PART 2 MATHEMATICS AS

TOOLS

Chapter 4: Data Management

Data management is the development , execution and supervision
of plans, policies, programs and practices that control, protect,
deliver and enhance the value of data information assets.

Statistics is a branch of Mathematics dealing with the collection,

organization, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data.
Statistical treatment of data is essential in order to make use of
data in the right form.

A. Gathering, Organizing, Representing and Interpreting Data

B. Measures of Central Tendency
C. Measures of Dispersion
D. Measures of Relative Position
E. Probability and Normal Distribution
Gathering, Organizing, Representing and Interpreting Data
Correct methods of collecting data, right way of organizing them and good data
presentation will result to a precise analysis and interpretation.

1. Data gathering

Direct or interview method- person to person encounter between the source of

information, the interviewee, and the one gathers information, the interviewer.

Indirect or questionnaire method- technique in which a questionnaire is used to elicit the

information or data needed.

Registration method- obtains data from records of government agency authorized by law
to keep such data or information and made these available to researchers.

Observation method- technique in which data particularly those pertaining to the

behaviors of individuals or groups of individuals during the given situation are best
obtained through observations.

Experimental method- system used to gather data from the results of performed series of
experiments on some controlled and experimental variables.
Data Organization and Presentation

4 Levels Of Measurement

Nominal scale – assigns names or labels to observation in purely

arbitrary sequence. The labels are used to classify the
respondents or objects without ordering.

Example: Gender, marital status, religion, race, hair color, country,

etc.

Ordinal scale – assigns numbers or labels to observation with

implied ordering.

Example: Ranks, customer satisfaction rating and degree, socio-

economic status, education qualification
Interval scale - assigns real numbers to observations to reflect
distance between rank position of the respondents or objects in
equal units. It has zero point and has unit of measurement.

Example: Celsius and Fahrenheit, IQ score, etc.

Ratio scale - assigns numbers to observations to reflect the

existence of true absolute zero point as its origin.

Example: Birth rate, unemployment rate, height, weight, etc.

3 Ways to Present a Data

Textual form – makes use of words, sentences, and paragraphs in

presentation. Commonly used when there are only few numerical
data to be enumerated.

Tabular form – systematic presentation of data in rows and

columns. It is used when related numerical facts need to be
classified in arrays.

Graphical form – shows numerical values or relationships in a

pictorial form.
Tabular Presentation
Statistical tables should have the following parts.

Table Number - Each table must be given a number. Table number helps in
distinguishing one table from other tables. Usually tables are numbered according to
the order of their appearance in a chapter

Title of the Table - Every table should have a suitable title. It should be short & clear.

Caption - Caption refers to the headings of the columns.

Stub - Stub refers to the headings of rows.

Body - This is the most important part of a table. Data are entered in these cells.

Foot Note – A foot note is given at the bottom of a table. It helps in clarifying the point
which is not clear in the table.

Source Note - The source note shows the source of the data presented in the table.
Example:
Graphical Presentation

Good chart should be accurate, simple, clear and attractive.

Types of graphs

• Bar graph
• Line graph
• Pie chart
• Pictograph
• Histogram
• Scatter plot
Bar Graphs:

• Used to represent categorical data.

• Bars are separated, and the length of each bar corresponds to the value it
represents.
• Can be vertical or horizontal.
Line Graphs:

• Used to show trends or changes over a continuous interval or time.

• Points are connected by lines, making it easy to see the overall pattern.
Pie Charts:

• Used to show the proportion of parts to a whole.

• Circular in shape, with slices representing different categories.
Pictographs :

• Represent data through the use of pictures or symbols.

• Each picture or symbol typically represents a specific quantity or a
predefined unit.
Histograms:

• Similar to bar graphs but used for representing the distribution of a continuous
dataset.
• Bars touch each other to represent ranges of data values.
Scatter Plots:

• Used to display the relationship between two continuous variables.

• Each point represents a pair of values.
Organizing collected numerical data can be done in two ways:

1. Array – arrangement of numerical data according to the order of magnitude

either ascending or descending

2. Frequency distribution table – condensed version of an array. It categorize

numerical data into intervals or classes.

Parts:

• Classes – mutually exclusive categories defining the lower limit and the
upper limit with equal intervals
• Class frequency – numbers of observation in each class
• Class mark or class midpoint – used when computing mean and some
measures of variability
• Cumulative frequency – tells the sum of frequencies in particular class of
interest.
• Relative frequency – tells the percentage of observations in a particular class
of interest.
Steps in Constructing Frequency Distribution Table with Equal Class Size

1. Determine the range R of the numerical data.

R = |Highest value – Lowest value|

2. Determine the number of classes K to which the data are to be grouped using
Sturges’s Approximation:

K = 1 + 3.322 Log N

where N is the total number of values to be grouped

3. Determine the class size C

C = R/K

4. Determine the lower limit of the first class.

5. Construct the class intervals and determine the class frequencies.

Example: Construct a Frequency Distribution Table from the given data.

Raw Midterm Scores of 40 Students in a Math Test

42, 58, 82, 66, 44, 37, 92, 49, 54, 93, 94, 48, 82, 57, 60, 63, 94, 81, 86, 67,
97, 41, 36, 89, 86, 44, 97, 82, 53, 56, 30, 35, 93, 88, 56, 70, 44, 97, 46, 91

1. Range = Highest value – Lowest Value = 97-30 = 67

2. Determine number of classes.
K= 1 + 3.322Log(N) = 1 + 3.322Log(40) = 6.32204 rounded off to 6
N is the population
3. Determine class size. C= R/K = 67/6 = 11.16666 rounded off to 11
4. Determine the lower limit. Lower limit is 30.
5. Construct the class interval and determine class frequencies.
 Class Class Class Relative < Cummulative > Cummulative
Frequency
Interval Mark Boundary Frequency Frequency Frequency
30-40 4 35 29.5-40.4 10 4 40
41-51 8 46 40.5-51.5 20 12 36
52-62 7 57 51.5-62.5 17.5 19 28
63-73 4 68 62.5-73.5 10 23 21
74-84 4 79 73.5-84.5 10 27 17
85-95 10 90 84.5-95.5 25 37 13
96-106 3 101 95.5-106.5 7.5 40 3