Lecture 8

ARCH 2815

Art Appreciation
PART A শিল্প রসাস্বাদন / শিল্প সমাদর

Joarder HAFIZ Ullah | Assistant Professor, DUET

ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 1
 We shall learn Toady about

• Dadaism 1912-1923
• Surrealism 1924-1945
• Bauhaus 1920-1925
• Abstract Expressionism 1945-1960
• Pop Art 1956-1969
• Minimalism 1960-1975
• De Stijl 1917 - 1931
• Conceptual Art 1960- 1970
• Op Art 1965-1970
• Contemporary Art 1970- Present

ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 2

 DADAISM 1912-1923
• Dadaism is one of the most unconventional and Avante-
Garde art and cultural movements of the 20th century.
• Prompted by the European social climate.
• Dadaism was a movement with explicitly political
overtones – a reaction to the senseless slaughter of the
trenches of WWI
• Dadaism rejected wartime politics, bourgeois culture,
and capitalist economic system.
• The name Dada has various meanings in different
languages, but also no meaning.
Cadeau, Man Ray, 1921 Marcel Duchamp, La • In essence, Dadaism offered nihilistic and anti-rationalist
Joconde/ L.H.O.O.Q., 1919 critiques of the situation.
• Using non-traditional materials, nonsensical content,
Avant- Grade:
satire, and the fantastic, Dada artists turned the known
Any creative group active in the innovation and application of new concepts
and techniques in a given field (especially in the arts) into the unknown.
Nihilism:
• Complete denial of all established authority and institutions
• The belief that things (or everything, including oneself) do not exist; denial
of objective reality; a sense that everything is unreal
ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 3
 Characteristics of Dadaism
• Humor, whimsy, artistic freedom, emotional
reaction, irrationalism, and spontaneity.
• Dadaism mocked and antagonized the
conventions of art itself, emphasizing the
illogical, irrational, and absurd.
• Dadaist artists often utilized collage,
montage, and assemblage of disparate
elements to create their art.

Marcel
Duchamp’s Fountain (an
upside down urinal), 1917
Key Artists:
• Jean Arp,
• Marcel Duchamp
• Francis Picabia
• Man Ray
• Kurt Schwitters.

Marcel
Duchamp, Bicycle
Wheel, 1951 (the 1913
ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 4
original was lost)
 Shirt Front and Fork by Jean Arp, 1922,

The Mechanical Head (The Spirit of Our

Raoul Hausmann,
Time) by Raoul Hausmann, 1920
A Bourgeois Precision Brain Incites a World
Movement, also known as Dada siegt (Dada
Triumphs), 1920.

ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 5

 Surrealism 1924-1945
• Surrealism has given artists free reign over their collective
subconscious. The end result has been some of the most daring
and provocative works the world has ever seen.

• Surrealism is an art movement that was founded by Andre

Breton in 1924, and outlined in his book The Surrealist
Manifesto. Surrealism as a technique relies on the juxtaposition
of symbols, images, or actions to create a world outside of
reality, a super-reality. Some of the most iconic Surrealist artists
to emerge from the movement were Salvador Dalí, Andre
Breton and Max Ernst.

• These shocking, illogical, and challenging compositions were

not bound to the confines of the rules and social mores that
Salvador Dalí: The Persistence of Memory were seen to govern art and society at the time, and which
people might expect from art.

ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 6

 The characteristics of surrealism
• Strange images or bizarre juxtapositions,
• unconsciousness as a valid reality,
• dream-like artwork or symbolic images,
automatism techniques to create random
effects,
• distorted figures or biomorphic shapes,
depiction of perverse sexuality, and chance or
spontaneity
• The element of fantasy.
Mama Papa is Wounded - Yves Tanguy
• Metaphysical atmosphere.
• Dreamlike and uncanny imagery depicting
mysterious environments and landscapes.
• Representation with almost photographic
precision. ...
• A distortion of reality with contradictory
elements and random associations.
• Eccentric, shocking, and mysterious.

ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 7

 The Treachery of Images - Rene Magritte

The characteristics of surrealism

• Strange images or bizarre juxtapositions,
• unconsciousness as a valid reality,
• dream-like artwork or symbolic images,
automatism techniques to create random
effects,
• distorted figures or biomorphic shapes,
depiction of perverse sexuality, and chance or André Breton founded and led the Surrealist
spontaneity movement in 1924
• The element of fantasy. Key Artists:
• Metaphysical atmosphere.
• Dreamlike and uncanny imagery depicting Salvador Dalí,
mysterious environments and landscapes. René Magritte,
• Representation with almost photographic Frida Kahlo,
precision. ... Man Ray
• A distortion of reality with contradictory Max Ernst
elements and random associations. Joan Miró
• Eccentric, shocking, and mysterious.

ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 8

 Bauhaus
founder Walter
Gropius (1883–1969)

Bauhaus
(1920 — 1933)

The Bauhaus, named after a German expression

meaning “house of construction,” is a German artistic
movement which lasted from 1919-1933. It was
founded in Weimar, Germany by German architect
Walter Gropius.
Its goal was to merge all artistic mediums into one
unified approach, that of combining an individual’s
artistry with mass production and function. Bauhaus
design is often abstract, angular, and geometric, with
little ornamentation.

Bauhaus Exhibition Poster (1923)

ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 9
Bauhaus architecture examples by Walter Gropius
Gropius' Expressionist Monument to the March Dead (1921– Clock designed by Erich Dieckmann (1931)
1922)
“Our guiding principle was that design is neither an
intellectual nor a material affair, but simply an
integral part of the stuff of life, necessary for
everyone in a civilized society.”
— Walter Gropius on what is Bauhaus
Artists

Walter Gropius
Marcel Breuer ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 10
 Abstract Expressionism (1940 — 1950s)

Abstract Expressionism is an artistic movement that

emerged in the 1940s and 1950s that focuses on a shared
curiosity in the utilization of abstraction as a means to
express and/or elicit emotion through artistic works.
In the post-World War II era, American painters primarily
based in New York, sometimes referred to as the New
York School, began using various techniques and
demonstrating diverse styles to express their emotions
and attitudes in a completely abstracted way.
One of the more influential art movements on Abstract
Expressionism was in fact Surrealism. Abstract
Expressionists pulled from the Surrealists the idea that art
is born out of the subconscious mind in a spontaneous
manner.

ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 11

Untitled (1960) by Inger Ekdahl
Study for Painting (1936-1937) by Arshile Gorky; limitations IV (1935-1936) by Arshile Gorky

ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 12


Drowning Girl (1962) • Roy Lichtenstein
ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A
An Andy Warhol special edition of Campbell’s soups
Pop Art (1950s — 1960s)
• In the United States, pop style was a return to representational
art (art that depicted the visual world in a recognisable way) and
the use of hard edges and distinct forms after the painterly
looseness of abstract expressionism.
• In a stark turn from the work of Abstract Expressionism, artists
from the U.S. and England began creating graphically styled
illustrations full of bright colors often with underlying political
commentary.
• This evolved into the Pop Art movement. While many pop
artists used the medium as a social critique, some found that it
was ironically evolving into an endorsement of the very systems
it is “critiquing.”
• Some subjects like capitalism and war were at the core of
famous Pop artists like Andy Warhol. Warhol when talking on
the idea of Pop art has reaffirmed this mentality saying, “An
artist is someone who produces things that people don’t need to
have but that he – for some reason – thinks it would be a good
idea to give them.”
13

Campbell’s Soup Cans (Andy Warhol)
Key Artists :
• Andy Warhol
• Roy Lichtenstein
• Claes Oldenburg
• Jasper Johns
• Robert Rauschenberg
• Tom Wesselmann
• Richard Hamilton
• James Rosenquist
Characteristics of Pop Art
• Everyday Imagery
• A Merging of Fine Art and
Popular Culture
• A Criticism Of Consumerism
• Bold Colors
• Pulp Culture
• Humor
• Appropriation
• Repetition
• Monumental Imagery
• Regional Differences
ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 14
 Minimalism (1960s — 1970s)

