Physio AIMC 2nd Yr

AIMC ACADEMIA 2020
Allama Iqbal Medical College Lahore

FIRST & SECOND YEAR MBBS
MARKS DISTRIBUTION SCHEME, UHS
SUBJECT THEORY Oral & Int. Grand

Practical Asses Total
MCQs SEQs Int.
Asses
ANATOMY 45 45 1 45 9 5 10 90 10 200
MARKS MCQs MARK MARKS SEQs MARKS
EACH EACH
45 MINUTES 2 HR. 15 MIN
PHYSIOLOGY 45 45 1 45 9 5 10 90 10 200
EACH EACH
BIOCHEMISTRY 45 45 1 45 9 5 10 90 10 200
EACH EACH
VIVA MARKS DISTIBUTION

Internal Examiner 15 marks
External Examiner 20 marks
Viva Total 35 Marks
PRACTICAL MARKS DISTRIBUTION
Practical 20 marks
Procedure Writing 05 marks
Yearly Workbook Assessment 05 marks
Practical Total 30 Marks
OSPE MARKS DISTIBUTION
Non-observed stations 10 (01 marks each) Time:2 minutes each
Observed stations 03 (05 marks each) Time: 4 minutes each
OSPE Total 25 Marks
Internal Assessment 10 Marks
Grand Total 100 Marks
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AIMC ACADEMIA 2020
TOS FOR WRITTEN EXAMINATION
Sr No. TOPIC MCQs SEQs
1 Kidney and Body fluids 08 02
2 Nervous System 12 02
3 Special Senses 06 01
4 Endocrines 08 02
5 Reproduction 06 01
6 GIT 05 01
Total 45 09
SYLLABUS FOR PHSYIOLOGY
SECOND YEAR MBBS
Fluids & Kidney
• Describe the components and quantitative measurements of body fluids.
• Discuss the different fluid compartments, tissue and lymph fluid.
• Describe the structure of the kidney and nephron, and explain general functions of the
kidney.
• Describe the GFR and its regulation.
• Describe the formation of urine including filtration, re-absorption and secretion.
• Discuss plasma clearance.
• Describe the mechanism of concentration and dilution of urine
• Describe regulation of osmolality, water balance and acid base balance
• Describe the role of the kidney in blood pressure regulation.
• Describe the hormonal functions of the kidney.
• Describe acidification of urine and its importance.
• Describe the mechanism of micturition and its control.
Applied Physiology:
• Renal plasma clearance tests and their clinical significance.
• Dehydration, rehydration, overhydration and edema.
• Renal failure and dialysis.
• Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
• Abnormalities of micturition.
Nervous System
• Describe general organization of the nervous system.
• Describe the properties of synaptic transmission.
• Classify the neurotransmitters and explain their functions.
• Explain neuropeptides and their functions
• List the types and describe the properties and functions of sensory receptors.
• Describe the pathways for transmission of somatic sensations
• Define reflex action. Classify and describe reflexes
• Describe the muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organ. Explain their functions.
• Describe the physiology of pain and analgesia system.
• Explain the functions of the cerebral cortex.
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AIMC ACADEMIA 2020
• Differentiate between the sensory and motor cortex and their functions.
• Describe the motor pathways including pyramidal and extrapyramidal.
• Describe basal nuclei (basal ganglia) and their functions.
• Describe cerebellum and its function.
• Describe the functions of vestibular apparatus.
• Explain the organization and functions of reticular formation.
• Explain mechanism and regulation of the muscle tone.
• Describe the control of posture and equilibrium.
• Explain the physiology of sleep.
• Describe the physiology of memory.
• Describe the mechanism and control of speech.
• Discuss the functions of thalamus
• Discuss the functions of hypothalamus
• Explain the components and functions of limbic system.
• Describe the production, circulation, absorption and functions of CSF.
• Describe the blood brain and blood CSF barriers and their clinical significance.
• Describe the organization and functions of the autonomic nervous system.
Applied Physiology:
• Significance of dermatomes.
• Injuries of the spinal cord.
• Hemiplegia and paraplegia.
• Diseases related to Basal ganglia.
• Effects of cerebellar dysfunction.
• Hydrocephalus.
• Alzheimer’s disease & Speech disorders
• Sleep disorders.
• Clinical abnormalities of pain.
Endocrinology
• Classify the hormones and describe mechanism of their action
• Name the hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior pituitary and describe their
regulation and functions.
• Describe the neuroendocrine functions of the hypothalamus
• Describe the physiological changes of growth and aging.
• Describe the functions and regulation of the hormones secreted by thyroid gland.
• Describe the hormones regulating calcium homeostasis (parathormone, vitamin D and
calcitonin)
