CHAPTER 6o

☼☼REVISION BATCH NOTES FOR CLASS XII BOARD EXAMS FOR SESSION 2023-2024 ☼☼
☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼ PREPARED BY: SATISH KUMAR SIR ☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼

®
☼S.KUMAR☼ PHYSICS CLASSES SYMBOL OF EXCELLENCE
8368037835 7503449542
CLASS XII REVISION BATCH

CHAPTER–6
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
 Due to the induced emf, a current flows in the coil
which is called induced current.
Lenz’s Law
It states that the polarity of the induced emf (or the
direction of induced current) is such that it always opposes
its cause of production.
Faraday’s Laws of
Electromagnetic Induction
First Law: According to this law, whenever the magnetic
flux linked with a circuit changes, an emf is induced in it.
The emf is induced until the magnetic flux changes.
Magnetic Flux Second Law: According to this law, the induced emf (𝑒) is
The total number of magnetic field lines passing through an directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
area perpendicular to it, is called magnetic flux. It is denoted 𝑑𝜙
𝑒∝−
by 𝜙. 𝑑𝑡
Here negative sign indicates that the induced emf always
opposes its cause of production (change in magnetic flux).
𝑑𝜙
𝑒 = −𝐾
𝑑𝑡
where 𝐾 = constant = 1 (by experiments)
∴ 𝒅𝝓
𝒆=−
𝒅𝒕
Mathematically, the magnetic flux is written as
⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝝓 = ⃗𝑩 𝒅𝒔 = 𝑩 𝒅𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 Motional emf OR emf Induced by
changing the Area of a Loop
Consider a rectangular frame PQRS of negligible resistance
Unit and Dimensional Formula of is placed in a magnetic field 𝐵 as shown in figure.
Magnetic Flux
We know that: 𝜙 = 𝐵 𝑑𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑁 2 𝑁𝑚
Unit of 𝜙 = 𝑇𝑚2 = 𝑚 = = 𝑾𝒃
𝐴𝑚 𝐴
[MLT −2 ][L]
Dimensional formula of 𝜙 = = [𝐌𝐋𝟐 𝐓−𝟐 𝐀−𝟏 ]
[A]
Electromagnetic Induction
Let MN be a movable arm which can slide over the frame
Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a coil changes, an
PQRS without friction.
emf is induced in it. This phenomenon is called If
electromagnetic induction.
𝑥 = distance of arm MN from QR at any instant
®
☼S. KUMAR☼ PHYSICS CLASSES (SYMBOL OF EXCELLENCE) [XI, XII, NEET & JEE]
8368037835 7503449542 SH-55, SHASTRI NAGAR, GHAZIABAD
Area of the loop formed 𝐴 = 𝑥𝑙
⃗ and 𝐴
Self Induction
Angle between 𝐵 It is the property of a coil by virtue of which the coil
𝜃 = 180º opposes any change in the current flowing through it by
Magnetic flux linked with the loop inducing an emf in itself.
𝜙 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 1800  Self induction is also called inertia of electricity.
= −𝐵𝑥𝑙
OR
∴ Induced / Motional emf When the main current flowing in a coil is changed, its
𝑑𝜙 𝑑
𝑒=− = − (−𝐵𝑥𝑙) magnetic flux changes. Due to this an emf is induced in the
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 coil. This phenomenon is called self induction.
𝑑𝑥
= 𝐵𝑙  Due to the induced emf an induced current flows in the
𝑑𝑡 coil.
𝑑𝑥
But =𝑣  When the main current is increased, the direction of
𝑑𝑡 induced current is opposite to the direction of main
current.
∴ 𝒆 = 𝑩𝒍𝒗
Energy Consideration in Motional

