 Table of Contents
List of Tables iv
List of Figuresv
Chapter 2 Introduction................................................................................................................................. 7
2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 7
2.2 Objectives and Scope of Work..............................................................................................................7
2.3 Structural Components.......................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Roofing (Truss System)......................................................................................................................... 9
2.5 Codes, Standards and References.....................................................................................................10
2.6 Structural Design Methodology............................................................................................................10
Chapter 3 Design Philosophy and Approach............................................................................................11

3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Wind Load Parameters........................................................................................................................ 11
3.3 Overall Design Procedure.................................................................................................................... 12
Chapter 4 Basic Materials......................................................................................................................... 14

4.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 14
4.2 Concrete.............................................................................................................................................. 14
4.3 Reinforcing Steel................................................................................................................................. 14
4.4 Soil Bearing Capacity.......................................................................................................................... 14
4.5 Steel Sections...................................................................................................................................... 14
4.5.1 Truss Section Member Size..........................................................................................................15
Chapter 5 Modeling and Analysis.............................................................................................................15

5.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 15
5.2 Modeling of Structural System.............................................................................................................15
5.2.1 Beams........................................................................................................................................... 15
5.2.2 Columns........................................................................................................................................ 15
5.2.3 Purlins(ISB66x33x3.6)..................................................................................................................16
Chapter 6 Loads........................................................................................................................................ 17
6.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 17
6.2 Gravity Load........................................................................................................................................ 17
6.3 Wind Load Application & Caculations..................................................................................................21
6.4 Analysis Procedures............................................................................................................................ 25
6.4.1 Code Based Design...................................................................................................................... 25
6.5 Component and Member Design.........................................................................................................25
Chapter 7 Structural Design Results.........................................................................................................26

7.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 26
7.2 Analysis Results.................................................................................................................................. 26
7.2.1 Deformation................................................................................................................................... 28
7.3 Foundation Design............................................................................................................................... 29
Chapter 8 Results and Output...................................................................................................................29

8.1 Analysis for Building Block...................................................................................................................29
8.1.1 Introduction:.................................................................................................................................. 29
8.1.2 Footing Design for Building Block:...............................................................................................29
Chapter 9 Summary.................................................................................................................................. 32
9.1 Summary............................................................................................................................................. 32
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9.1.1 Structrual Truss design summary................................................................................................33
9.1.2 Footing Design Summary..............................................................................................................38
Appendix A: Sample Design for Steel Column ISB 132X132X4.8..................................................................39
Appendix C: Sample Design for steel Sections(top rafter/bottom rafter-ISB 91x91x4.5)................................40
Appendix D:Sample Design for steel Sections(diagonal&longitudinal webs)................................................42
APPENDIX E: Sample Design Calculation For Steel Sections(Purlins-66x33x3.6)........................................44
APPENDIX F : Connection Design(Base Plate).............................................................................................46
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List of Tables
Table 1:Typical Structural Member and Components.................................................................................................................8
Table 2:Codes and Standards.....................................................................................................................................................10
Table 3: Compressive Strength of concrete...............................................................................................................................14
Table 4 :Yield Strength of Reinforcing steel.............................................................................................................................14
Table 5:Dead & imposed live load on area elements.................................................................................................................18
Table 6: Limit State Load Combinations used in Code-based Design......................................................................................19
Table 7: Analysis Procedures for Code Base Design.................................................................................................................25
Table 8: Component and Member Design.................................................................................................................................25
Structural Analysis & Design Report of Balmiki School Truss Building Page iv of lx
List of Figures
Figure 1:Truss type T1(,grid-1,2,3,4,5)......................................................................................................................................14
Figure 7:roof live applied on slab elements...............................................................................................................................17
Figure 8:wall load applied on beam elements..........................................................................................................................18
Figure 10: net resultants of wind loads on truss (across the ridge) Wx-....................................................................................21
Figure 11 : net resultants of wind loads on truss (across the ridge) Wx+..................................................................................22
Figure 12: net resultants of wind loads on truss (parallell to ridge) Wy-...................................................................................22
Figure 13: net resultants of wind loads on truss (parallel to ridge) Wy+...................................................................................22
Figure 15:net resultants of wind loads on wall (across to ridge) Wx+......................................................................................23
Figure 17:net resultants of wind loads on wall (parallel to ridge) Wy+....................................................................................23
Figure 18: Axial Force diagram (envelope )..............................................................................................................................25
Figure 19: Shear Force diagram (Envelope)..............................................................................................................................26
Figure 20: Bending Moment Diagram (Envelope)...................................................................................................................26
Figure 21: Displacement of 3d model in y-direction (Wy+).....................................................................................................27
Figure 22:Displacement of 3d model in X-direction (Wx+).....................................................................................................27
Figure 23:Joint Reaction(envelope)...........................................................................................................................................28
Figure 24: grid-A stress capacity ratio<1 , ok...........................................................................................................................32
Figure 25: grid-B stress capacity ratio<1 , ok..........................................................................................................................32
Figure 26 : grid-C stress capacity ratio<1 , ok..........................................................................................................................33
Figure 27 : grid-D stress capacity ratio<1 , ok.........................................................................................................................33
Figure 28 : grid-E stress capacity ratio<1 , ok..........................................................................................................................34
Figure 29:grid-F stress capacity ratio<1 , ok.............................................................................................................................35
Figure 30:grid-G stress capacity ratio<1 , ok............................................................................................................................36
Figure 32:stress capacity ratio, purlin........................................................................................................................................36
Figure 33:Stress capacity ratio , all member passed..................................................................................................................37
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Chapter 2 Introduction
2.1 Introduction
A steel structural building refers to a building that primarily utilizes steel as the main
structural material. Steel is a popular choice for constructing buildings due to its
strength, durability, versatility, and cost-effectiveness. Steel structural buildings are
commonly used for a wide range of applications, including commercial, industrial,
residential, and institutional structures.
Here are some key features and benefits of steel structural buildings:
Structural Strength: Steel has a high strength-to-weight ratio, making it capable of
supporting large loads and spanning long distances. Steel structural buildings can
withstand various external forces, such as gravity loads, wind loads, seismic loads, and
snow loads.
Design Flexibility: Steel allows for versatile and flexible design options. It can be easily
fabricated into different shapes and sizes, allowing architects and engineers to create
unique and aesthetically pleasing building designs. Steel structures can be easily
modified, expanded, or reconfigured to accommodate changing needs and requirements.
Speed of Construction: Steel structural buildings can be erected quickly due to the
prefabrication and easy assembly of steel components. This results in shorter
construction schedules and reduced labor costs compared to other construction
methods.
Durability and Longevity: Steel is highly durable and resistant to environmental factors,
such as corrosion, pests, and fire. Properly designed and maintained steel structures
have a long service life and require minimal maintenance over time.
Sustainable and Recyclable: Steel is a sustainable and environmentally friendly material.
It is recyclable, with high rates of recycling, which reduces the demand for new steel
production. Additionally, steel structures can incorporate energy-efficient features and
systems, contributing to green building practices.
Cost-Effective: While the initial cost of steel may be higher than some other materials,
steel structural buildings offer long-term cost savings. The durability, low maintenance
requirements, and potential for future adaptability or expansion make steel structures a
cost-effective choice over the life cycle of the building.
2.2 Objectives and Scope of Work
The main objectives of the work were to perform the structural design of the building in
terms of suitability of the structural system, cost effectiveness, efficient use of materials
and other resources, conformance to the acceptable building codes, standards and
Structural Analysis & Design Report of Balmiki School Truss Building Page 6 of 60
established engineering practices, with special emphasis on the effects due to
earthquakes and other applicable demands.
The scope of work is divided into two phases.
Phase I: Structural System Development
Structural system is developed to achieve the good performance and cost effectiveness
in collaboration with the project architects.
Review architectural drawings provided by the client and other related documents as
necessary.
Develop structural concepts and the structural system with an objective to achieve good
performance and cost effectiveness.
Phase II: Detailed Structural Design
Structural design is carried out using state-of-the-art methodologies, techniques,
technologies, and tools. References were made to the relevant design codes, standards,
and documents.
Develop design criteria to be used for the structural design of the building.
Create finite element models of the structure with varying complexities and refinements
as suitable to understand the response.
Carry out an analysis and design of the structure, progressively using linear-static
techniques.
Carry out detailed design and prepare structural design drawings.
2.3 Structural Components

