GSE Department – Faculty of Engineering – MSA University

Course Code: MAT251, GSE111L Course Name: Linear Algebra

Quiz (2 - D) Fall 2023 Course Instructor: Dr. Mohamed Said Hussein

Model Answer of Quiz (2 – D) [10 Marks]

(1) If 𝑺 = {𝒖𝟏 , 𝒖𝟐 , 𝒖𝟑 } is a set of vectors in 𝑹𝟑 where, 𝑢1 = (1 ,1 ,0) , 𝑢2 = (0 ,0 ,1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢3 = (1, −1 ,0).
i) Construct an orthonormal set using the set 𝑺. (2 marks)
ii) Is the set 𝑺 linearly independent or not? Why? (1 mark)
Solution
i) To construct an orthonormal set using the set 𝑺 we must decide if 𝑺 is orthogonal or not,
∵ 〈𝑢1 , 𝑢2 〉 = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 ∴ 𝑢1 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 (𝑢1 ⊥ 𝑢2 ) ,
∵ 〈𝑢1 , 𝑢3 〉 = 1 − 1 + 0 = 0 ∴ 𝑢1 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢3 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 (𝑢1 ⊥ 𝑢3 ) and,
∵ 〈𝑢2 , 𝑢3 〉 = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0 ∴ 𝑢2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢3 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 (𝑢2 ⊥ 𝑢3 )
Therefore, 𝑺 = {𝒖𝟏 , 𝒖𝟐 , 𝒖𝟑 } 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝑖𝑛 ℝ3 then we can construct an orthonormal set 𝑾.
𝒖 𝒖𝟐 𝒖𝟑 (𝟏 , 𝟏 , 𝟎) (𝟏 , −𝟏 , 𝟎)
where, 𝑾 = { ‖(𝒖𝟏)‖ , ‖(𝒖𝟐 )‖
, ‖(𝒖𝟑 )‖
}={ √𝟐
, (𝟎 , 𝟎 , 𝟏) ,
√𝟐
}.
𝟏

ii) Since, the set 𝑺 is orthogonal, therefore, 𝑺 is linearly independent (Theorem).

(2) Apply Gram – Schmidt algorithm to orthogonalize the set of vectors 𝑆 = {𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3 } in the Euclidian
inner product space 𝑅 3 where, 𝒖𝟏 = (𝟎 , 𝟐 , 𝟎), 𝒖𝟐 = (𝟒 , −𝟏 , −𝟑) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒖𝟑 = (𝟑 , 𝟐 , 𝟒). (7 marks)
Solution
Step 1: Let 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒖𝟏 = (𝟎 , 𝟐 , 𝟎)
〈𝒖𝟐 , 𝒗𝟏 〉 (𝟒 ,−𝟏 ,−𝟑).(𝟎 , 𝟐 , 𝟎)
Step 2: Let 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖 𝟐 − ‖𝒗𝟏 ‖𝟐
𝒗𝟏 = (𝟒 , −𝟏 , −𝟑) − { ‖(𝟎 , 𝟐 , 𝟎)‖𝟐
} (𝟎 , 𝟐 , 𝟎)
𝟏
= (𝟒 , −𝟏 , −𝟑) + 𝟐 (𝟎 , 𝟐 , 𝟎) = (𝟒 , 𝟎 , −𝟑)
〈𝒖𝟑 , 𝒗𝟏 〉 〈𝒖𝟑 , 𝒗𝟐 〉
Step 3: Let 𝒗𝟑 = 𝒖𝟑 − ‖𝒗𝟏 ‖𝟐
𝒗𝟏 − ‖𝒗𝟐 ‖𝟐
𝒗𝟐
(𝟑 , 𝟐 , 𝟒).(𝟎 , 𝟐 , 𝟎) (𝟑 , 𝟐 , 𝟒) .(𝟒 , 𝟎 ,−𝟑)
= (𝟑 , 𝟐 , 𝟒) − { ‖(𝟎 , 𝟐 , 𝟎)‖𝟐
} (𝟎 , 𝟐 , 𝟎) − [ ‖(𝟒 , 𝟎 ,−𝟑)‖𝟐
] (𝟒 , 𝟎 , −𝟑)

= (𝟑 , 𝟐 , 𝟒) − [(𝟎 , 𝟐 , 𝟎) + (𝟎 , 𝟎 , 𝟎)] = (𝟑 , 𝟎 , 𝟒)
Therefore, {𝒗𝟏 , 𝒗𝟐 , 𝒗𝟑 } = {(𝟎 , 𝟐 , 𝟎) , (𝟒 , 𝟎 , −𝟑) , (𝟑 , 𝟎 , 𝟒)} forms an orthogonal basis for 𝑹𝟑 .

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