emf
When the main current
is increasing
 When the main current is decreased, the direction of
induced current is same as that of main current.
We know that
Motional / Induced emf
𝑒 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
If 𝑅 = resistance of arm MN
Then induced current
When the main current
𝑒 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑖= = is decreasing
𝑅 𝑅
Force required to move the arm MN The magnetic flux (𝜙) linked with the coil is directly
𝐵𝑙𝑣 𝐵2 𝑙 2 𝑣 proportional to the main current (𝑖)
𝐹 = 𝑖𝑙𝐵 = 𝑙𝐵 =
𝑅 𝑅 i.e. 𝜙 ∝ 𝑖
 Power required to move the arm MN
𝐵2 𝑙 2 𝑣 or 𝝓 = 𝑳𝒊
𝑃=𝐹𝑣= 𝑣
𝑅
where 𝐿 = coefficient of self induction or self inductance
𝑩𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝑷= Emf induced in the coil
𝑹 𝑑𝜙 𝑑
𝑒=− = − (𝐿𝑖)
 Power lost in the form of heat 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐵2 𝑙 2 𝑣 2 𝒅𝒊
𝑃 = 𝑖 2𝑅 = 𝑅
𝑅2 𝒆 = −𝑳
𝒅𝒕
𝑩𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝑷=
𝑹 Definitions of Self Inductance
1. We know that
Hence power required to move the arm is lost in the form of 𝜙 = 𝐿𝑖
heat. If 𝑖 = 1 A then 𝜙 = 𝐿
Hence when a current of 1 A is passed through a coil,
the magnetic flux linked with the coil is called its self
inductance.
®
an emf is induced in the neighbouring coil. This
2. We know that phenomenon is called mutual induction. Due to the induced
𝑑𝑖 emf an induced current flows in the neighbouring coil.
𝑒=𝐿
𝑑𝑡  The coil in which the current is changed is called
𝑑𝑖 primary coil (P) and the coil in which the induced
If 𝑑𝑡 = 1 A/s, then 𝑒 = 𝐿
current is observed is called secondary coil (S).
Hence, if the rate of change of current in a coil is 1 A/s, When the main current in the primary coil is
then the emf induced in the coil is called self increased, the direction of induced current in the secondary
inductance. coil is opposite to the direction of main current.
Self Inductance of a Solenoid

Let
𝑁 = total number of turns in the solenoid
𝑙 = length of solenoid
𝑁
𝑛 = number of turns per unit length of the solenoid = 𝑙
𝐴 = area of cross section of the solenoid
𝑖 = current in the wire ofsolenoid When the main current is increasing
When the main current in the primary coil is
decreased, the direction of induced current in the secondary
coil is same as that of main current.
Magnetic field inside the solenoid

𝑁
𝐵 = µ0 𝑛𝑖 = µ0 𝑖
𝑙
Magnetic flux linked with the solenoid
𝑁
𝜙 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 00 = 𝑁 µ0 𝑖𝐴 When the main current is decreasing
𝑙
µ0 𝑁 2 𝐴𝑖 The magnetic flux (𝜙2 ) linked with the secondary
𝜙=
𝑙 coil is directly proportional to the current (𝑖1 ) flowing in the
From formula 𝜙 = 𝐿𝑖 primary coil
Self inductance of the solenoid i.e. 𝜙2 ∝ 𝑖1
𝜙 µ0 𝑁 2 𝐴𝑖
𝐿= =
𝑖 𝑙𝑖 or 𝝓𝟐 = 𝑴𝒊𝟏
𝟐
µ𝟎 𝑵 𝑨 where 𝑀 = coefficient of mutual induction or mutual
𝑳=
𝒍 inductance
 If the medium inside the solenoid is other than air Emf induced in the secondary coil
whose relative magnetic permeability is µ𝑟 then self 𝑑𝜙2
𝑒2 = −
inductance of the solenoid 𝑑𝑡
𝑑
µ𝒓 µ𝟎 𝑵𝟐 𝑨 = − (𝑀𝑖1 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑳=
𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝟏
𝒆𝟐 = −𝑴
𝒅𝒕
Mutual Induction and Mutual
Inductance Definitions of Mutual Inductance
It is the property of two coils by virtue of which each coil 1. We know that
opposes any change in current flowing through the other coil 𝜙2 = 𝑀𝑖1
by inducing an emf. If 𝑖1 = 1 A, then 𝜙2 = 𝑀
OR Hence, if the current flowing in the primary coil is 1 A,
When the current flowing in a coil is changed, the magnetic the magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil is
flux linked with its neighbouring coil changes. Due to this called mutual inductance.
®
2. We know that 𝒅𝝓
𝑑𝑖1 𝒆=− ,
𝑒2 = 𝑀 𝒅𝒕
𝑑𝑡 Voltage across the ends of primary coil
If
𝑑𝑖1
= 1 A/s, then 𝑒2 = 𝑀 𝑑𝜙
𝑑𝑡 𝑒𝑃 = −𝑁𝑃 … … . . (𝐢)
Hence, if the rate of change of current in the primary 𝑑𝑡
Voltage across the ends of secondary coil
coil is 1 A/s, the emf induced in the secondary coil is 𝑑𝜙
called mutual inductance. 𝑒𝑠 = −𝑁𝑆 … … … (𝐢𝐢)
𝑑𝑡
(ii) / (i) 𝒆𝑺 𝑵𝑺
Transformer = = 𝒓 … … . (𝐢𝐢𝐢)
𝒆𝑷 𝑵𝑷
It is an electrical device which is used for changing the
alternating voltages. where 𝑟 = transformation ratio
Principle: The working of a transformer is based on the  For step up transformer 𝑁𝑆 > 𝑁𝑃
principle of mutual induction i.e. whenever the magnetic ∴ 𝑟>1
flux linked with a coil changes, an emf is induced in the  For step down transformer 𝑁𝑆 < 𝑁𝑃
neighbouring coil. ∴ 𝑟<1
҉ If 𝑖𝑃 = current in the primary coil
Types of Transformers and 𝑖𝑆 = current in the secondary coil
There are two types of transformers: Then
1. Step up Transformer: It is used for increasing the Power in the primary coil 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑒𝑃 𝑖𝑃
alternating voltage. It consists of two coils (primary and Power in the secondary coil 𝑃𝑆 = 𝑒𝑆 𝑖𝑆
secondary). The primary coil consists of less number of If there is no loss of power then
turns of thick insulated copper wire and the secondary 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑃𝑆
coil consists of large number of turns of thin insulated 𝑒𝑃 𝑖𝑃 = 𝑒𝑆 𝑖𝑆
copper wire. 𝑒𝑆 𝑖𝑃
= … … . (𝐢𝐯)
𝑒𝑃 𝑖𝑆
From equations (iii) & (iv)
𝒆𝑺 𝑵𝑺 𝒊𝑷
= = =𝒓
𝒆𝑷 𝑵𝑷 𝒊𝑺
Efficiency of a Transformer
2. Step down Transformer: It is used for decreasing the It is defined as the ratio of power in the secondary coil (𝑃𝑆 )
alternating voltage. It also consists of two coils (primary to the power in the primary coil (𝑃𝑃 ). It is denoted by 𝜂.
and secondary). The primary coil consists of large
number of turns of thin insulated copper wire and the 𝑷𝑺 𝒆𝑺 𝒊𝑺
𝜼= =
secondary coil consists of less number of turns of thick 𝑷𝑷 𝒆𝑷 𝒊𝑷
insulated copper wire.
Energy Losses in a Transformer