The components of structural system used for this report are summarized in the
following table.
Table 1:Typical Structural Member and Components
Structural System Element Typical Component Types Size of component
Braced Steel frame(BSF) Foundation RC FOOTING (Isolated Foundation) 1500mmX1500mm
Column Steel ISMC200(2section combined)
Plinth beams RC beam 305x230mm
Walls Prefab wall 100mm thk
Roof Truss System with CGI Roofing
2.4 Roofing (Truss System)
A truss is a structure with straight pieces forming triangles to support a load. The
members of the triangles are placed under tension and compression but do not bend.
Roof trusses are characterised by an economic use of construction materials (timber,
steel). Composed of individual lightweight pieces, a truss can also provide considerable
advantage in transport and assembly as compared to conventional roof structures. On
the other hand, trusses are more labour-intensive and require connection devices.
However, if a greater number of identical trusses can be manufactured, then
considerable economies of scale can be achieved.
The structural height of a truss is usually larger than the height of similar structures using
solid beams. For roofs, however, this is usually no disadvantage as roofs must often -
depending on roof cover material used - be higher at the ridge and lower at the eaves to
facilitate roof drainage and ensure water tightness.
Competitors of the Truss
While the use of steel for roof structures almost invariably calls for a truss, it is with
timber structures where the truss has strong competitors. These are the purlin and the
rafter roofs.
The purlin roof
The purlin roof consists of both rafters and purlins. The ridge purlin is supported by
posts. The rafters act as simple supported beams between the purlins, either with or
without cantilever.
Information Description
Name of Owner Bhoj Raj Pant
Location Dhangadhi-05
Structural System Steel Structure.
Purpose Commercial Use
Number of Stories One storey (3.65)m
Floor Heights Eave Height=3.65m Ridge Height=1.22m. Floor
Height=3.048 feet from FGL.
Shed Roof Slope 10.3degree
2.5 Codes, Standards and References
The structural design is based primarily on the current Standards of Indian & Nepal
codes, which is prevailingly adopted for the structural design of the buildings in Nepal.
The basic building codes to be referred are listed below which were followed for
structural design, also indicating their area of application.
Table 2:Codes and Standards
SNo Codes andStandards Description

.
1 IS 456: 2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice

2 NBC 102: 1994 Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than Earthquake) for Buildings
and Structures: Part 1 Dead Loads – Unit Weights of Building Material and
Stored Materials (Second Revision)
and Structures: Part 2 Imposed Loads (Second Revision)
and Structures: Part 3 Wind Loads (Second Revision)
5 SP 34: 1987 Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing
6 IS 13920: 1993 Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic
forces - Code of practice
7 NBC 105: 1994 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of structures
8 IS 800: 2007 For Steel Sections
9 IS 800(part 3) For Wind Load Calculations
The structural analysis and design were carried out using relevant Indian Codes of
Practice. The earthquake loading were carried out using IS1893 2002.The Wind Load
were carried out using IS 875 part 3 . The structural reinforced concrete design of
foundation, column, beam and slab were done based on IS 456. Also, the system has
been designed to meet the ductility requirements of IS 13920.
2.6 Structural Design Methodology
SAP2000 version 24 was used for the linear static analysis and design of three-
dimensional structures, in which the spatial distribution of the mass and stiffness of the
structure was adequate for the calculation of the significant features of structures.
The structural elements of reinforced concrete were designed to Limit State Theory,
while the structural steel elements were designed to the Permissible Stress Theory. The
major structural elements were automatically designed in the programmer to IS
800:2007 for steel structures elements, while the certain design calculations for those
not properly figured due to the limitation of program were manually carried out in
accordance with the relevant latest standards.
Chapter 3 Design Philosophy and Approach
3.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the design philosophy and approach used in structural design of
buildings.
3.2 Wind Load Parameters
The calculation of wind loads on structures in India is specified in the Indian Standard code IS
875 Part 3: 2015, titled "Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) for Buildings
and Structures - Part 3: Wind Loads."
The wind load calculation procedure outlined in IS 875 Part 3 involves the following
steps:
1)Determine the Design Wind Speed:
2)Identify the location of the structure and refer to the wind speed map provided in the
code.
Determine the basic wind speed (Vb) based on the region and terrain category as
specified in the code.
3)Establish the Importance Factor:
4)Determine the importance factor (I) based on the purpose and function of the
structure. The code provides guidance on assigning the appropriate importance factor.
5)Determine the Topographic Factor:
Assess the topography around the structure to determine the topographic factor (K1).
The code provides formulas and diagrams to calculate K1 based on the site
characteristics.
6)Establish the Wind Directionality Factor:
Determine the wind directionality factor (K2) based on the shape and size of the
structure. The code provides tables and formulas for different building configurations.
7)Calculate the Basic Wind Pressure:
Calculate the basic wind pressure (Pb) using the formula: Pb = 0.6 * K1 * K2 * (Vb)^2
The basic wind pressure represents the dynamic pressure exerted by the wind on a
structure.
9)Consider the Shape Factor:
Determine the shape factor (Kh) based on the shape of the structure. The code provides
values of Kh for different shapes, such as rectangular, circular, or triangular.
10)Calculate the Design Wind Pressure:
Calculate the design wind pressure (Pd) using the formula: Pd = Kh * Pb
The design wind pressure represents the pressure that needs to be considered for design
purposes.
Apply the Design Wind Pressure:
Apply the design wind pressure to the relevant surfaces of the structure, such as walls,
roofs, and other exposed elements.
The distribution of wind pressure on different surfaces depends on factors such as the
orientation, height, and size of the structure.
It is important to consult the specific provisions and formulas provided in IS 875 Part 3
for a detailed and accurate calculation of wind loads. Additionally, it is recommended to
work with a qualified structural engineer who has experience in wind load analysis to
ensure compliance with the code and to address any specific considerations related to
the structure and site conditions.
3.3 Overall Design Procedure

