Welcome to

Limits, Continuity &

Differentiability
 Table of contents

Session 01 03 Session 06 145

Limits 04 Derivative 146
Indeterminate forms 07 Differentiability 148
Relation between continuity & 155
Infinite Limits 16
Differentiability

Session 02 32 Session 07 175

Sandwich theorem 39 Properties of differentiability 176
Intermediate value theorem 184
Session 03 64
Standard limits 65 Session 08 198
Definition of dy/dx 199
1! form 68
Derivative of standard 204
0! & ∞" form 76 functions

Session 04 83 Session 09 235

Continuity of a function 84 Modulus based questions 248
Continuity of inverse functions 108 Logarithmic differentiation 253

Session 05 112 Session 10 266

Continuity in an interval 122 Implicit differentiation 271
Higher order derivatives 278
 Session 1
Introduction to Limits

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Limit 𝑥 → 𝑎: lim
+→-

𝑥 → 𝑎 means that 𝑥 approaches to 𝑎

For RHL 𝑥 = 𝑎 + ℎ 𝑥 =𝑎−ℎ 𝑥 =𝑎+ℎ

LHL 𝑥 = 𝑎 − ℎ 𝑎

ℎ is infinitely small +𝑣𝑒 quantity

Limits

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑎 − ℎ
+→- ! .→/
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ
+→- " .→/

Limit of a function 𝑓 𝑥 is said to exist

𝐿 finitely as 𝑥 → 𝑎 when (𝑥 is not equal to 𝑎 )

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim " 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 (finite)

+→- ! +→-

Left hand limit Right hand limit

𝑎

∴ lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐿 (finite)
+→-
Limits

We check function 𝑓(𝑥)’s limiting value at 𝑥 = 𝑎 by LHL & RHL , if

LHL = RHL ⇒ limit exists at 𝑥 = 𝑎.

We check LHL = RHL at 𝑥 = 𝑎 only when 𝑥 lies in between

the domain of 𝑓 𝑥 .

If 𝑥 = 𝑎 is the end point of the domain then we don’t check LHL, RHL both
We check whatever is available.
Key Takeaways

INDETERMINATE FORMS

Whose value can’t be directly determined by substituting value of 𝑥.

We have 7 indeterminate forms :

/ 0
,
/ 0
, ∞ − ∞, 0×∞, 10 , 0/ , ∞/
Key Takeaways

Note
Forms like:
∞×∞ → ∞ ∞0 → ∞

∞+∞→∞ →/"
exact 0 =0

𝑎
=0 (if 𝑎 is infinite) !
∞ (exact 0)→/ = not defined
∞
→∞ are not indeterminate forms.
→0

exact 0
=0
→0

0
→0 =0
Key Takeaways

Note
Forms like:

∞+∞ ∞

∞−∞ Indetermined

∞×∞ ∞

0
0
Indetermined form

00 0

∞/ Indetermined

0×∞ Indetermined
Basic

0 0
less than 1 =0 .2 =0
0 , 𝑎 <1

greater than 1 0
→∞ 1.1 0
→∞ lim 𝑎 +
= ∞ , 𝑎 >1
+→0

1 , 𝑎 =1
0
Exactly 1 =1

0
𝑒 →∞

10 2
𝑒 = 3# →0
 Which of the following are indeterminate forms:

+12 + 789 + 4. lim 𝑥 ; − 1 −𝑥

1. lim + $ 12 2. lim" 3. lim% 𝑥 +→10
+→/ + +→
+→2 $

Solution: +12 212 /

1. lim + $ 12 = 212 = / YES
+→2

+ [/5.] /
2. lim" = lim = lim = 0 NO
+→/ + .→/ . .→/ .

%
789 + : 789 $ 0 0
3. lim% 𝑥 = = 1.57 = 1 =1 NO
+→ ;
$

4. lim 𝑥 ; − 1 −𝑥 = −∞ ; − 1 − −∞ NO
+→10
 !⋅%! *
If lim = then find the range of 𝑥.
!→# !⋅ &'( !)!⋅%!"#)%! %

!⋅%! *
Solution: lim =%
!→# !⋅ &'( !)!⋅%!"#)%!

!⋅%! * *
lim $%& ! # = lim $%& ! # =
!→# !⋅%! )%) !→# )%) %
'! ! '! !