1. Copper Losses: Although low resistance copper wire
is used for the windings of transformer still the wire has
a definite resistance and thereby contribute to heat
losses which are called copper losses.
2. Flux Losses: The magnetic flux produced by the
primary coil may not be all linked to the secondary
Let coil. It can be reduced by proper coupling of primary
𝑁𝑃 = number of turns in the primary coil and secondary coils.
𝑁𝑆 = number of turns in the secondary coil 3. Eddy Currents Losses: The changing magnetic field
If the leakage of magnetic flux is zero then the rate of not only induces currents in the secondary coil but also
change of magnetic flux will be same for both the coils. currents in the soft iron core itself. These currents flow
𝑑𝜙
Let 𝑑𝑡 = rate of change of magnetic flux per turn of each in little circles in the iron core and are called eddy
coil currents. The eddy currents cause heat loss. The heat
From Faraday’s second law loss, however, can be reduced by having the core
laminated.
®
4. Hysteresis Losses: During the working of transformer, Emf induced across the ends of armature coil
its core is under repeated magnetization and 𝑑𝜙 𝑑 𝑑
demagnetization. Due to this some heat is developed in 𝐸=− = − (𝑁𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡) = −𝑁𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
the core of the transformer which is called hysteresis = −𝑁𝐵𝐴 (−𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡) = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡
loss. It can be minimized by using soft iron core For E to be maximum i.e. E0, sin 𝜔𝑡 = 1
because the area of hysteresis loop of soft iron is small ∴ 𝐸0 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔 × 1 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔
and hence energy losses also becomes small.
Then 𝑬 = 𝑬𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕
A.C. Generator or Dynamo Graphical Representation of Induced (alternating) emf:
It is used for generating alternating emf and hence 2𝜋𝑡
𝐸 = 𝐸0 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐸0 sin ( )
alternating current. 𝑇
Principle: The working of a.c. generator is based on the
phenomenon of electromagnetic induction i.e. whenever the 𝒕 E
magnetic flux linked with a coil changes, an emf is induced 0 2𝜋
𝐸 = 𝐸0 sin ( × 0) = 𝐸0 sin 0 = 0
in the coil. 𝑇
Construction: The main parts of an a.c. generator are: T/4 2𝜋 𝑇 𝜋
𝐸 = 𝐸0 sin ( × ) = 𝐸0 sin = 𝐸0
𝑇 4 2
T/2 2𝜋 𝑇
𝐸 = 𝐸0 sin ( × ) = 𝐸0 sin 𝜋 = 0
𝑇 2
3T/4 2𝜋 3𝑇 3𝜋
𝐸 = 𝐸0 sin ( × ) = 𝐸0 sin = −𝐸0
𝑇 4 2
T 2𝜋
𝐸 = 𝐸0 sin ( × 𝑇) = 𝐸0 sin 2𝜋 = 0
𝑇
1. Armature: It consists of a large number of turns of