The design procedure for a steel structure typically involves several steps to ensure a
safe, efficient, and structurally sound design. While the specific design procedure can
vary depending on the project requirements, here is a general overview of the steps
involved:
1)Determine Design Criteria:
Define the project requirements, including the purpose of the structure, occupancy,
design life, and any specific design criteria or constraints.
Identify applicable design codes, standards, and regulations that govern the design
process.
2)Preliminary Design:
Develop a preliminary design concept, considering factors such as architectural

requirements, functional layout, and overall structural configuration.
Determine the general sizes and layout of major structural elements, such as columns,
beams, and bracing systems.
3)Load Analysis:
Identify and quantify the various loads acting on the structure, including dead loads (self-
weight, finishes), live loads, wind loads, seismic loads, and any other relevant loads.
Determine load combinations according to the applicable design codes and consider the
effects of load factors and load combinations.
4)Structural Analysis:
Conduct structural analysis to determine the internal forces and deformations in the
structural members under the specified loads.
Utilize appropriate analysis methods, such as the finite element method (FEM) or
traditional analysis techniques like the stiffness or moment distribution method.
5)Member Sizing and Design:
Size and proportion the structural members (columns, beams, trusses, etc.) based on the
determined internal forces and deflections.
Select suitable steel sections or composite sections, considering factors such as strength,
stability, serviceability, and constructability.
Perform structural design calculations to verify the adequacy of the selected members,
ensuring they meet the required strength, stiffness, and stability criteria.
6)Connection Design:
Design the connections between structural members, ensuring they can safely transfer
the forces and moments.
Consider factors such as connection types (bolted, welded), connection strength,
ductility, and compatibility with the selected steel sections.
7)Detailing and Drafting:
Prepare detailed shop drawings and fabrication drawings, indicating the dimensions,
member sizes, connection details, and other relevant information.
Ensure compliance with relevant detailing codes, standards, and specifications.
8) Construction Considerations:
Incorporate construction considerations, such as erection sequences, temporary bracing,

and construction loads, into the design.
Address constructability issues, accessibility for construction, and coordination with
other trades.
9)Quality Control and Documentation:
Implement quality control procedures throughout the design process to ensure accuracy
and adherence to standards.
Document the design calculations, drawings, specifications, and other relevant
information for future reference and record keeping.
10) Review and Approval:
Submit the design package to the appropriate authorities or clients for review and
approval.
Address any comments or modifications required during the review process.
Chapter 4 Basic Materials

4.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the strength of materials used in the design of structural
components.
4.2 Concrete
The minimum compressive, used in different types of structural components are shown
in the following table.
Table 3: Compressive Strength of concrete
Standard Member f'c (Nominal) f'c (Expected)

(MPa) (MPa)
NBC Footings 20 20
102 :1994
4.3 Reinforcing Steel
Minimum yield strength of reinforcing steel to be used in the design is shown in the
following table.
Table 4 :Yield Strength of Reinforcing steel
Diameter fy (Nominal) fy (Expected)

(MPa) (MPa)
10mm and below 500 550
12 mm and above 500 550
4.4 Soil Bearing Capacity

Three types of Soil type were considered in the current design. The geometrical size of
footing was determined considering the allowable bearing capacity as 100 KN/m2
respectively.
4.5 Steel Sections
Steel Section
Material Code used Section size
used
Steel Column Fe345 IS800:2007 ISB 132X132X4.8
Truss(Roofing)
Top/Botttom rafter Fe345 IS800:2007 ISB 91.5X91.5X4.5
Diagonal webs Fe345 IS800:2007 ISB 75X75X4.5
Purlins Fe345 IS800:2007 RHS 66X33X3.6
4.5.1 Truss Section Member Size
Figure 1:Truss type T1(,grid-1,2,3,4,5)
Chapter 5 Modeling and Analysis

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Modeling of Structural System

