Faculty of

Architecture, Planning and Surveying

Sustainable and Large-Scale Construction

CMA 534

Presented by
Sr Ts. Muhamad Zaihafiz bin Zainal Abidin,
MRISM, P.Tech CCM CIDB
Diploma Building Services
B.Eng Civil (UTHM)
MSc. Integrated Cons Project Management (UITM)
Advance Diploma RISM in Building Surveying

LECTURE 3– Load and Tall building

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The best preparation for tomorrow is doing your best today.
TALL BUILDINGS

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The best preparation for tomorrow is doing your best today.
 Classification of loadings
DEAD LOADS
LIVE LOADS
WIND LOADS

DEAD LOADS
SEISMIC LOADING
LIVE LOADS
CONSTRUCTION LOADS LOAD ACTION
ON TALL
➢ Loads Due to Restrained Volume
Changes of Materials

BUILDING
➢ Rain, Snow & Ice Loads
➢ Water and Earth Pressure Loads
➢ Impact and Dynamic Loads
SEISMIC ➢ Blast Loads
WIND LOADS
LOADING ➢ Combination of Load

CONSTRUCTION
LOADS
 A. DEAD LOAD

Static forces caused by the weight of every

element within the structure.

• The forces resulting in dead load

consists of the weights of the load
bearing elements of the building, floor
and ceiling finishes, permanent partition
walls, façade cladding, storage tanks,
mechanical distribution systems etc.

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B. LIVE LOAD

‘Occupancy Loads’ : Loads caused by the

contents of objects within or on a building. Not
part of the structure
Include weights of people, furniture, movable
partitions, mechanical equipment's (e.g
computers, business machines) etc.
Variable and unpredictable. Change in live
loads not only over time but also as a function
of location.

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C. WIND LOADS

Lateral action caused by

winds.
Wind velocity in general increases with height.
The taller the building is, the more exposed the
building to strong winds.
Can cause the parts of the external wall or
roof to be blown off.
If the building is slender, it will sway or vibrate in
the wind.
Major problem for the designer of tall buildings.

The best preparation for tomorrow is doing your best today.

The best preparation for tomorrow is doing your best today.
D. SEISMIC LOADING

The earth’s crust is not static; its subject to

constant motion.
Seismic motion acts on the building by shaking
the foundation back and forth.
The mass of the building resists this motion,
setting up inertia forces throughout the
structure

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 E. CONSTRUCTION LOADS

Loads during construction of a building – example

contractors commonly stockpile heavy equipment
and materials on a small area of the structure.

Causes concentrated loads that are much

larger than the assumed live loads which the
structure was designed.

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TALL BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

- Column and Beam

Elements
- Capable of
Linear resisting axial and
rotational beam

- Floor : solid or ribbed,

- Wall : either solid
supported on floor
with peforation or
framing, capable of
Element

trussed, capable of
Surface

supporting forces in
carrying axial and
and perpendicular to
rotational forces
the plane
s

- Façade envelope
or core for
Elements
Spatia

example, tying
the building
together to act as
a unit
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Types of Highrise structure system

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The best preparation for tomorrow is doing your best today.
Rigid Frame system

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Flat plate/slab system

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Core system
reinforced concrete
core shear wall
resisting all the
vertical and lateral
loads

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Types of bracing

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Mega core system
Mega core systems consist of
reinforced concrete or composite
core shear walls with
much larger cross-sections than
normal, running continuously
throughout the height
of the building.

there is no need for columns or

shear walls on the perimeter of
the building.

The best preparation for tomorrow is doing your best today.

Outriggered frame system

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Trump International Hotel & Tower, Chicago, USA, 2009 Eureka Tower, Melbourne, Australia, 2006

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 Tube systems
Fazlur Rahman Khan who is considered the “father of tubular design”

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Frame tube system

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Diagrid Frame-tube system

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Trussed-tube systems

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The best preparation for tomorrow is doing your best today.
Tutorial
• Pick one highrise building in Malaysia and write 800- 1000
words to explain the about the building structure. You may use
the following writing structure example as guidelines.

The best preparation for tomorrow is doing your best today.

• What are the reasons that drive people to built tall and taller building?
• Define types of loading need to be consider for highrise building.
• Find one highrise building in Malaysia and study its structural systems. If your study mention and explain
what system used by the proposed building?
• Proposed one building that spearhead the idea of sustainable for tall building construction?

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Link to visit
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWp6vSHFG4M
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fab1KBHFaOE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=raW7j1tUTEI
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DPp2NcnTb0
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_vPKqVg1eA

The best preparation for tomorrow is doing your best today.