• Name the hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex and describe their functions and
regulation.
• Name the hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla and describe their functions and
regulation.
• Describe the endocrine functions of the pancreas and regulation of pancreatic
hormones.
• Describe the endocrine functions of pineal gland.
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AIMC ACADEMIA 2020
Applied Physiology:
• Acromegaly, gigantism and dwarfism.
• Effects of panhypopituitarism.
• Diabetes insipidus.
• Thyrotoxicosis, myxedema and cretinism
• Pheochromocytoma.
• Cushing’s disease / syndrome.
• Addison’s disease.
• Hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia.
• Adrenogenital syndrome.
• Conn’s syndrome.
• Diabetes mellitus and hypoglycemia.
Gastrointestinal Tract
• Describe the general functions of gastrointestinal tract.
• Describe the enteric nervous system, control of gastrointestinal motility and secretion
• Describe mastication, swallowing and their control
• Describe the motility of the stomach, small intestine, large intestine and regulation.
• Describe the functions of GIT hormones
• Describe gallbladder motility and its regulation
• Explain mechanism of vomiting and its control pathway
• Explain defecation and its control pathway
Applied Physiology:
• Dysphagia
• Achalasia cardia
• Diarrhea and constipation
• Megacolon
Reproduction
• Describe the functions of the male reproductive system.
• Describe the mechanism of erection and ejaculation.
• Describe the production and function of testosterone.
• Describe the physiological changes during male puberty.
• Describe the function of the female reproductive system.
• Explain the production and function of estrogen and progesterone.
• Describe the functions of hypothalamo-hypophysio-gonadal axis.
• Describe the ovarian and endometrial cycle.
• Describe the physiological changes during female puberty and menopause.
• Discuss pregnancy and explain the physiological changes taking place in the mother.
• Describe the functions of placenta.
• Discuss the hormones regulating parturition, lactation and development of breast.
Applied Physiology:
• Male infertility.
• Female infertility.
• Postmenopausal syndrome / Andropause.
• Contraception.
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AIMC ACADEMIA 2020
• Basis for pregnancy tests.
• Hypogonadism / hypergonadism.
• Cryptorchidism.
Special Senses
• Describe the optics of the eye, mechanism of accommodation, light reflex.
• Explain visual acuity, depth perception, neural functions of the retina.
• Describe the errors of refraction and their corrections.
• Describe the secretion, circulation, drainage and functions of aqueous humor.
• Describe the movements of eyeballs.
• Describe the visual transduction, color vision, visual cortex and visual pathway.
• Describe the mechanisms for the light and dark adaptation.
• Describe the functions of external ear.
• Enumerate the contents of middle ear cavity and functions of the middle ear
• Describe the structure and functions of internal ear.
• Explain the determination of the sound frequency, loudness, direction of sound,
auditory pathway and auditory cortex.
• Describe the signal transduction for hearing.
• Describe the signal transduction for taste and smell.
• Describe the pathways for the sense of taste and smell.
Applied Physiology:
• Types of deafness.
• Errors of refraction.
• Lesions of the visual pathway.
• Night blindness.
• Color blindness.
• Squint.
• Argyll Robertson pupil.
• Horner’s syndrome.
• Abnormalities of sense of smell and taste.
• Glaucoma
PHYSIOLOGY MANUALS
Pregnancy Tests
Nervous System
• Examination of superficial reflexes.
• Examination of deep reflexes.
• Examination of motor system.
• Cerebellar function tests.
• Examination of sensory system.
• Examination of 12 cranial nerves (3-4 settings).
Special Senses
• Plotting of the field of vision (perimetry and confrontational methods).
• Testing the visual acuity for near and distant vision.
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AIMC ACADEMIA 2020
• Elicitation of light reflex (direct and consensual) and accommodation reflex.
• Ophthalmoscopy.
• Testing the color vision.
• Testing for hearing.
• Testing taste and smell.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
• Textbook of Physiology by Guyton and Hall, Latest Ed.
• Review of Medical Physiology by William F. Ganong, Latest Ed.
• Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, Latest Ed.
PHYSIOLOGY GUIDELINES
BY ARSHIA MARIUM & SHOAIB NOOR
Topic No. 01
CNS PHYSIOLOGY
MARKS DISTRIBUTION: There are 2 SEQ and 12 MCQ from this unit so total 22
marks.
STANDARD BOOK: GUYTON
SENSORY SYSTEM