In numerator we have 1 so we have to make

denominator = 3 but we already having 3 in
denominator so for the equation holds true
&'( !
lim %
=0
!→#
&'( &'( −1 0 2 5
%
<1⇒ %
<1

𝑥 − 2 < 3 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −1, 5 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −1,5

Key Takeaways

Questions based on Existence of limit:

We check existence of Limits only when function is

𝑖 [ ]

𝑖𝑖 . { }

𝑖𝑖𝑖 . | |

𝑖𝑣 . sgn(𝑥)

1 + 𝑥(; 𝑥 ≥ 1
𝑣 . 𝑓 𝑥 =R
2𝑥, 𝑥 < 1

)
𝑣𝑖 . Function → *±,
 #
lim 𝑒 $ is equal to ____ ?
&→+

Solution: LHL 𝑥 = 0 − ℎ RHL 𝑥 = 0 + ℎ

# #
lim% 𝑒 $ lim" 𝑒 $
&→+ &→+
# #
lim 𝑒 %- = 𝑒 '# → 0 lim 𝑒 - = 𝑒 # → ∞
,→+ ,→+

LHL = 0 RHL = ∞

LHL ≠ RHL

LDNE
 # '*
Evaluate lim 1 + 2 $
&→+

Solution: For L.H.L, 𝑥 = 0 − ℎ For R.H.L, 𝑥 = 0 + ℎ

L.H.L R.H.L
$ $
= lim ! = lim !
!→# !→#
$%&"# $%&%#
$ $
= =
$%&"$ $%&$
$ $
= =
$%# $%'
$
=1 = =0
'

Since, L.H.L ≠ R.H.L, Hence limit doesn’t exist.

Infinite Limit:

If L.H.L and R.H.L are both approachingg ∞ or −∞, then it is said to be infinite
limit.

For example:

• lim | cot 𝑥 | = infinite

*→/

3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
−2𝜋 − −𝜋 − 0
2 2 2 2
For example:

)
• lim * = does not exist.
*→0

• As L.H.L = ∞ and 0
R.H.L = −∞
 Evaluate lim (−1) & (where denotes greatest integer function)
&→**

Solution:
For L.H.L, 𝑥 = 11 − ℎ For R.H.L, 𝑥 = 11 + ℎ
L.H.L R.H.L
[$$%!]
= lim −1 [$$)!] = lim −1
!→# !→#
$$
= lim −1 $# = lim −1
!→# !→#

= +1 = −1

Since, L.H.L and R.H.L are having different values. Hence limit doesn’t
exist.
 Evaluate: lim [cos 𝑥] (where denotes greatest integer function)
&→+
&1+

Solution:
cos(0 − ℎ) cos(0 + ℎ)
For L.H.L, 𝑥 = 0 − ℎ For R.H.L, 𝑥 = 0 + ℎ
L.H.L R.H.L

= lim [cos(0 − ℎ)] = lim [cos(0 + ℎ)]

!→# !→# 9
−: 0−ℎ 0 0+ℎ 9
:
= lim [𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1] = lim [𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1]
!→# !→#

=0 =0

The Limit of the function is L.H.L= R.H.L = 0.

 lim [tan( 𝑥] is equal to ? (where denotes greatest integer function)
&→+

Solution: 𝑌
For L.H.L, 𝑥 = 0 − ℎ For R.H.L, 𝑥 = 0 + ℎ
L.H.L R.H.L 𝑦 = tan( 𝑥

= lim [tan& (0 − ℎ)] = lim [tan& (0 + ℎ)]

!→# !→#
0−ℎ 0+ℎ
= lim 0 = lim 0 𝑋
!→# !→# 𝑂
=0 =0

∴ L.H.L = R.H.L = 0
 Key Takeaways

The fractional part function {x} is defined as the algebraic function

which is given by the difference between real number and its
integral value.
𝑌
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 =𝑥 − 𝑥
1

• Basic of { }
-1 𝑂 1 2 3 4 5
𝑋
.6 = 0.6 −.6 = 1 − 0.6

1+ℎ = ℎ =ℎ

6 − ℎ = −ℎ = 1 − ℎ
 lim {𝑥} (where
Evaluate : *→1 denotes fractional part function)

Solution: lim {𝑥}

*→1

L.H.L, 𝑥 = 8 − ℎ R.H.L, 𝑥 = 8 + ℎ

lim 8 − ℎ lim 8 + ℎ
2→0 2→0

−ℎ ℎ

lim 1 − ℎ lim ℎ
2→0 2→0

⇒1−0=1 ⇒0

LDNE
 Evaluate : lim! cot 3) 𝑥 cot 𝑥 (where ∗ denotes fractional part function)
*→0

Solution: lim cot 3) 𝑥 cot 𝑥

*→0!

