INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

In the realm of civil engineering, the integrity and performance of structures play a pivotal role
in ensuring the safety and functionality of the built environment. A thorough structural design
analysis is a crucial step in the engineering process, encompassing a comprehensive
evaluation of various elements to ascertain the robustness and stability of a given structure.

This analysis defines the structural examination of materials, loads, environmental factors, and
design specifications, which incorporate Owner’s specific design requirement for the Two
Storey Commercial Building. Through the integration of advanced computational tools and
engineering principles, structural design analysis enables engineers to predict and optimize
the behavior of structures under various conditions.

Proposed Two Storey Commercial Building will be located at Rizal Highway, Subic Gateway
District, Subic Bay Freeport Zone.

To check the adequacy of the structure, structural analysis is performed according to the
requirements of National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2015). Our analysis,
highlights the significance of a systematic approach in ensuring the longevity and reliability
of diverse architectural endeavors.

Figure 1.1.1 Proposed Two Storey Commercial Building

2.1 Applicable Codes, Standards and Specifications

The design shall be in accordance with all the applicable laws and regulations of the
Government of the Philippines and with the applicable local codes and ordinances. A
summary of the codes and industry standards to be used in the design shall be as follows:

1. Design Codes, Standards and Specification

a. National Structural Code of the Philippines, Volume 1 – Buildings, Towers
and Other Vertical Structures, Seventh Edition 2015 (NSCP 2015)
b. 1997 Uniform Building Code, Volume 2, Structural Engineering Design
Provision (UBC 1997)
c. Specifications for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490, Research
Council on Structural Connections.
d. American Concrete Institute (ACI) Publications:
i. ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirement for Structural Concrete &
Commentary
ii. ACI 315 Details and Detailing of Concrete Reinforcement
iii. ACI 301 Specifications for Structural Concrete Buildings
e. American Society for Testing & Materials (ASTM) Publication
f. American Institute of Steel Construction Publication
2. Computer Programs
a. STAAD.PRO Analysis and Design Software V8i for General Structural
Analysis
b. Microsoft Office Excel 2016 for Calculation Spreadsheet

3.1 Material Properties

The material specifications and specified design data for structural design and detailing of
concrete and steel members shall be in accordance with the following material strengths
specified.

1. Concrete
The strength is in accordance with the test method using cylinder type test pieces
as PNS/ASTM C39-96. The specified compressive strength (fc) at 28th days age and
laboratory cured shall be as follows:
fc’ = 21 MPa for all structural members except lean concrete
fc’ = 7 MPa lean concrete under other foundations

Modulus of Elasticity, Ec = 4700 √𝑓𝑐′

Modulus of Rapture, fr = 0.67√𝑓𝑐′
 2. Reinforcing Steel
Reinforcing steel shall be deformed and shall meet PNS49/ASTM 706 (Weldable).
The minimum yield strength shall be as follows:

For ø 12 and larger, fy = 275 MPa (40ksi)

For ø 10 and smaller, fy = 275 MPa (40ksi)

Modulus of Elasticity, Es = 200,000 MPa

ASTM A615 shall be permitted if:

a. The actual yield strength based on mill tests does not exceed fy by more
than 125 MPa (retests shall not exceed this value by more than an additional
of 21 MPa); and
b. The ratio of the actual tensile strength to the actual yield strength is not
less than 1.25.

3. Structural Steel
ASTM A36 or equivalent shall be used for all structural steel shapes. The specified
minimum yield strength is 248 MPa (36 ksi). Modulus of Elasticity, Es is 200,000
MPa.

4. High Strength Bolts

Bolts for structural steel member connection shall conform to ASTMA325 unless
otherwise specified on plans.

5. Anchor Bolts
Anchor bolts shall conform to ASTM 307 unless otherwise specified on plans.

6. Welding Electrodes and Rods

Welding electrodes and rods for structural members’ connections shall conform to
AWS A5.5 unless otherwise specified on plans.

Welding Electrode E70xx, Fu = 480 MPa (70 ksi)

4.1 Design Loads

Design load, in the context of structural engineering, refers to the maximum prescribed load
that a structure or component is expected to support during its intended use. It's a critical
parameter in the design process as engineers must ensure that the structure can safely bear
the anticipated loads without experiencing failure or compromise in its integrity. The basic
load types and their corresponding magnitude are as follows:
1. Dead Load
Dead Loads are gravity loads which include the weight of all materials and
equipment incorporated into the building or structure. Dead loads are permanent
loads in which variations over time are rare or of small magnitude.

i. Concrete Members 24.0 kN/m³

ii. Steel Members 78.5 kN/m³
iii. Soil 18.0 kN/m³

Figure 4.1.1 Dead Load

2. Live Load
Live loads are those loads produced by the use and occupancy of the building or
other structure and do not include dead load, construction load or environmental
load such as wind load or rain load, earthquake load or flood load. Impact forces
shall be considered as live loads and shall be set as 20% of equipment’s weight (in
cases where no impact loads are provided to the designer).

i. Commercial 4.8 kPa (NSCP Table 205-1)

ii. Roof 0.6 kPa (NSCP Table 205-1)
 Figure 4.1.2 Live Load

3. Wind Load
The structure and every portion thereof shall be designed and constructed to resist
the wind effects determined in accordance to the requirements of NSCP 2015
Section 207. The design wind pressure shall not be less than 0.5 kPa. Pertinent
parametric values are identified below:

Basic Wind Speed, V is a three second gust speed at 10 meters above the ground
in Exposure C and associated with an annual probability of 0.02 of being equaled
or exceeded (50-year mean recurrence interval). Based on the Wind Zone Map of
the Philippines (NCSP Figure 207A.5-1C) the basic wind speed for the structure is
280 kph.