Complete, three-dimensional elastic models were created, representing the structure’s
spatial distribution of the mass and stiffness to an extent that was adequate for the
calculation of the significant features of the building’s linear response. SAP2000 was
used as analysis tool. Nominal material properties were used in modeling of structural
components. The models include columns, beams, slabs, and roof truss.
5.2.1 Beams
Frame elements were used in modeling of beams, which includes the effects of bending,
torsion, axial deformation, and shear deformations. Insertion points and end offsets
were applied to account for the finite size of beam and column intersections, if required.
The end offsets may be made partially or fully rigid based on engineering judgment to
model the stiffening effect that can occur when the ends of an element were embedded
in beam and column intersections.
5.2.2 Columns
A steel column is a vertical structural element used to support loads in a steel structure.
It provides vertical stability and transfers the applied loads to the foundation or other
supporting elements. Steel columns are widely used in various construction applications,
including commercial buildings, industrial facilities, bridges, and high-rise structures.
Here are some key features and considerations related to steel columns:
Material: Steel columns are typically made of structural steel, which offers high strength,
durability, and ductility.
Shape and Cross-Section: Steel columns can have different shapes and cross-sectional
configurations depending on the design requirements and structural loads. Common
column shapes include I-sections (also known as "I-beams"), H-sections, box sections,
and circular hollow sections (CHS). The choice of column shape depends on factors such
as load-carrying capacity, structural efficiency, and architectural considerations.
Design Considerations: The design of steel columns involves considerations such as

loadings (dead loads, live loads, wind loads, etc.), column stability (buckling), slenderness
ratio, and material properties. The column design should comply with the applicable
design codes and standards, which may include factors of safety, permissible stress
limits, and criteria for deflection and stability.
Connection Details: Steel columns are connected to other structural elements, such as
beams, foundations, or other columns, through various connection methods. Common
column connections include bolted connections, welded connections, or a combination
of both. The connection details need to be designed to ensure proper load transfer and
account for factors such as forces, moments, and possible movement or deformation.
5.2.3 Purlins(ISB66x33x3.6)
In a truss system, purlins are horizontal structural members that support the roof
covering and transfer loads to the truss. Purlins are typically placed perpendicular to the
main truss members and run parallel to the roof slope. They are commonly used in steel
truss systems to provide additional support for the roof covering and distribute the loads
evenly.
Here are some key points about purlins in a truss system:
Purpose: Purlins play a vital role in supporting the roof covering materials, such as metal
sheets, tiles, or panels. They help to distribute the weight of the roof and any additional
loads, such as snow or wind, to the main truss members and ultimately to the supporting
columns or walls.
Spacing and Size: The spacing of purlins depends on various factors, including the span
of the truss, the type and weight of the roof covering, and the design requirements. The
size of the purlins is determined based on the applied loads and the required strength
and stiffness to support the roof covering without excessive deflection.
Attachment: Purlins are typically attached to the top chords or the uppermost members
of the truss using appropriate fasteners, such as bolts or clips. The connection details
should be designed to ensure proper load transfer and account for potential movement
or expansion due to temperature variations.
Types of Purlins: The type of purlins used in a truss system can vary depending on the
structural requirements and design preferences. Common types include C-purlins, Z-
purlins, and channel sections. The choice of purlin type depends on factors such as load-
carrying capacity, ease of installation, and compatibility with the roofing material.
Sag Rods or Bracing: In longer spans or situations where purlins may experience
significant deflection, sag rods or bracing may be used to provide additional support and
reduce excessive bending or sagging of the purlins.
It is important to design purlins in accordance with applicable design codes and
standards, such as the Indian Standard IS 800:2007, and consider factors like load
combinations, wind uplift, snow loads, and other environmental conditions specific to
the project location. Consulting with a qualified structural engineer is recommended to
ensure the proper design and installation of purlins in a truss system.
Chapter 6 Loads
6.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the design loads considered in the structural design, including
gravity loads and seismic loads.
6.2 Gravity Load
Self-weight of the structure was considered as dead load and finishes and partitions
were considered as imposed dead load. Live load was determined in accordance with
occupancy or use. The following loads are in addition to the self-weight of the structure.
The minimum loading requirements were taken from IS 875(part 1).
Table 5:Dead & imposed live load on area elements
Occupancy or Use Live Load Imposed Dead Load

2
Floor Live Load 4 KN/m To be computed for Live load on floor
Roof live 0.75 KN/m2 To be computed for inaccessible except for maintenance
Title: Load Calculation
100 mm thk Prefab

Wall Type panel
Thickness Density Opening Fl. Height Height W
Type of Wall 3
m kN/m % m m kN/m
External Wall 0.1 1.25 2.43 2.43 0.30
External Wall 0.1 1.25 75% 2.43 2.43 0.23
Figure 2:roof live applied on slab elements
Figure 3:wall load applied on beam elements
6.2.1.1 Combinations for Limit State Method (IS 800:2007)
Limit State Method design load combinations used in code-based design are shown in
the following table.(Ref: IS 800:2007)
Table 6: Limit State Load Combinations used in Code-based Design
No. Load Combination

1 1.5(DL+LL)
2 1.2(DL+LL±EL)
3 1.5(DL±EL)
4 0.9DL ± 1.5 EL
where: DL = Dead load

LL = Live load
EL = Earthquake load
WL=Wind Load
Live load was not included in the mass calculations.
Structure is designed according to IS 800:2007 limit state of method, follow load
combinations are generated automatically by software.
s.n combo name description
1 udstl1 1.5xDL
2 udstl2 1.2DL+0.6WL
3 udstl3 1.2DL-0.6WL
10 udstl10 DL
6.3 Wind Load Application & Caculations
LOAD CALCULATIONS
Job No. : 1 Rev. No. : R0
Project : Bhoj Raj Pant Date : 30/10/2023
Client : Dhangadhi Sub-Metro-05 Designed by : SB
Description : Checked by : SB
Building Type =
Length (o/o) = 23.80 m
Width (o/o) = 12.30 m
Width module =
Bay spacing = 3.86 m
Clear eave height = 3.65 m
Max. eave height = 4.88 m
Roof slope (θ) = 10.30 ˚
DEAD LOAD (DL)
Wt. of sheet & purline = 15.00 Kg/m²
Dead Load (DL) = 0.58 KN/m
COLLATERAL LOAD
Collateral Load on Rafter = 0.00 Kg/m² Other Collateral Load = 0.00 Kg/m²
= 0.00 KN/m = 0.00 KN/m
LIVE LOAD (LL)

Live load/unit area, roof = 75.00 Kg/m²
Live Load (LL) = 2.90 KN/m
WIND LOAD (WL)