⇒𝑥 =0−ℎ

= lim cot 3) −ℎ cot −ℎ

2→0

= lim cot 3) 1 − ℎ cot 1 − ℎ

2→0

= cot 3) 1 ⋅ cot 1 = cot 3) cot 1 = 1

 456$ {*} 𝑥>0
*$3 * $
(where denotes fractional part function),
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥=0
1
𝑥<0 then evaluate lim 𝑓(𝑥)
cot 3) 𝑥 ⋅ cot 𝑥 *→0

Solution: LHL → 𝑥 = 0 − ℎ RHL → 𝑥 = 0 − ℎ

𝑥<0 𝑥>0

lim! cot 3) 𝑥 ⋅ cot 𝑥 456$ *

*→0 lim" * $ 3 * $ = 1
*→0

=1

⇒ LHL = RHL = 1
 0 ;
L’Hospital Rule (For 0 , ; form)

Use L’ Hospital’s Rule

If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 & lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 0
*→, *→,
or
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = ∞ & lim 𝑔 𝑥 =∞
*→, *→,

9 * 9& *
Then, lim : *
= lim :& *
= ⋯ ( till indeterminate form eliminates )
*→, *→,

Examples:

•
456 * 456 0 0
• ,
<=6 * <=6 0 0
lim , As = . lim As = .
*→0 * 0 0 *→0 * 0 0

>?< * >?< 0 ) <@>$ * <@>$ 0 )$

So, lim )
= lim )
= ) = 1. So, lim = lim = = 1.
*→0 *→0 *→0 ) *→0 ) )
Algebra of Limits

Let lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙, and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑚. If 𝑙 and 𝑚 are finite, then :
*→, *→,

lim {𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 } = 𝑙 ± 𝑚
*→,

lim {𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔 𝑥 } = 𝑙 ⋅ 𝑚
*→,

9 * A
lim : *
= B ,𝑚 ≠ 0
*→,
 C?D * ' 3 *
Evaluate : lim *
(where denotes greatest integer function)
*→;

Solution: Use L’ Hospital Rule

C?D * ' 3 *
lim
*→; * 9(*) 0 ;
If lim :(*) → 0 or ; form, then
*→,
C?D * '
= lim *
−1 9 & (*)
*→; lim :& (*) & put limit
*→,
G C?D *
= lim *
−1
*→;

C?D * ;
= 𝑛 lim *
−1 lim
C?D *
→
C?D ;
→
*→; *→; * ; ;
(
) )
= 𝑛 lim − 1 = 𝑛× − 1 = 0 − 1 = −1
*→; ) ;
 ) )
lim ( − (2 = ? ⇒ ∞ − ∞ form ⇒ Take LCM
2→0 2 1H2 *

) )
Solution: ⇒ lim ( − (2 ∗ +∗ G
→Use B.T.
2→0 2 1H2 *
G
1+𝑥 ≈ 1 + 𝑛𝑥, when 𝑥 is
(
(3 1H2 *
⇒ lim (
sufficiently small
2→0 (2 1H2 *
G G G3)
1+𝑥 ≈ 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + (!
⋅ 𝑥 ( , when 𝑥 is
(
+ *
(3( )H
⇒ lim , sufficiently small
(
2→0 + *
(2×( )H
,

+
)3 )H
$-
⇒ lim +
2→0 (2 )H
$-

)
=−
J1
Rationalization

• When given expression is in the form of

𝑎 − 𝑏 or 𝑎 − 𝑏 then we do rationalization.
 lim 𝑥( + 𝑥 − 𝑥( − 𝑥
&→#

Solution: lim 𝑥( + 𝑥 − 𝑥( − 𝑥 (∞ − ∞) form

*→;