STUDY SCHEME: Sensory physiology ky liye main book Guyton use karein aur aik short
book Rasheed. Main topics Guyton sy hi karny aur kuch Rasheed sy. Viva mein sensory
system sy kafi sunty to better to prepare it from Guyton. Sara kuch karny ki zaroorat nhi sirf
important topics hi karny aur InshaAllah it will cover both theory and Viva.
CHAPTER#46:
1. Types of synapses and their physiology
2. EPSP and IPSP
3. Factors increasing and decreasing synaptic transmission
4. slow and fast acting neurotransmitters
5. Properties of synapse
6. Summation and its types
CHAPTER#47:
1. Classification of receptors
2. Mechanism of receptor potential
3. law of projection and Muller doctrine of specific nerve energies
4. Types and Mechanism of adaptation
5. Classification of nerve fiber
6. Convergence and Divergence
7. Synaptic after discharge
CHAPTER#48:
1. Classification of sensory pathways and sensations carried by them
2. Features of different sensory receptors
3. dorsal column and anterolateral system
4. Effects of lesions on sensations carried by sensory pathways
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AIMC ACADEMIA 2020
5. Somatosensory areas and their function
6. How different sensations are detected at somatosensory area
CHAPTER #49:
1. Difference between slow and fast pain
2. Dual pain pathway
3. Analgesia system
4. Mechanism of referred pain and causes of visceral pain
5. Brown Sequard syndrome
6. Mechanism of migraine and causes of headache
MOTOR PHYSIOLOGY
STUDY SCHEME: In CNS physiology, it is an extensive part so you have to do selectively
and according to TOS. Follow guidelines and do only important topics which are mentioned.
CHAPTER#55:
1. Motor functions of spinal cord
2. stretch reflex and types
3. Golgi tendon Reflex
4. Flexor reflex, crossed extensor reflex and reciprocal inhibition
5. Mass reflex and spinal shock
6. Functions of Muscle spindle
7. Types of motor neurons present in ventral gray horn of spinal cord
8. Function of Renshaw cells
CHAPTER#56:
1. Functional areas of the brain
2. Effects of lesions of these areas
3. Role of brainstem in controlling motor functions
4. Decerebrate rigidity
5. Vestibular system
6. Medullary reticular system
CHAPTER#57:
1. Functional division of cerebellum
2. Functions of spinocerebellum, vestibulocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum
3. Nuclei of cerebellum and afferent pathways
4. Basal ganglia and all circuits related to it and its lesions
CHAPTER#58:
1. Functional of specific cortical areas of the brain
2. Effects of lesions of these areas
3. Memory and classification
4. Role of synaptic facilitation and synaptic inhibition
5. Amnesia and its different types
CHAPTER#59:
1. Neurohormonal control of brain activity
2. Functions of limbic cortex
3. Functions of hypothalamus
4. Reward and punishment centers
5. Functions f hippocampus
6. Functions of amygdala
7. kluver -bucy syndrome
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AIMC ACADEMIA 2020
CHAPTER#60:
1. Define sleep and write down about its types with EEG changes
2. sleep areas
3. Disorders of sleep
4. Define EEG, draw and elaborate each wave
5. Epilepsy and its types in details
6. what is schizophrenia?
7. what is Alzheimer’s disease
CHAPTER#61:
1. Organization of ANS
2. Characteristics of SNS AND PNS
3. Table 61.2
4. Functions of Adrenal Medulla
5. Alarm response of SNS
CHAPTER#62:
1. sites of production of CSF
2. flow of CSF
3. Composition of CSF
4. Flow of CSF
5. Functions of CSF
6. Hydrocephalus and types
7. Blood brain barrier
Topic No. 02
GIT PHYSIOLOGY
MARKS DISTRIBUTION: There is 1 SEQ and 5MCQS from this section.
STUDY SCHEME: You have to do only 3 chapter from this section and those are well
written in Guyton so do each and every topic from Guyton. Chapter 67 is most important
according to exam point of view.
CHAPTER#63:
1. Layers of GIT
2. Difference between slow waves and spike potential
3. Divisions of enteric nervous system
4. Gastrointestinal reflexes
5. Hormonal control of GIT (table 63.1)
6. Peristalsis and Law of Gut
CHAPTER#64:
1. Mastication reflex
2. Swallowing reflex and stages
3. Hunger contractions
4. Factors that promote and inhibit stomach emptying
5. Difference between segmentation and mass movement
6. Feedback mechanism of GIT emptying
7. Defecation reflex
8. Peristaltic rush
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AIMC ACADEMIA 2020
CHAPTER#67:
1. Achalasia and megaesophagus
2. Gastritis and peptic ulcers
3. Pancreatitis and causes
4. Sprue and its types
5. Hirschsprung’s disease
6. Diarrhea
7. Vomiting reflex
Topic No. 03
REPRODUCTION PHYSIOLOGY
MARKS DISTRIBUTION: There is 1 SEQ and 5 MCQS from this section.