Basic wind speed (Vb) = 47 m/s
Design wind speed (Vz) = Vbxk1xk2xk3
where,
k1 = probability factor (risk coefficient)
= 1 Terrain Category Class
k2 = terrain, height and structure size factor 2 B
= 0.93
k3 = topography factor
= 1
Vz = 43.71 m/s
Design wind pressure (pz) = 0.6xVz²

pz = 1.146 KN/m²
PRESURE COEFFICIENTS:~
Encloser condition of the building = Enclosed
Internal pressure coeff.(Cpi) = 0.20
h/w = 0.40
= h/w<=1/2
l/w = 1.93
= 3/2<=l/w<4
External pressure coeff.(Cpe) : Table 4 Table 5
Wind Angle
Coeff. For Wall Coeff. For Roof
(ө)
Left Right Left Right
0 degree 0.70 -0.25 -0.9350 -0.40
90 degree -0.50 -0.50 -0.80 -0.80
WIND LOAD DIAGRAMS:~
Wind Across the Ridge (With -Ve Cpi) Wind Across the Ridge (With +Ve Cpi) KN/m
-0.74 -3.25 KN/m -0.20 -0.88KN/m -1.14 -5.022 KN/m -0.60 -2.65
KN/m KN/m KN/m KN/m

3.98 -0.22 2.21 -1.99
0.90 -0.05 0.50 -0.45
Wind Parallel to Ridge(With +Ve Cpi)

-1.00 -4.42 KN/m -1.00 -4.42 KN/m
KN/m KN/m
-3.10 -3.10
-0.70 -0.70
Wind Parallel to Ridge(With -Ve Cpi)

-0.60 -2.65 KN/m -0.60 -2.65 KN/m
KN/m KN/m
-1.33 0.00
-0.30 -0.30
Note:
1) Values within the circles are the UDL
2) -Ve value means, load applied
away from structure.
Wind load is applied in two direction when wind is across the ridge and parallel to ridge. Also for net
pressure coefficient (+) when wind is towards the structure and net pressure coefficient(-) when wind
is away from structure . Load is applied in 4 types of patterns wx+, wx- , wy- , wy+, as user defined
type . Net resultants on frame on truss and wall are as shown in figure due to different type of wind
loads patterns:
Figure 4: net resultants of wind loads on truss (across the ridge) Wx-
Figure 5 : net resultants of wind loads on truss (across the ridge) Wx+
Figure 6: net resultants of wind loads on truss (parallell to ridge) Wy-
Figure 7: net resultants of wind loads on truss (parallel to ridge) Wy+
Figure 8:net resultants of wind loads on wall (across to ridge) Wx+
Figure 9:net resultants of wind loads on wall (parallel to ridge) Wy+
6.4 Analysis Procedures
6.4.1 Code Based Design

Analysis procedure of the code-based design was shown in the table below.
Table 7: Analysis Procedures for Code Base Design
LOAD CASE ANALYSIS PROCEDURES

Gravity load Linear Static
Wind load Linear Static
Live Load Linear Static
6.4.1.1 Base Shear & Distribution of Base Shear
Earthquake load can be neglected in steel structure due to less amount of lateral force than
wind application and chances of occurrence of both forces due to wind and earthquake is 1 in
million.
6.4.1.2 Linear Static Procedure (LSP)

Linear static analysis was carried out for gravity and wind loadings, earthquake load can
be neglected in steel structure due to less amount of lateral force than wind application
and chances of occurrence of both forces due to wind and earthquake is 1 in million.
6.5 Component and Member Design
The structural components were designed to satisfy the strength and ductility
requirements. Strength capacities for different types of actions considered in the design
are summarized in the table below.
Table 8: Component and Member Design
Structural System Component Design Code

Approach/Consideration Reference
Braced Steel Steel Beam Flexural response IS 800:2007
fram Shear
Steel columns Compression IS 800:2007
Flexure
Shear
Footings Bearing capacity of soil IS 800:2007
Flexural, shear
RC connections Moment connections IS 800:2007
Shear connections
Chapter 7 Structural Design Results

7.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the analysis and design results of the structure. The structural
components were designed to resist the elastic demand forces considering R factor using
analysis method.
7.2 Analysis Results

The analysis results for the building are tabulated in section capture 7. Axial force
diagram, Bending Moment diagram, Shear Force diagram for certain load combinations
are given below
Figure 10: Axial Force diagram (envelope )
Figure 11: Shear Force diagram (Envelope)
Figure 12: Bending Moment Diagram (Envelope)
7.2.1 Deformation
Maximum deformation of the building for wind load condition for X and Y direction was checked from
SAP2000 model. Deformed value of the structure is tabulated in capture 7. Deflected shape of building in x-dir
and y-dir due to Wx & Wy respectively are shown below
Figure 13: Displacement of 3d model in y-direction (Wy+)
Figure 14:Displacement of 3d model in X-direction (Wx+)
7.3 Foundation Design
Foundation was designed as an Isolated footing. The dimension of the foundation was
calculated based on 100 kN/m 2 soil bearing capacity. The thickness of 450 mm footing
was used for the foundation. The thickness was checked under punching shear and size
of footing was determined considering nominal load transfer mechanism from the
column to foundation below.
Chapter 8 Results and Output

8.1 Analysis for Building Block
8.1.1 Introduction:
This chapter presents the finite element modeling of the building as mention in chapter
2, including modeling assumptions of materials, sections, components properties and
design and result of the building
Figure 15:Joint Reaction(envelope)
8.1.2 Footing Design for Building Block:
Foundation was designed as Pile footing based on 100 kN/m 2 bearing capacity dimension
of footing was calculated. The thickness was checked under punching shear. The
thickness of foundation used for calculation was 450 mm.
Isolated Footing(for critical joint)
1 Footing Size Design
Load Pu 35 KN
Design Load P 52 KN
Moment in x dir Mux 15 KN-m

Moment in y dir Muy 3 KN-m
Column size cx 305 mm

cy 305 mm
SBC q 100 KN/sqm
Footing Size required A req 0.25 sqmm
L 1.20 meters
Footing Size Provided
B 1.20 meters
Area Provided A prvd 1.44 meters
Zx 0.29
Zx 0.29
Net upward pressure Nup 77 KNm2
Footing Size OK
2 Slab Design
lx 0.448
ly 0.448
Bending Moment in x dir Mx 12 KN-m

Bending Moment in y dir My 12 KN-m
Concrete fck 20 MPa

Steel fy 415 MPa
Minimum Depth Required dmin 65
Depth Provided D 450 mm

Clear Cover c 50 mm
Effective Cover d' 56 mm
Effective Depth d' 394 mm
Required Spacing c/c in mm