* $ H* 3 * $ 3*
= lim Funda-1: If lim is given in
*→; * $ H*H * $ 3*
*→;
question then try to take
(*
= lim maximum degree term
*→; * $ H*H * $ 3*

common
(*
= lim
*→; * (
)H H )3
(
) )

( (
= lim =
*→; )H0H )30 (

=1
 ! L
*)& ' *)&
lim
&→+ &

' . 0
)H* 3 )H*
Solution: lim 0
form Funda-2: If 1 + 𝑥 G
is given in
*→0 *
question then try to solve it

)H*
(
' 3 )H*
(
.
using binomial theorem.
= lim * G
*→0 1+𝑥 ≃ 1 + 𝑛𝑥
G G G3)
)H
)
3 )H
) 1+𝑥 ≃ 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + (!
𝑥(
= lim ' .
*→0 *

( (
* 3
' .
= lim
*→0 *

) )
= −
G B
 Session 2
Methods to solve Limit problems

Return To Top
Note:

• Difference of degrees (Numerator - Denominator)

)
equals to 1 then the value of the limit is
M@DN@@ ?O M@6?P=654?N

• Difference of degrees (Numerator - Denominator)

greater than 1 then the value of the limit is 0
 (*')(')⋯)!')'(*S)(S)⋯)!S)
lim !T
is equal to ____ .
!→#

Solution:
()* H(* H⋯HG * )3()- H(- H⋯HG - )
lim G/
G→;
()* H(* H⋯HG * ) ()- H(- H⋯HG - )
= lim − lim
G→; G/ G→; G/

)
=−
Q
 ' ' '
)H )' H(' H (' HU' H⋯ B3) ' HB '
lim
B→; B$
is equal to ____ .
G→;

Solution: Applying lim 𝑛 → ∞

( ( (
)H )' H(' 'H (' HU' ' H⋯H B3) ' HB ' '
lim
G→; B$
B→;

1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯+ 𝑚
= lim
B→; 𝑚(
𝑚 𝑚+1
= lim
B→; 2𝑚(
𝑚+1 1
= lim =
B→; 2𝑚 2
 ) ) )
Evaluate : lim + J⋅Q⋅W + ⋯ +
G→; U⋅J⋅Q GH( ⋅ GHU ⋅(GHJ)

Solution:

) ) ) ) ) ) )
lim + + ⋯+ U⋅J⋅Q
=( U⋅J
− J⋅Q
G→; U⋅J⋅Q J⋅Q⋅W GH( ⋅ GHU ⋅(GHJ)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
= lim ( U⋅J
− J⋅Q + ( J⋅Q
− Q⋅W + ⋯ + ( GH( ⋅ GHU
− GHU GHJ
G→;

) ) )
= lim −
G→; ( U⋅J GHU GHJ

) ) )
= ( U⋅J
−0 = ((U⋅J)
 ,0 * ' H ,( * '!( H ⋯ H ,'
Evaluate the limit: lim , where 𝑎0 ≠ 0 , 𝑏0 ≠ 0
*→; X0 * . H X( * .!( H ⋯H X.

Solution: 𝑛 Numerator degree 𝑚 Denominator degree

,0
X0
𝑚=𝑛
,0 * ' H ,( * '!( H ⋯ H ,'
⇒ lim 0 𝑚>𝑛
*→; X0 * . H X( * .!( H ⋯H X.

∞ if 𝑎0 , 𝑏0 same sign
𝑚<𝑛
−∞ if 𝑎0 , 𝑏0 diff. sign
 Observations:

YZ[5C >?@O\=>=@64
• lim YZ[5C
= >?@O\=>=@64
*→;
]=DD@N
• lim →∞
*→; ^P5CC@N
^P5CC@N
• lim →0
*→; ]=DD@N

Examples
U* $ H_*HQ 3U* $ H_*HQ
• lim (*H_
• lim
*→; *→; (*H_

U* $ H_*HQ 3U* $ H_*HQ

lim lim (*H_
*→; (*H_ *→;
1 / 1 /
* $ UH H * $ 3UH H
) )$ ) )$
= lim 1 = lim 1
*→; * (H *→; * (H
) )