The exposure of the structure falls under Category B, which is characterized as

urban and suburban areas, or other terrain with numerous closely spaced
obstructions.

Design wind pressure, p (kPa) and Forces, F (kN) shall be calculated based on NSCP
2015.

Velocity pressure, qz (kPa), shall be calculated from:

qz = 0.613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 (NSCP 2015 Section 207)
Kz = velocity pressure exposure coefficient (as per NSCP Table 207)
Kzt = Topographic factor
Kd = Directionality factor (as per NSCP 207)
V = Basic wind speed
Figure 4.1.3.1 Wind Load at X-Direction

Figure 4.1.3.2 Wind Load at Z-Direction

4. Seismic Load
The purpose of the earthquake provisions is primarily to safeguard against major
structural failures and loss of life, but not to limit or maintain function.

Structures and portions thereof shall, as a minimum be designed and constructed

to resist the effect of seismic ground motions as provided in NSCP 2015 Section
208.

The procedures and limitations for the design of structures shall be determined
considering seismic zoning, site characteristics, occupancy, configuration, structural
system and height. Structures shall be designed with adequate strength to
withstand the lateral displacements induced by the Design Basis Ground Motion,
considering the inelastic response of the structure and the inherent redundancy,
overstrength and ductility of the lateral force resisting system.

Lateral force on elements of structures, non-structural components and equipment

supported by structure shall be in accordance with NSCP Section 208.7.

Seismic forces are estimated using the equivalent Static Lateral Force Procedure as
discussed in NSCP Section 208.5.

i. Design Base Shear, V,

𝐶𝐼
• 𝑉= 𝑊
𝑅𝑇
ii. But need not to exceed the following:
2.5𝐶𝐼
• 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑊
𝑅
iii. The total design base shear shall not be less than the following:
• 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.11𝐶𝐼𝑊
𝑂.8𝑍𝑁𝐼
• 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑊
𝑅

The following are the parameters for the seismic analysis that correspond to the
seismic source and the occupancy category of the building:

Seismic Zone = Zone 4

Seismic Zone Factor = 0.4
Soil Profile Type = SE
Near-source Factor, Na = 1.0
Near-source Factor, Nv = 1.0
Near-source Factor, Ca = 0.40Na
Near-source Factor, Cv = 0.56Nv
Seismic Importance Factor = 1
 T = fundamental period of vibration of the structure seconds, in
the direction under consideration and determined by the following formulas:
𝑇 = 𝐶𝑡 ℎ𝑎 3/4
𝑇 = 2𝜋√(∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 𝛿𝑖 𝑖 ) /(8 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 𝛿𝑖) but not more than 1.3Ta

Where: Ct = 0.0853 for concrete moment-resisting frames

hi = height of the structure above the base level to level i
wi = portion of W is located at or assigned to level i
fi =lateral force applied to level i
W = total seismic dead load
𝛿𝑖 = horizontal displacement at level i

Figure 4.1.4 Nearest Active Fault Line

5.1 Design Method and Loading Combination
The design of structural members (wall, column, beam, slab and stairs) shall be based on
Ultimate Design Method and shall conform to AISC 303-16 and ACI 318-14. The following
load combinations are to be considered:

1 EQ +X 18 1.2DL + 1.6LLR + 0.5WL-Z

1.2DL + 1.0WL+X + 1.0LL +
2 EQ -X 19
0.5LLR
3 EQ +Z 20 1.2DL + 1.0WL-X + 1.0LL + 0.5LLR
4 EQ -Z 21 1.2DL + 1.0WL+Z + 1.0LL + 0.5LLR
5 DL 22 1.2DL + 1.0WL-Z + 1.0LL + 0.5LLR
6 LL 23 1.2DL + 1.0EQ+X + 1.0LL
7 LLR 24 1.2DL + 1.0EQ-X + 1.0LL
8 WL +X 25 1.2DL + 1.0EQ+Z + 1.0LL
9 WL -X 26 1.2DL + 1.0EQ-Z + 1.0LL
10 WL +Z 27 0.9DL + 1.0WL+X
11 WL -Z 28 0.9DL + 1.0WL-X
12 1.4DL 29 0.9DL + 1.0WL+Z
13 1.2DL + 1.6LL + 0.5LLR 30 0.9DL + 1.0WL-Z
14 1.2DL + 1.6LLR + 1.0LL 31 0.9DL + 1.0EQ+X
15 1.2DL + 1.6LLR + 0.5WL+X 32 0.9DL + 1.0EQ-X
16 1.2DL + 1.6LLR + 0.5WL-X 33 0.9DL + 1.0EQ+Z
17 1.2DL + 1.6LLR + 0.5WL+Z 34 0.9DL + 1.0EQ-Z

Where: D = Dead Load

L = Occupancy Live Load
Lr = Roof Live Load
W = Wind Load
E = Earthquake Load (E = Eh + Ev)
E2 = Earthquake Load (E = Eh – Ev)
P = Reliability/Redundancy Factor
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live
loads in excess of 4.8 kPa and for garage live load.
= 0.5 for other live loads