Area of Steel
12# 16# 20#
473 sqmm 239 c/c 425 c/c 664 c/c
473 sqmm 239 c/c 425 c/c 664 c/c
Minimum Ast required across x direcion
Minimum Ast required across y direcion
Area of Steel Provided dia spacing
Ast across x direction 12 mm dia @ 150 mm c/c 754 sqmm
Ast across y direction 12 mm dia @ 150 mm c/c 754 sqmm
3 One Way Shear along x direction
Vu1 7 KN
ζv 0.016 MPa
ζc 0.260 MPa
Vc1 123 KN
One Way Shear Check OK
4 One Way Shear along y direction
Vu1 7 KN
ζv 0.016 MPa
ζc 0.260 MPa
Vc1 123 KN
One Way Shear Check OK
5 Two Way Shear

Vu2 109 KN
ζv 0.099 MPa
ks*ζc 1.118 MPa

Vc1 1232 KN
Two Way Shear Check OK
L= 1.20 meters
305
305
B= 1.20 meters
450 mm
200 mm
12 mm dia @ 150 mm c/c 12 mm dia @ 150 mm c/c
Chapter 9 Summary
9.1 Summary
Structural design was carried out for steel truss building. Structural system is BSF (braced
steel frame. Brace steel frame was analyzed with Live load and wind load from IS
800:2007 , steel members were designed with IS 800:2007 and steel section design
according to IS800:2007. The outputs from both codes were compared. The steel section
was taken from bigger value among the values obtained from the codes. The foundations
were designed as isolated footing considering the bearing capacity of soil 100KN/m2
respectively. The proposed design satisfies the key requirement of the building codes.
9.1.1 Structrual Truss design summary
Figure 16: grid-A stress capacity ratio<1 , ok
Figure 17: grid-B stress capacity ratio<1 , ok
Figure 18 : grid-C stress capacity ratio<1 , ok
Figure 19 : grid-D stress capacity ratio<1 , ok
Figure 20 : grid-E stress capacity ratio<1 , ok
Figure 21:grid-F stress capacity ratio<1 , ok
Figure 22:grid-G stress capacity ratio<1 , ok
Figure 23:stress capacity ratio, purlin
Figure 24:Stress capacity ratio , all member passed
9.1.2 Footing Design Summary
Isolated Footing design Summary

Reinforcement in x - Concrete Footing
Footing Location
direction & y- Footing edge depth
Nos Size
depth from
Type direction depth
Ground level
12mm Ø @ 6" spacing
IF-1 ALL FOOTINGS 18 4'x4'
on both side 18" 6" 5'-0"
Appendix A: Sample Design for Steel Column ISB 132X132X4.8
Appendix C: Sample Design for steel Sections(top rafter/bottom rafter-ISB
91x91x4.5)
Appendix D:Sample Design for steel Sections(diagonal&longitudinal webs)
APPENDIX E: Sample Design Calculation For Steel Sections(Purlins-
66x33x3.6)
APPENDIX F : Connection Design(Base Plate)
Project data
Project name
Project number
Author
Description
Date 10/29/2023
Design code IS
Material
Steel E 350 (Fe 490), E 250 (Fe 410 W) A
Concrete M20
Project item baseplate
Design
Name baseplate
Description b1
Analysis Stress, strain/ simplified loading
Beams and columns
β– γ- α- Offset Offset Offset

Direction Pitch Rotation ex ey ez Forces
Name Cross-section
in
[°] [°] [°] [mm] [mm] [mm]
4 - ISSHS
COL 0.0 -90.0 0.0 0 0 0 Node
132x132x4.8
Cross-sections
Name Material
4 - ISSHS 132x132x4.8 E 350 (Fe 490)
Cross-sections
Name Material Drawing
4 - ISSHS
E 350 (Fe 490)
132x132x4.8
Anchors
Diameter fu Gross area

Name Bolt assembly
[mm] [MPa] [mm2]
M16 4.8 M16 4.8 16 420.0 201
Load effects (equilibrium not required)
Vy Mx
N Vz My Mz
Nam
Member
e [kN [kNm
[kN] [kN] [kNm] [kNm]
] ]
LE1 COL -52.0 0.0 0.0 -16.0 2.5 0.0
Foundation block
Item Value Unit
CB 1
Dimensions 282 x 282 mm
Depth 1000 mm
Anchor M16 4.8
Anchoring length 300 mm
Shear force transfer Friction

Check
Summary
Name Value Check status
Analysis 100.0% OK
Plates 0.0 < 5.0% OK
Loc. deformation 0.0 < 3% OK
Anchors Not calculated
Welds 90.2 < 100% OK
Concrete block 14.6 < 100% OK
Buckling Not calculated
Plates
εPl
fyd Thickness σ σcEd
Name Material Loads Check status
[%
[MPa] [mm] [MPa] [MPa]
]
COL E 350 (Fe 490) 350.0 4.8 LE1 242.0 0.0 0.0 OK
BP1 E 350 (Fe 490) 318.2 12.0 LE1 69.6 0.0 0.0 OK
Loc. deformation
d0 δ δ lim δ/d0
Name Loads Check status
[mm] [mm] [mm] [%]
COL 132 LE1 0 4 0.0 OK
Overall check, LE1
Strain check, LE1
Equivalent stress, LE1
Anchors
Ite Tb Vsb
Shape Loads
m
[kN] [kN]
A1 LE1 0.7 0.0
A2 LE1 0.5 0.0
A3 LE1 0.3 0.0
A4 LE1 0.3 0.0
Detailed result for A1
Anchor checks have not been performed.
Welds
fwd
tt lj lje fe Ut
Item Edge Electrode Loads Status
[MPa
[mm] [mm] [mm] [MPa] [%]
]
BP1 COL E 250 (Fe 410 W) A ◢7.0 485 6 LE1 170.9 189.4 90.2 OK
Detailed result for BP1 / COL
Weld resistance check (IS 800, Cl. 10.5.10.1.1)
170.9 MPa ≤ 189.4 MPa