insulated copper wire wounded over a soft iron core.
2. Magnetic Poles: These are used to provide the magnetic
field to the armature coil.
3. Slip Rings: R1 and R2 are two hollow metallic rings. The
ends of armature coil are connected to these rings. These
rings rotate with the rotation of armature.
4. Brushes: B1 and B2 are called brushes. They are kept in
light contact with the slip rings R1 and R2 respectively.
The brushes pass the current from the armature coil to the
load resistance R.
Working: When the armature coil is rotated between the
magnetic poles, the magnetic flux linked with the armature
coil changes continuously. Hence an emf is induced across
the end of the armature coil.
Let
𝐵 = magnetic field between the poles of magnet
𝐴 = area of each turn of the coil
𝑁 = number of turns in the coil
𝜃 = angle between the magnetic field vector and the area
vector at an instant 𝑡
Angular velocity of the armature coil
𝜃
𝜔= ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝜔𝑡
𝑡
Magnetic flux linked with the coil
𝜙 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡
®
7. (CBSE 2015) In the given figure, a bar magnet is
NUMERICAL AND quickly moved towards a conducting loop having a
capacitor.
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
MAGNETIC FLUX
1. A circular disc of radius 0.2 m is placed in a uniform
1
magnetic field of induction 𝜋 Wb/m2 in such a way that Predict the polarity of the plates A and B of the
its axis makes an angle of 60° with the magnetic field. capacitor.
Calculate the magnetic flux linked with the disc. [Ans: A → positive, B → negative]
[Ans: 0.02 Wb]
8. Figures show planer loops of different shapes moving
2. A rectangular loop of area 20 cm × 30 cm is placed in a out of or into a region of magnetic field which is
magnetic field of 0.3 T, with its plane directed normal to the plane of loops away from the
(a) inclined 30º to the field reader.
(b) parallel to the field
Find out the magnetic flux linked with the loop.
[Ans: (a) 9×10-3 Wb (b) zero]
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
3. The south pole of a magnet is brought near a conducting
loop as shown in figure.
Determine the direction of induced current in each loop.

[Ans: (i) along abcda (ii) along acba (iii) along abcda
What is the direction of induced current as seen by a (iv) anticlockwise]
person on the other side of the loop?
[Ans: anticlockwise] 9. Two loops of different shapes are moved in a region of
uniform magnetic field in the directions marked by
4. (CBSE 2017) A bar magnet is moved in the direction arrows as shown in figure.
indicated by the arrow between two coils PQ and CD.
Predict the direction of the induced current in each coil.

[Ans: P to Q, D to C]
What is the direction of induced current in each loop?
5. A bar magnet falls through a metal ring. Will its [Ans: anticlockwise, clockwise]
acceleration be equal to ‘ 𝑔 ’ (acceleration due to
gravity)? 10. (CBSE 2014) Use Lenz’s law to determine the direction
[Ans: No, less than 𝒈] of induced current in the situations described by the
following figures.
6. (CBSE 2015) Figure shows a current carrying solenoid
moving towards a conducting loop.
Find the direction of the current induced in the loop.

[Ans: clockwise] (a) A wire if irregular shape turning into a circular
shape.
®
(b) A circular loop being deformed into a narrow [Ans: 0.5 A]
straight wire.
[Ans: (a) along adcb (b) along adcb] 16. The magnetic flux through a circuit of resistance 𝑅
changes by an amount ∆𝜙 in a time ∆𝑡. Determine the
11. Predict the direction of induced current in a metal ring total quantity of electric charge 𝑞 that passes any point
when the ring is moved towards a straight conductor in the circuit during the time ∆𝑡.
with constant speed 𝑣. The conductor is carrying current [Ans: ]
∆𝝓
𝑖 in the direction shown in figure. 𝑹
17. A circular coil of 𝑁 turns and radius 𝑅, is kept normal to

a magnetic field, given by 𝐵 = 𝐵0 cos 𝜔𝑡. Deduce an
expression for the induced emf.
[Ans: clockwise] [Ans: 𝑵𝝅𝑹𝟐 𝑩𝟎 𝝎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝝎𝒕]
12. (CBSE 2014) The electric current flowing in a wire in 18. (NCERT) A square loop of side 10 cm and resistance
the direction from B to A is decreasing. Find out the 0.7 Ω is placed vertically in east-west plane. A uniform
direction of induced current in the metallic loop kept magnetic field 0.7 T directed along north-south
above the wire as shown. direction is decreased to zero in 0.7 s, at a steady rate.
Determine the magnitudes of induced emf and current
during this time interval.
[Ans: 10-2 V, 1.4×10-2 A]
19. A wire 88 cm long bent into a circular loop is placed