U 3U
= ∞× ( → ∞ = ∞× (
→ −∞
 SANDWICH THEOREM

𝑌
Let 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ are 3 functions in small open
interval, such that ℎ(𝑥)

𝑙
𝑓 𝑥 ≤𝑔 𝑥 ≤ℎ 𝑥 and
𝑔(𝑥)

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙 lim ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑙 𝑓(𝑥)

*→, *→,

𝑎 𝑋
Since, 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑔 𝑥 ≤ ℎ 𝑥

⇒ lim 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ lim 𝑔 𝑥 ≤ lim ℎ 𝑥

*→, *→, *→,
Note: If 𝑔(𝑥) is not defined at 𝑥 = 𝑎 then also we
⇒ 𝑙 ≤ lim 𝑔 𝑥 ≤ 𝑙 can apply sandwich theorem on 𝑔 𝑥 .
*→,

So, lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑙
*→,
 )$ *H)$ H ($ *H($ H U$ *HU$ H ...H G $ *HG $
Evaluate the limit: lim G*
G→;

Solution: )$ * H ($ * H ...H G $ * )$ H($ H ...HG $

⇒ lim G*
+ G*
G→;

)$ * H ($ * H ...H G $ *
Let 𝑔 𝑥 = lim G*
G→;

Using sandwich theorem

* )$ H($ H ...HG $ 3G* * )$ H($ H ...HG $
⇒ lim ≤ 𝑔 𝑥 ≤ lim
G→; G* G→; G*

∵ 𝑎 − 1 < 𝑎 ≤ 𝑎, 𝑎 > 0
* )$ H($ H ...HG $ * )$ H($ H ...HG $
⇒ lim ≤ 𝑔 𝑥 ≤ lim
G→; G* G→; G*

* )$ H($ H ...HG $
∴ 𝑔 𝑥 = lim G*
G→;

* )$ H($ H ...HG $ )$ H($ H ...HG $

Hence lim G*
+ G*
G→;

*H)
= U
 > : >?
lim" 𝑥 ;
+ ;
+ ⋯+ ;
, where denotes G. I. F
; →=
JEE Mains 2018
Solution:
> : >?
Given : Limit = lim" 𝑥 ;
+ ;
+ ⋯+ ;
; →=

>
⇒ As 𝑥 → 0@ , ; → ∞ and lim 𝑥 = 𝑥
;→A

> : >? > : >?

⇒ lim
"
𝑥 ;
+ ;
+ ⋯+ ;
=𝑥 ;
+ ; + ⋯+ ;
; →=

= 1 + 2 + ⋯ + 15

>?
= :
15 + 1

= 120

> : >?
⇒ lim" 𝑥 ;
+ ;
+ ⋯+ ;
= 120
; →=
 > : >?
lim" 𝑥 ;
+ ;
+ ⋯+ ;
, where denotes G. I. F
; →=
JEE Mains 2018

A Is equal to 120 B Does not exist in ℝ

C Is equal to 0 D Is equal to 15
 , (* * 3* $ HX * * HQ* $ 3) 3a U* * H* $
lim = 1, then find 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 .
*→; , Q* - 3* 3X* - Ha J* - H) H(* $ HQ*

Solution: , (* * 3* $ HX * * HQ* $ 3) 3a U* * H* $
lim =1
*→; , Q* - 3* 3X* - Ha J* - H) H(* $ HQ*

* * (,HX3Ua H 3,HQX3a * $ 3X
= lim Q,3XHJa * - H(* $ H 3,HQ *Ha
=1
*→;

5𝑎 − 𝑏 + 4𝑐 = 0 3,HQX3a
(
=1

2𝑎 + 𝑏 − 3𝑐 = 0

( JW )J
⇒𝑎=− ,𝑏 = ,𝑐 =
)0b )0b )0b
Key Takeaways

Comparison of behaviour of function at infinity:

lim sin 𝑥 = any value −1 to 1

*→;

= Does not exist.