Where:
– equivalent stress in weld
– normal stresses, compression or tension, due to axial force or bending

moment
– shear stress due to shear force or tension
– design strength of a ﬁllet weld
, where:
410.0 MPa – smaller of the ultimate stress of the weld or of the parent metal
1.25 – partial safety factor for welds
Concrete block
c Nc Aeff σc ω Ut
Item Concrete Loads Status
[mm] [kN] [mm2] [MPa] [MPa] [%]
CB
M20 LE1 39 54.3 30955 1.8 12.0 14.6 OK
1
Detailed result for CB 1
Concrete block bearing resistance check (IS 800, Cl. 7.4.)
1.8 MPa ≥ 12.0 MPa
Where:
– compressive force
– effective area in compression
– bearing resistance of the concrete
, where:
20.0 MPa – characteristic cube strength of concrete
– overlap of the column base over the column
, where:
12 mm – base plate thickness
350.0 MPa – yield strength of the column base
1.10 – partial safety factor for resistance governed by yielding
Buckling
Buckling analysis was not calculated.
Manufacturing operations
Lengt
Plates Nr Welds
Name Shape h Bolts Nr.
[mm] . [mm]
[mm]
P12.0x282.0-282.0 (E 350 (Fe Fillet: a = M16

BP1 1 487.3 4
490)) 7.0 4.8
Welds
Throat thickness Leg size Length

Type Material
[mm] [mm] [mm]
Fillet E 250 (Fe 410 W) A 7.0 9.9 487.3
Anchors
Length Drill length

Name Count
[mm] [mm]
M16 4.8 312 300 4
Drawing
BP1
P12.0x282-282 (E 350 (Fe 490))
Symbol explanation
Symbol Symbol explanation
εPl Strain
f Design yield strength
εlim Limit of plastic strain
Tb Factored tensile force
Vsb Factored shear force
tt Fillet weld throat thickness
lj Weld length
lje Weld element length
fe Equivalent stress in the weld
fwd Design strength of a fillet weld
Ut Utilization
c Overlap of the column base over the column
Nc Compressive force
Aeff Effective area in coompression
σc Compressive stress on the effective area
ω Compressive resistance
Code settings
Uni
Item Value Reference
t
Friction coefficient - concrete 0.45 - IS 800, Cl. 7.4.1
Friction coefficient in slip-

0.30 - IS 800, Cl. 10.4.3
resistance
Limit plastic strain 0.05 -
Detailing No
Distance between bolts [d] 2.50 - IS 800, Cl. 10.2.2
Distance between bolts and

1.50 - IS 800, Cl. 10.2.4
edge [d]
Limit grip length of bolts as a multiple of bolt

Bolt maximum grip length [d] 8.00 -
diameter - IS 800, Cl. 10.3.3.2
Local deformation check Yes
Local deformation limit 0.03 - CIDECT DG 1, 3 - 1.1
Geometrical nonlinearity Analysis with large deformations for hollow section

Yes
(GMNA) joints
IS800, Cl
Concrete in compression check
7.4
Braced system (EC stiffness

No EN1993-1-8 - Cl. 5.2.2.5
classification)
Theoretical Background
CBFEM versus Component method
The weak point of standard Component method is in analyzing of internal forces and stress
in a joint. CBFEM replaces specific analysis of internal forces in joint with general FEA.
Check methods of specific components like bolts or welds are done according to standard
design codes.
For the fasteners – bolts and welds – special FEM components had to be developed to
model the welds and bolts behaviour in joint. All parts of 1D members and all additional
plates are modelled as plate/walls. These elements are made of steel (metal in general) and
the behaviour of this material is significantly nonlinear.
The real stress-strain diagram of steel is replaced by the ideal plastic material for design
purposes in building practice. The advantage of ideal plastic material is that only yield
strength and modulus of elasticity must be known to describe the material curve. The
granted ductility of construction steel is 15 %. The real usable value of limit plastic strain is 5
% for ordinary design (EN 1993-1-5 appendix C paragraph C.8 note 1).
The stress in steel cannot exceed the yield strength when using the ideal elastic-plastic
stress-strain diagram.
Real tension curve and the ideal elastic-plastic diagram of material
CBFEM method aims to model the real state precisely. Meshes of plates / walls are not
merged, no intersections are generated between them, unlike it is used to when modelling
structures and buildings. Mesh of finite elements is generated on each individual plate
independently on mesh of other plates.
Between the meshes, special massless force interpolation constraints are added. They
ensure the connection between the edge of one plate and the surface or edge of the other
plate.
This unique calculation model provides very good results – both for the point of view of
precision and of the analysis speed. The method is protected by patent.
The steel base plate is placed loosely on the concrete foundation. It is a contact element in
the analysis model – the connection resists compression fully, but does not resist tension.
Stress-strain diagram of contact between the concrete block and the base plate
Welds are modelled using a special elastoplastic element, which is added to the
interpolation links between the plates. The element respects the weld throat thickness,
position and orientation. The plasticity state is controlled by stresses in the weld throat
section. The plastic redistribution of stress in welds allows for stress peaks to be
redistributed along the longer part of the weld.
Bolted connection consists of two or more clasped plates and one or more bolts. Plates are
placed loosely on each other. A contact element is inserted between plates in the analysis
model, which acts only in compression. No forces are carried in tension. Shear force is
taken by bearing. Special model for its transferring in the force direction only is
implemented. IDEA StatiCa Connection can check bolts for interaction of shear and tension.
The bolt behavior is implemented according to the following picture.
Bolt – tension
Symbol explanation:
 K – linear stiffness of bolt,

 Kp – stiffness of bolt at plastic branch,
 Flt – limit force for linear behaviour of bolt,
 Ft,Rd – limit bolt resistance,
 ul – limit deformation of bolt.
Bolt – interaction of shear and tension
The concrete block in CBFEM is modelled using Winkler-Pasternak subsoil model. The
stiffness of subsoil is determined using material properties of concrete and geometrical
properties of concrete pad and base plate.
Loads
End forces of member of the frame analysis model are transferred to the ends of member
segments. Eccentricities of members caused by the joint design are respected during load
transfer.
The analysis model created by CBFEM method corresponds to the real joint very precisely,
whereas the analysis of internal forces is performed on very idealised 3D FEM 1D model,
where individual beams are modelled using centrelines and the joints are modelled using
immaterial nodes.
Joint of a vertical column and a horizontal beam
Internal forces are analysed using 1D members in 3D model. There is an example of