[Ans: clockwise] perpendicular to the magnetic field of flux density 2.5
Wb/m2. Within 0.5 s, the loop is changed into a square
13. (CBSE 2017) Predict the direction of induced currents of each side 22 cm and the flux density is increased to 3
in metal rings 1 and 2 lying in the same plane when the Wb/m2. Calculate the value of induced emf.
current 𝑖 in the wire is increasing steadily. [Ans: 1.76×10-2 V]
20. (NCERT) A circular coil of radius 10 cm, 500 turns and

resistance 2 Ω is placed with its plane perpendicular to
the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field. It is
rotated about its vertical diameter through 180° in 0.25
s. Estimate the magnitude of the emf and current
[Ans: 1 → clockwise, 2 → anti clockwise] induced in the coil. Horizontal component of earth’s
magnetic field at the place is 3×10-5 T.
[Ans: 3.8×10-3 V, 1.9×10-3 A]
FARADAY’S LAWS OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION 21. (CBSE 2016) A rectangular coil of area 𝐴 , having
14. A rectangular loop and a circular loop are moving out of number of turns 𝑁 is rotated at 𝑓 revolutions per second
a uniform magnetic field region to a field free region in a uniform magnetic field 𝐵 , the field being
with a constant velocity. perpendicular to the coil. Prove that the maximum emf
induced in the coil is 2𝜋𝑓𝑁𝐵𝐴.
22. (NCERT) Prove that the emf induced across the ends of
a rod of length 𝑙 moving with a uniform angular velocity
𝜔 about one of its ends in a uniform magnetic field 𝐵
applied normal to the plane of rotation is given by 𝑒 =
In which loop you expect the induced emf to be constant 1
𝐵𝜔𝑙 2.
during the passage out of the field normal to the loops? 2
Explain. OR
[Ans: rectangular loop] A metallic rod of 𝐿 length is rotated with angular
frequency 𝜔 with one end hinged at the centre and the
15. A coil of resistance 400 Ω is placed in a magnetic field. other end at the circumference of a circular metallic ring
If the magnetic flux 𝜙(Wb) linked with the coil varies of radius 𝐿, about an axis passing through the centre and
perpendicular to the plane of the ring. A constant and
with time 𝑡 (s) as 𝜙 = (50𝑡 2 + 4) . Determine the
uniform magnetic field 𝐵 parallel to the axis is present
current in the coil at 𝑡 = 2 s.
®
everywhere. Deduce the expression for the emf between
the centre and the metallic ring. 27. (CBSE 2014) A rectangular loop PQMN with movable
𝟏
[Ans: 𝟐 𝑩𝝎𝑳𝟐] arm PQ of length 10 cm and resistance 2 Ω is placed in
a uniform magnetic field of 0.1 T acting perpendicular
to the plane of the loop as shown in the figure.
23. (NCERT) A metallic rod of length 1 m is rotated with a
frequency of 50 rps, with one end hinged at the centre
and the other end at the circumference of a circular
metallic ring of radius 1 m, about an axis passing
through the centre and perpendicular to the plane of the
ring. A constant uniform magnetic field of 1 T parallel
to the axis is present everywhere. What is the emf
between the centre and the metallic ring?
[Ans: 157.1 V]
The resistances of arms MN, NP and MQ are negligible.
24. (CBSE 2013, 2014, 2017) A metallic rod of length 𝑙 is
Calculate
rotated with a uniform angular speed 𝜔, with one end
(a) emf induced in the arm PQ and
hinged at the centre and the other end at the
(b) current induced in the loop when arm PQ is moved
circumference of a metallic ring of radius 𝑅 = 𝑙, about
with velocity 20 m/s.
an axis passing through the centre and perpendicular to
[Ans: (a) 0.2 V (b) 0.1 A]
the plane of the ring. A constant and uniform magnetic
field 𝐵 parallel to the axis is present everywhere. 28. (CBSE 2013) A rectangular conductor LMNO is placed
Deduce the expression for the emf induced in the rod. If in a magnetic field of 0.5 T. The field is directed
𝑟 is the resistance of the rod and the metallic ring and perpendicular to the plane of the conductor.
has negligible resistance, obtain the expression for the
power generated.
𝟏 𝑩𝟐 𝝎𝟐 𝒍𝟒
[Ans: 𝑩𝝎𝒍𝟐 , ]
𝟐 𝟒𝒓
25. (CBSE 2013) A wheel with 8 metallic spokes each 50