STUDY SCHEME: Read chapters from Guyton and note important points on Firdous.
CHAPTER#81:
1. spermatogenesis
2. Functions of Sertoli cells
3. Functions of various accessory male reproductive glands
4. Capacitation and acrosome reaction
5. semen and its composition
6. Function of testosterone
7. Male sexual act
8. Abnormalities of male sexual function
CHAPTER#82:
1. oogenesis
2. ovarian and endometrial cycles
3. How LH surge leads to ovulation
4. Functions of Estrogen and Progesterone
5. Methods of contraception
6. Causes of female infertility
7. female sexual act
CHAPTER#83:
1. Roles of hormones in child birth
2. Role of hormones in development of breast
3. Functions of placental hormones
4. Lactation process and Role of different Hormones
5. why menstruation stops during lactation
6. function of HCG HORMONE
7. Preeclampsia and Eclampsia
8. Stages of Labour
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AIMC ACADEMIA 2020
Topic No. 04
KIDNEY AND BODY FLUIDS
MARKS DISTRIBUTION: There will be 8 mcq and 2 seqs this section.

STUDY SCHEME: use Guyton as main book and Firdous as short book. Must do chapter
26,27,28,29 from Guyton and rest of chapters you can do from Firdous.
CHAPTER #25:
1. Composition of extracellular and intracellular fluid.
2. osmotic equilibrium and how it is maintained?
3. clinical abnormalities of fluid volume and its regulation.
4. Edema and its causes
5. safety factor for edema and how it is prevented?
CHAPTER #26:
1. functions of kidney
2. innervation of bladder
3. micturition reflex and its abnormalities
4. cystometrogram
5. difference between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons
CHAPTER#27:
1. GFR and its determinants
2. Draw juxta glomerular apparatus
3. regulation of GFR
4. How renal blood flow affects GFR
5. What is the role of ANS and hormones in controlling GFR?
6. Tubuloglomerular feedback
7. Functions of Angiotensin 2
8. Table 27.4
CHAPTER#28:
1. Tubular reabsorption of filtered water and solutes
2. Describe the basic mechanism of net absorption of sodium back to blood
3. transport maximum and which substance don’t show Tmax
4. Describe reabsorption of chloride
5. Functional characteristics of cortical and medullary collecting tubules
6. Angiotensin 2 system with diagram
7. ADH system with diagram
8. what is clearance and how it helps to determine GFR and renal blood flow
9. Glomerulotubular mechanism
CHAPTER#29:
1. what is water diuresis and how kidney form dilute urine?
2. obligatory urine volume
3. how kidney form concentrated urine
4. steps in forming hyperosmolar medullary interstitium
5. urea recycling
6. counter current exchange mechanism
7. central and nephrogenic diabetes
8. osmoreceptor feedback mechanism
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AIMC ACADEMIA 2020
CHAPTER#30
1. how potassium excretion and absorption occur and how it is regulated
2. factors causing potassium absorption and excretion
3. How calcium excretion is controlled by kidney
4. pressure natriuresis and pressure diuresis
5. Role of aldosterone in controlling renal excretion
CHAPTER#31:
1. fig 31.5,31.6,31.7,31.8,31.9
2. table 31.2 and 31.3,31.4
3. do read clinical causes of acid base disorders
4. Anion gap and conditions in which it is increased
5. Acid base imbalance
CHAPTER#32:
1. Table 32.1
2. Each diuretic and site at which it acts
3. Table 32.2,32.3,32.4
4. vicious cycle of chronic renal failure
5. Azotemia and uremia
6. glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis
7. Effects of hypertension on kidney