Minimalism emerged in the mid-twentieth century art

movement largely as a response to both Pop art and
Abstract Expressionism that came before it. It is
characterized by its simplicity in concept and design.
Minimalists believed simplicity was to strip away any
forced meaning or expression, a belief that very much
contrasts that of the Abstract Expressionists. For
minimalists, Simplicity in art meant creating art to be its
own identity, not what we impress upon it.
Red Circle on Black, 1965 • Jiro Yoshihara

ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 15

Kazimir Malevich, Black Square, 1915,

ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 16


Theo van Doesburg , Composition VII (the three graces)
Major Figures of De Stijl
• Theo van Doesburg (Founder, painter/designer)
• Piet Mondrian (Founder, painter)
• Gerrit Rietveld (De Stijl Architecture)
• Vimos Huszar (Painter)
• Bart van der Leck (Painter)
• J. J. P. Oud (De Stijl Architecture)
De Stijl 1917 - 1931
• De Stijl "The Style", also known as Neoplasticism, was a
Dutch art movement founded in 1917 in Leiden.
• De Stijl consisted of artists and architects.
• De Stijl advocated pure abstraction and universality by a
reduction to the essentials of form and colour.
• They simplified visual compositions to vertical and
horizontal, using only black, white and primary colors.
• “It should find its expression in the abstraction of form and
color, that is to say, in the straight line and the clearly
defined primary color.” – Piet Mondrian
• While De Stijl was a movement mainly within painting and
architecture, it also could be found in typography, industrial
design, textiles, and more.
ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 17
Red and Blue Chair,
designed by Gerrit
Rietveld 1919

Tableau I, 1921, Peit Mondrian

Rietveld Schroder House,

Gerrit Rietveld (1924)
– the only building
completely according to
the principles of "De Stijl"

Composition with Red, Blue and

Yellow 1930 by Piet Mondrian

ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 18

 Conceptual Art (1960s — 1970s)
Conceptual art is a form of art in which the concept is
paramount to the visual or sensory components of the
finished artwork. This type of art emphasizes the
importance of an idea or concept over technique and
aesthetic, largely used to express the abstract.
It emerged as a movement in the early 1960s reaching
One and Three Chairs, 1965, is a work by Joseph Kosuth
into the mid-1970s. Conceptual art can look or be
nearly anything the artist decides. Unlike other forms
of art, it is not defined by physical forms, but rather
the foundation of a concept that serves as the engine
of creating art.
Key Artists:
Joseph Beuys
John Baldessari
Sol LeWitt ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 19
 Edward Ruscha
Every Building on The Sunset Strip, 1966

Hans Haacke - MOMA Poll [1970]

ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 20
 Op Art

Op Art is an abbreviation of optical art, a form of geometric

abstract art, that explores optical sensations through the use
of visual effects such as recurring simple forms and rhythmic
patterns, vibrating colour-combinations, moiré patterns and
foreground-background confusion. Formally, all Op Art
paintings and works employ tricks of visual perception like
manipulating rules of perspective to give the illusion of three-
Bridget Riley, Blaze, 1964 dimensional space, mixing colours to create the impression of
light and shadow.

Key period: late 1950s and 1960s

Key words: visual illusion, illusion of movement, repetitive
forms, checkerboard patterns, tension, complementary
colours
Key artists: Victor Vasarely, Bridget Riley, Richard Anuskiewicz,
François Morellet, Jesús Rafael Soto, Julio Le Parc, Gianni
Colombo, Peter Kogler

ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 21

Square + Circle = Volume (1967) by Getulio Alviani
 Contemporary Art (1970s — Present)

• To put it simply, contemporary art is art that’s made

in the current era which is usually cited as 1970 to
present day. Not to be confused with Modern Art
which is defined by style and concept,
contemporary art is defined by the time period in
which a work of art was created. Because of this,
examples of contemporary art are always evolving
and changing.

One-Way Colour Tunnel by Olafur Eliasson (2007)

ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 22

 Explore more:

WATCH
https://youtu.be/96hl5J47c3k
https://youtu.be/VHLs76HLon4
https://youtu.be/Y69wOKg6yp4

VISIT
https://artincontext.org/art-periods/
THANK YOU https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/art-hXistory-timeline/#art-history-
For Your Participation timeline-dadaism
https://artincontext.org/dadaism/

ARCH 2815 | Art Appreciation | A 23