cm long is rotated with a speed of 120 rpm in a plane
normal to the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic
field. The earth’s magnetic field at the place is 0.4 G
and the angle of dip is 60°. Calculate the emf induced When the arm MN of length of 20 cm is moved towards
between the axle and the rim of the wheel. How will the left with a velocity of 10 m/s, calculate the emf induced
value emf be affected if the number of spokes were in the arm. Given the resistance of the arm to be 5 Ω
increased? (assuming that other arms are of negligible resistance)
[Ans: 3.15×10-5 V, Not effected] find the value of current in the arm.
[Ans: 1 V, 0.2 A]
MOTIONAL EMF
26. (CBSE 2019) The figure shows a rectangular 29. (CBSE 2017) A horizontal conducting rod 10 m long
conducting frame MNOP of resistance 𝑅 placed partly extending from east to west is falling with a speed 5
⃗ and moved with m/s at right angles to the horizontal component of the
in a perpendicular magnetic field 𝐵
earth’s magnetic field 0.3×10-4 Wb/m2. Find the
velocity 𝑣 as shown in the figure.
instantaneous value of the emf induced in the rod.
[Ans: 1.5×10-3 V]
30. An aircraft with a wingspan of 40 m flies with a

speed of 1080 km/h in eastward direction at a
constant altitude in the northern hemisphere, where
the vertical component of earth’s magnetic field is
1.75×10-5 T. Find the emf that develops between the
Obtain the expression for the tips of the wings.
(a) force acting on the arm ON and its direction [Ans: 0.21 V]
(b) power required to move the frame to get a steady
emf induced between the arms MN and PO 31. Two rails of railway track insulated from each other
𝑩𝟐 𝒍𝟐 𝒗𝟐 and the ground are connected to a milli voltmeter.
[Ans: (a) zero (b) 𝑹
]
®
What is the reading of voltmeter, when a train travels uniform magnetic field of 2 T, the field lines being
with a speed of 180 km/h along the track? Given that normal to the plane of paper.
the vertical component of earth’s magnetic field is
2×10-5 Wb/m2 and the rails are separated by 1 m.
[Ans: 10-3 V]
32. (NCERT, CBSE 2015, 2018) A jet plane is travelling

west at the speed of 1800 km/h.
(a) Estimate potential difference developed between
the ends of wings having a span of 25 m, if the The frame is connected to an electrical network of
earth’s magnetic field at the location has a resistors, each of resistance 2 Ω. Calculate the speed
magnitude of 5×10-4 T and the dip angle is 30°. of the frame, for which 2 mA current flows in the
(b) How will the voltage developed be affected if the loop.
jet changes its direction from west to north? [Ans: 1.33×10-2 m/s]
[Ans: (a) 3.125 V (b) Not affected]
37. (NCERT) Refer to figure.
33. (NCERT, CBSE 2017) A horizontal straight wire 10
m long extending from east to west is falling with a
speed of 5 m/s at right angles to the horizontal
component of earth’s magnetic field 3×10-5 Wb/m2.
(a) What is the instantaneous value of emf induced in
the wire?
(b) What is the direction of emf?
(c) Which end of the wire is at higher potential?
[Ans: (a) 1.5×10-3 V (b) west to east (c) east]
The arm PQ of rectangular conductor is moved from
34. (NCERT) A rectangular loop of sides 8 cm and 2 cm 𝑥 = 0 to the right side. The uniform magnetic field is
with a small cut is moving out of a region of uniform perpendicular to the plane and extends from 𝑥 = 0 to
magnetic field of magnitude 0.3 T directed normal to 𝑥 = 𝑏 , and is zero for 𝑥 ˃ 𝑏 . Only the arm PQ
the loop. What is the voltage developed across the cut possesses a resistance 𝑟. Consider the situation when
if velocity of loop is 1 cm/s in a direction normal to the arm PQ is pulled outwards from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 2𝑏
the and is then moved back to 𝑥 = 0 with constant speed
(a) longer side 𝑣. Obtain the expressions for the flux, induced emf,
(b) shorter side of the loop? force necessary to pull the arm and the power
For how long does the induced voltage lasts in dissipated as heat. Sketch the variations of these
each case? quantities with time.
[Ans: (a) 2.4×10-4 V, 2 s (b) 6×10-5 V, 8 s]
38. (CBSE 2015) A square loop of side 20 cm is initially
35. A 0.5 m long metal rod PQ completes the circuit as kept 30 cm away from a region of uniform magnetic
shown in the figure. field of 0.1 T as shown in figure.
The area of the circuit is perpendicular to the