Topic No. 05
SPECIAL SENSES
MARKS DISTRIBUTION: There will be 6 MCQS and 1 SEQ from this section
CHAPTER#50:
1. presbyopia
2. Errors of refraction
3. Accommodation Reflex and its mechanism
4. Glaucoma
5. visual acuity
6. intraocular fluid production and movement
7. Light reflexes
CHAPTER#51:
1. layers of retina
2. visual cycle
3. Night blindness and Role of Vitamin A
4. Mechanism of light and dark adaptation
5. Phototransduction
6. Color blindness
7. Diff between rods and cons
8. Diff between p and m ganglion cells
CHAPTER#52:
1. Visual reflex pathway and lesions
2. Primary visual cortex
3. Scotoma and macular sparing
4. Voluntary and involuntary fixation
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AIMC ACADEMIA 2020
5. Saccadic and pursuit movements
6. Argyll Robertson Pupil
7. Horner syndrome
CHAPTER#53:
1. impedance matching and its significance
2. Attenuation reflex
3. Organ of corti diagram
4. Receptor potential and endocochlear potential
5. Place principle
6. Determination of loudness
7. Auditory pathway
8. Types of deafness and hearing tests
CHAPTER #54:
1. Primary sensations of taste
2. how taste buds are excited and action potential is generated
3. taste pathway
4. taste blindness
5. primary sensations of smell
6. how the olfactory hair cells are stimulated
7. olfactory pathway
8. old and new olfactory system
Topic No. 06
ENDOCRINOLOGY
MARKS DISTRIBUTION: (18 marks) 8 MCQs and 2 SEQs
STUDY SCHEME:
• This topic is very important and very extensive in Guyton
• Read Guyton and shortlist it. Otherwise, it will be impossible To cover endocrinology
in proff.
Chapter:75
This chapter is mainly for understanding. Do it achy se.
1. Chemical messengers in the body
2. Mechanism is very very important
3. ELISA
Chapter:76
(PITUITARY HORMONES)
1. Hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system
2. Actions of growth hormone.
3. Diabetogenic effect. Difference between pituitary and
4. Adrenal diabetes
5. Panhypopituitarism
6. Dwarfism vvvv.imp
7. All clinicals are very imp
8. Diabetes insipidus
9. Actions of oxytocin
Chapter:77
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AIMC ACADEMIA 2020
(THYROID HORMONES)
Most important Chapter
1. Mechanism of thyroid hormone vv.imp
2. Synthesis vv.imp
3. Actions v.imp
4. All clinicals are very imp
Chapter:78
(ADRENAL HORMONES)
1. Synthesis wala chart parh lein achay se
2. Aldosterone Escape
3. Circadian Rhythm of cortisol secretion
4. Functions of cortisol vvvv.imp
5. Clinicals vvvv.imp.
6. Cushing Syndrome is vvvvv.imp
Chapters:79
(INSULIN & GLUCAGON)
Insulin is very very important.
1. Mechanism of secretion
2. Mode of action of insulin
3. Effects of insulin on metabolism
4. Diabetes is a very important topic
5. it's physiological basis, complications
etc everything is important.
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AIMC ACADEMIA 2020
Chapter:80
PARATHYROID HORMONES
Bones and teeth wala topic irrelevant hai chor den.
1. Functions of parathyroid hormones imp JP
2. Hypo and hyper parathyroidism
3. Hypo and hyper calcemia
4. Osteoporosis osteomalacia and rickets are v.imp
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Physio AIMC 2nd Yr

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AIMC ACADEMIA 2020

Allama Iqbal Medical College Lahore

SUBJECT THEORY Oral & Int. Grand

VIVA MARKS DISTIBUTION

MARKS DISTRIBUTION: There is 1 SEQ and 5 MCQS from this section.

MARKS DISTRIBUTION: There will be 8 mcq and 2 seqs this section.

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