courses of internal forces in the following picture.
Internal forces in horizontal beam. M and V are the end forces at joint.
The effects caused by member on the joint are important to design the joint (connection).
The effects are illustrated in the following picture.
Effects of the member on the joint. CBFEM model is drawn in dark blue color.
Moment M and shear force V act in a theoretical joint. The point of theoretical joint does not
exist in CBFEM model, thus the load cannot be applied here. The model must be loaded by
actions M and V, which have to be transferred to the end of segment in the distance r.
Mc = M − V · r
Vc = V
In CBFEM model, the end section of segment is loaded by moment Mc and force Vc.
Plates
The resulting equivalent stress and plastic strain are calculated on plates. When the design
yield strength, fy / γM0 (IS 800, Cl. 5.4.1) on the bilinear material diagram is reached, the
check of the equivalent plastic strain is performed.
Welds
Fillet welds
Design resistance of fillet welds is checked according to IS 800, Cl. 10.5.10.1.1. Stresses in
the direction parallel and perpendicular to weld longitudinal axis are determined by finite
element analysis.
Butt welds
Full penetration butt welds are expected and their resistance is considered equal to that of
the parent metal; IS 800:2007, Cl. 10.5.7.1.2.
Bolts
Tensile resistance of bolts
The tensile resistance of a bolt is assessed according to IS 800, Cl. 10.3.5.
Shear resistance of bolts
The shear resistance of a bolt is assessed according to IS 800, Cl. 10.3.3. Each shear
plane of a bolt is checked separately.
Combined tension and shear in bearing type connection
The resistance of a bolt loaded by combined tension and shear is assessed according to IS
800, Cl. 10.3.6.
Bolts in bearing
The resistance developed at the bolt in a bolted joint subjected to bearing and shear is
assessed according to IS 800, Cl. 10.3.4. Each plate is checked individually and the worst
case is shown.
Friction-type connections
The slip resistance of a bolted joint is assessed according to IS 800, Cl. 10.4. A tension and
shear interaction is also assessed. The slip is required to be limited for serviceability limit
state. After the slip occurs, the bolts should be also checked as bearing type for ultimate
limit state.
Anchorage
Concrete in bearing
There are two options for concrete in bearing check: According to IS 800, Cl. 7.4 or IS 456,
Cl. 34.4. The average bearing stress on the effective area of the base plate in contact with
the concrete is checked against the bearing strength of concrete.
Anchors
The checks of anchors have not been implemented yet. The forces in anchors are provided.

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Detailed Structural Analysis & Design Report

Designed & Submitted By: Ram Engineering

Chapter 3 Design Philosophy and Approach............................................................................................11

Chapter 4 Basic Materials......................................................................................................................... 14

Chapter 5 Modeling and Analysis.............................................................................................................15

Chapter 7 Structural Design Results.........................................................................................................26

Chapter 8 Results and Output...................................................................................................................29

Appendix A: Sample Design for Steel Column ISB 132X132X4.8..................................................................39

Appendix C: Sample Design for steel Sections(top rafter/bottom rafter-ISB 91x91x4.5)................................40

Appendix D:Sample Design for steel Sections(diagonal&longitudinal webs)................................................42

APPENDIX E: Sample Design Calculation For Steel Sections(Purlins-66x33x3.6)........................................44

APPENDIX F : Connection Design(Base Plate).............................................................................................46

Table 2:Codes and Standards.....................................................................................................................................................10

Table 3: Compressive Strength of concrete...............................................................................................................................14

Table 4 :Yield Strength of Reinforcing steel.............................................................................................................................14

Table 5:Dead & imposed live load on area elements.................................................................................................................18

Table 6: Limit State Load Combinations used in Code-based Design......................................................................................19

Table 7: Analysis Procedures for Code Base Design.................................................................................................................25

Table 8: Component and Member Design.................................................................................................................................25

Figure 7:roof live applied on slab elements...............................................................................................................................17

Figure 8:wall load applied on beam elements..........................................................................................................................18

Figure 15:net resultants of wind loads on wall (across to ridge) Wx+......................................................................................23

Figure 17:net resultants of wind loads on wall (parallel to ridge) Wy+....................................................................................23

Figure 18: Axial Force diagram (envelope )..............................................................................................................................25

Figure 19: Shear Force diagram (Envelope)..............................................................................................................................26

Figure 20: Bending Moment Diagram (Envelope)...................................................................................................................26

Figure 21: Displacement of 3d model in y-direction (Wy+).....................................................................................................27

Figure 22:Displacement of 3d model in X-direction (Wx+).....................................................................................................27

Figure 23:Joint Reaction(envelope)...........................................................................................................................................28

Figure 24: grid-A stress capacity ratio<1 , ok...........................................................................................................................32

Figure 25: grid-B stress capacity ratio<1 , ok..........................................................................................................................32

Figure 26 : grid-C stress capacity ratio<1 , ok..........................................................................................................................33

Figure 27 : grid-D stress capacity ratio<1 , ok.........................................................................................................................33

Figure 28 : grid-E stress capacity ratio<1 , ok..........................................................................................................................34

Figure 29:grid-F stress capacity ratio<1 , ok.............................................................................................................................35

Figure 30:grid-G stress capacity ratio<1 , ok............................................................................................................................36

Figure 32:stress capacity ratio, purlin........................................................................................................................................36

Figure 33:Stress capacity ratio , all member passed..................................................................................................................37

2.2 Objectives and Scope of Work

2.3 Structural Components

Table 1:Typical Structural Member and Components

Structural System Element Typical Component Types Size of component

Braced Steel frame(BSF) Foundation RC FOOTING (Isolated Foundation) 1500mmX1500mm

Column Steel ISMC200(2section combined)

Plinth beams RC beam 305x230mm

Walls Prefab wall 100mm thk

Roof Truss System with CGI Roofing

Table 2:Codes and Standards

SNo Codes andStandards Description

1 IS 456: 2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice

2.6 Structural Design Methodology

3.2 Wind Load Parameters

3.3 Overall Design Procedure

Develop a preliminary design concept, considering factors such as architectural

Incorporate construction considerations, such as erection sequences, temporary bracing,

Chapter 4 Basic Materials

Standard Member f'c (Nominal) f'c (Expected)

4.3 Reinforcing Steel

Diameter fy (Nominal) fy (Expected)

12 mm and above 500 550

4.4 Soil Bearing Capacity

4.5 Steel Sections

Figure 1:Truss type T1(,grid-1,2,3,4,5)