magnetic field of flux density 0.15 T. If the resistance It is then moved towards the right with a velocity of
of the total circuit is 3 Ω, calculate the force needed 10 cm/s till it goes out of the field.
to move the rod in the direction as indicated with a Plot a graph showing the variation of
constant speed of 2 m/s. (i) magnetic flux (𝜙) through the loop with time (𝑡)
[Ans: 3.75×10-3 N] (ii) induced emf (𝐸) in the loop with time (𝑡)
(iii) induced current (𝑖) in the loop with time if it has
36. A metallic frame PQRS (PQ = 15 cm) having resistance of 0.1 Ω.
resistance 1 Ω is moved at a uniform velocity 𝑣 in a
®
MUTUAL INDUCTION
SELF INDUCTION 44. (CBSE 2016) Two circular coils, one of radius 𝑟 and
39. A plot of magnetic flux (𝜙 ) versus current (𝑖 ) is the other of radius 𝑅 are placed co-axially with their
shown in the figure for two inductors A and B. centres coinciding. For 𝑅˃𝑟, obtain an expression for
the mutual inductance of the arrangement.
µ𝟎 𝝅𝒓𝟐
[Ans: 𝟐𝑹
]
45. (CBSE 2013) How the mutual inductance of a pair of

coils change when
Which of the two has large value of self-inductance? (a) distance between the coils is increased and
[Ans: A] (b) number of turns in the coils is increased?
[Ans: (a) decreases (b) increases]
40. An inductor 𝐿, a resistance 𝑅 and two identical bulbs,
B1 and B2 are connected to a battery through a switch 46. (NCERT) A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual
S as shown in figure. inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in one coil changes
from 0 to 20 A in 0.5 s, what is the change in flux
linkage with the other coil?
[Ans: 30 Wb]
47. Two coils have mutual inductance of 1.5 H. If the

current in the primary coil is raised to 5 A in 1 ms
after closing the circuit, what is the emf induced in
The resistance 𝑅 is the same as that of the coil that the secondary coil?
makes 𝐿. Which of the following statements gives the [Ans: 7.5×103 V]
correct description of the happenings when the switch
S is closed 48. An emf of 0.5 V is developed in the secondary coil,
(a) B1 lights up earlier and finally both the bulbs when the current in the primary coil changes from 5
acquire equal brightness A to 2 A in 300 ms. Calculate the mutual inductance
(b) B2 lights up earlier and finally B1 shines brighter of the coils.
than B2 [Ans: 5×10-2 H]
(c) B1 and B2 light up together with equal brightness
all the time 49. (CBSE 2020) (a) Differentiate between self-
(d) The bulb B2 lights up earlier than B1 and finally inductance and mutual inductance.
both the bulbs shine equally bright (b) The mutual inductance of two coaxial coils is 2 H.
[Ans: (d)] The current in one coil is changed uniformly from
zero to 0.5 A in 100 ms. Find the
41. (NCERT) Current in a circuit falls from 5 A to zero (i) change in magnetic flux through the other coil.
in 0.1 s. If an average emf of 220 V is induced, give (ii) emf induced in the other coil during the change.
an estimate of the self-inductance of the circuit. [Ans: (b) (i) 1 Wb (ii) 10 V]
[Ans: 4.4 H]
50. (NCERT) Obtain an expression for the mutual
42. An average induced emf of 0.2 V appears in a coil inductance between a long straight wire and a square
when the current in it is changed from 5 A in one loop of side ‘𝑎’ as shown in figure.
direction to 5 A in opposite direction in 0.2 s. Find
the self-inductance of the coil.
[Ans: 4×10-3 H]
43. In an inductor of self-inductance 𝐿 = 2 mH, current

changes with time according to the relation 𝑖 =
𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡 . At what time emf is zero? 𝝁𝟎 𝒂
[Ans: 2 s] [Ans: 𝑴 = 𝟐𝝅
𝒂 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 (𝒃 + 𝟏)]
®
TRANSFORMER (b) the output voltage
51. Can a transformer be used to step up or step down a (c) the current in the secondary.
d.c. voltage? Justify your answer. [Ans: (a) 4.5×104 W (b) 250 V (c) 180 A]
[Ans: No]
60. A transformer has an efficiency of 80%. It works at 4
52. A transformer has 50 turns in the primary and 100 in kW and 100 V. If the secondary voltage is 240 V,
the secondary. If the primary is connected to a 220 V find the primary and secondary currents.
d.c. supply, what will be the voltage across the [Ans: 40 A, 13.3 A]
secondary?
[Ans: Zero] A.C. GENERATOR
61. A rectangular coil of 200 turns of wire and 600 cm2
53. (NCERT) A power transmission line feeds input area makes 50 rps in a magnetic field of 8×10-2
power at 2300 V to a step down transformer, with its Wb/m2. What are the instantaneous values of induced
primary winding having 4000 turns. What should be emf when the plane of coil makes the angle with
the number of turns in the secondary winding in order magnetic field (a) 0° (b) 60° (c) 90°.
to get output power at 230 V? [Ans: (a) 301.7 V (b) 150.85 V (c) zero]
[Ans: 400]
62. In a region of uniform magnetic induction 𝐵 = 10-2 T,
54. The primary and secondary coils of a transformer a circular coil of radius 30 cm and resistance 𝜋 2 Ω is
have 50 and 1500 turns respectively. If the magnetic rotated about an axis which is perpendicular to the
flux 𝜙 linked with the primary coil is given by 𝜙𝑃 = direction of 𝐵 and which forms a diameter of the coil.
𝜙0 + 4𝑡, where 𝜙 is in weber, 𝑡 is time in second and If the coil rotates at 200 rpm, determine the amplitude
𝜙0 is a constant, what is the output voltage across the of the alternating current induced in the coil.
secondary coil? [Ans: 6×10-3 A]
[Ans: 120 V]
63. (NCERT) A boy peddles a stationary bicycle, the
55. How much current is drawn by the primary coil of a pedals of which are attached to a 100 turn coil of area
transformer which steps down 220 V to 22 V to 0.1 m2. The coil rotates at half a revolution in 1 s and
operate a device with an impedance of 220 Ω? it is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 10-2 T
[Ans: 10-2 A] perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the coil. What
is the maximum voltage generated in the coil?
56. (CBSE 2016) How much current is drawn by the [Ans: 0.31 V]
primary of a transformer connected to a 220 V
supply, when it delivers power to a 110 V–550 W
refrigerator?
[Ans: 2.5 A]
57. The output voltage of an ideal transformer connected

to a 240 V a.c. mains is 24 V. When this transformer
is used to light a bulb with rating 12 V, 24 W,
calculate the current in the primary coil.
[Ans: 0.4 A]
58. Calculate the current drawn by the primary of a

transformer which steps down 200 V to 20 V to
operate a device of resistance 20 Ω. Assume
efficiency of transformer to be 80%.
[Ans: 0.125 A]
59. A step down transformer operates on a 2.5 kV line. It

supplies a load with 20 A. The ratio of the primary
winding to the secondary winding is 10 : 1. If the
transformer is 90% efficient, calculate
(a) the power output ☼SATISH KUMAR SIR☼
®

CHAPTER 6o

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

CHAPTER 6o

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 6o

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

☼☼REVISION BATCH NOTES FOR CLASS XII BOARD EXAMS FOR SESSION 2023-2024 ☼☼

☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼ PREPARED BY: SATISH KUMAR SIR ☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼

CLASS XII REVISION BATCH

Energy Consideration in Motional

Self Inductance of a Solenoid

Magnetic field inside the solenoid

Energy Losses in a Transformer

1. Armature: It consists of a large number of turns of

Determine the direction of induced current in each loop.

Predict the direction of the induced current in each coil.

Find the direction of the current induced in the loop.

17. A circular coil of 𝑁 turns and radius 𝑅, is kept normal to

19. A wire 88 cm long bent into a circular loop is placed

20. (NCERT) A circular coil of radius 10 cm, 500 turns and

25. (CBSE 2013) A wheel with 8 metallic spokes each 50

30. An aircraft with a wingspan of 40 m flies with a

32. (NCERT, CBSE 2015, 2018) A jet plane is travelling

The area of the circuit is perpendicular to the

45. (CBSE 2013) How the mutual inductance of a pair of

47. Two coils have mutual inductance of 1.5 H. If the

43. In an inductor of self-inductance 𝐿 = 2 mH, current

57. The output voltage of an ideal transformer connected

58. Calculate the current drawn by the primary of a

59. A step down transformer operates on a 2.5 kV line. It

You might also like