<=6 * 56c d5C[@ 3) 4? )

lim =
*→; * ;

=0

>?< *
lim *
=0
*→;
Some important results:

lim 𝑛( + 1 − 𝑛 lim 𝑛( + 𝑛 + 1 − 𝑛
G→; G→;

G $ H)HG G $ HGH)HG
= lim 𝑛( + 1 − 𝑛 × = lim 𝑛( + 𝑛 + 1 − 𝑛 ×
G→; G $ H)HG G→; G $ HGH)HG

) GH) )
= lim =0 = lim =
G→; G $ H)HG G→; G $ HGH)HG (

)
= lim 𝑛( + 1 − 𝑛 = 0 = lim 𝑛( + 𝑛 + 1 − 𝑛 =
G→; G→; (

)
= lim 𝑛( + 1 = 𝑛 = lim 𝑛( + 𝑛 + 1 = 𝑛 +
G→; G→; (
 Evaluate : lim sin 𝜋 𝑛( + 𝑛 + 1 , where 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
!→#

Solution:

Given : lim sin 𝜋 𝑛: + 𝑛 + 1

B→A

= lim sin 𝜋 𝑛: + 𝑛 + 1
B→A

9
= sin 2𝑛 + 1 :

= −1, 1

⇒ Does not exists

Standard Limits:

<=6 *
lim =1
*→0 *

456 *
lim *
=1
*→0

Without Limits Remember :

<=6 * 456 *
*
<1 *
>1
<=6!( * 456!( *
*
>1 *
<1
Proof:

𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑑 𝐴𝐵 < 𝐴𝑟𝑐 𝐴𝐵 < 𝐴𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶

𝐵

⇒
e2fgh ij
<
iga ij
<
ieHje 𝜃𝐸 𝐷
( ( ( 𝑂 𝐶
{ < 𝐵𝐶
⇒ 𝐵𝐸 < 𝐵𝐷 𝐴

jk {m
j je
⇒ < <
lj lj lj

⇒ sin 𝜃 < 𝜃 < tan 𝜃

<=6 * <=6 n 456 n 456 *

1> <1< 1<
* n n *
<=6 n 456 n
n
< 1<
n
𝐵
When 𝜃 → 0
𝜃 𝐸 𝐷 𝐶
sin 𝜃 ≅ 𝜃 ≅ tan 𝜃 O

<=6 n 456 n
lim =1 & lim n
=1
n→0 n n→0 𝐴

Rem: 𝜃→0

sin 𝜃 ≅ tan 𝜃 ≅ sin3) 𝜃 ≅ tan3) 𝜃 = 𝜃

 )00 <=6 * )00*
Evaluate : lim + , where . denotes G.I.F.
*→0 * 456 *

Solution:
<=6 * )00 <=6 *
∵ *
< 1, *
< 100

)00 <=6 *
⇒ *
= 99

456 * * )00*
⇒ >1⇒ <1⇒ < 100,
* 456 * 456 *

)00*
⇒ = 99
456 *

)00 <=6 * )00*

⇒ lim *
+ 456 *
= 99 + 99
*→0

= 198
 %
*3
Evaluate : lim% >?< *
$

*→
$

Solution: LHL : 𝑥 = / − ℎ <=6 2 RHL : 𝑥 =

/
+ℎ
( <1 (
2
2
⇒ lim %
32 2→0 >?< H2
⇒ lim % 2
$
2→0 >?< 32
$
<=6 2
>1 2
= lim
32 2→0 3<=6 2
= lim
2→0 <=6 2 32
<=6 2
< −1 = −2
= −2

32
= −2
<=6 2 −2

𝐿𝐻𝐿 = 𝑅𝐻𝐿 = −2
 lim sin3) sin 𝑥 + cos 3) cos 𝑥 − 2 tan3) tan 𝑥
Evaluate : *→0

3) 3) 3)
Solution: LHL ∶ sin sin 𝑥 + cos cos 𝑥 − 2 tan tan 𝑥
<0 <1
<0
3) 3) 3)
sin sin 𝑥 + cos cos 𝑥 − 2 tan tan 𝑥

= −sin3) 1 + cos 3) 0 + 2 tan3) 1

/ / /
=− + +2⋅
( ( J
/
= (
RHL ∶ sin3) sin 𝑥 + cos 3) cos 𝑥 − 2 tan3) tan 𝑥
>0 <1 >0
= sin3) 0 + cos 3) 0 − 2 tan3) 0
/
=0+(+0
/
= ( 𝜋
LHL = RHL =
2
 Note:

*'
lim =0 ∵ lim G!
=0
*→; o ) *→; o )

Example:

lim ** U* $
= lim
*→; o) *→; o)

lim W* lim W
= *→; = *→; =0
o) o)
 J ) 3Q)
lim
Evaluate : *→0
*

Solution:
J ) 3Q)
lim
*→0 *

J ) 3) 3 Q) 3)
= lim
*→0 *

J ) 3) Q) 3)
= lim −
*→0 * *

J
= log 4 − log 5 = log
Q
 ( (
' 2) ' 2)
lim
The value of *→; o) ( ) 3 U )
,𝑛 ∈ ℕ
*'

Solution:
( (
' 2) ' 2)
lim o) () 3 U)
*→;
*'

( (
' 2) ' 2)
= lim () 3 U)
*→;
)'
2)

)' )'
= lim ( 2 3U 2)
)

*→; )'
2)

)' )'
= lim ( 2) 3) 3 U 2) 3)
*→;
)'
2)

= log 2 − log 3

(
= log U
 ( (
' 2) ' 2)
lim
The value of *→; o) ( ) 3 U )
,𝑛 ∈ ℕ
*'

U
A 0 B log (

(
C log U D None
Key Takeaways

Limits:
<=6 <5P@
(p,Bo)
• lim
*→0
<=6 *
*
= 1 only
<=6(0)
Same for all (created)
(0)

456(p,Bo)
(p,Bo)
456 *
• lim
*→0 *
= 1 only
456 0
Same for all (0)
(created)

• When, 𝑥 → 0, sin 𝑥 ≅ tan 𝑥 = 𝑥

<=6 * * 456 * * <=6!( * 456!( *

• lim
*→0 *
= lim <=6 * = lim
*→0 *→0 *
= lim
*→0 456 *
= lim
*→0 *
= lim
*→0 *
=1

<=6 ,*
• lim
*→0 *
=𝑎
<=6 ,* ,
lim 456 X* = X
*→0
 * $ H( 456 *3456* *3U* -
Evaluate : lim
*→0 * * 3W <=6$ *H*3Q* *

* $ H( 456 *3456* *3U* -

Solution: Given : lim When, 𝑥 → 0, sin 𝑥 ≅ tan 𝑥 = 𝑥
*→0 * * 3W <=6$ *H*3Q* *

* $ H(*3* * 3U* - 0
⇒ lim * * 3W* $ H*3Q* * ⇒
*→0 0

(*H(3U* $ 3)(* *
⇒ lim U* $ 3)(*H)3)Q* $ = 2
*→0

* $ H( 456 *3456* *3U* -

⇒ lim * * 3W <=6$ *H*3Q* *
=2
*→0
 (
* - <=6 3* $
lim
Evaluate : *→3; )
)H * *

Solution: 𝑥 → −∞ ⇒ 𝑥 = negative large number

∴ 𝑥 = −𝑥
𝑥 → −∞ is a very large number
It will behave like 𝑥 → ∞
)
𝑥 → −∞ ⇒*→0
) ) For 𝑥 → 0, sin 𝑥 ≅ 𝑥 & tan 𝑥 ≅ 𝑥
⇒ tan *
≅*
) )
⇒ sin *
≅*
(
lim * - <=6 3* $ *-
(
3* $
*→3;
) = lim )
)H * * *→3; )H 3* *

= lim * * 3* $
*→3; )3* *
(
* * )3
= lim ) )30
= 03) = −1
*→3; * * (
3)
)*
Key Takeaways

Standard Limits:
)3>?< p,Bo
p,Bo $
)3>?< * )
lim =
*→0 *$ (
)3>?< 0
0

Proof:

)3>?< * <=6 * )
lim lim
= *→0 =(
*→0 *$ (*
 lim )3>?<(<=6 *)
Evaluate : *→0
*$

)3>?<(<=6 *)
Solution: lim
*→0 *$

= lim )3>?<(<=6 *) <=6$ *

*→0 <=6$ *
× *$

= lim ) <=6 * (
*→0 (
. *

)
= ×1(
(

)
=(
 lim
Evaluate : *→(
)3>?< ( *3(
*3(
AIEEE 2011
Solution: lim )3>?< ( *3(
*→(
*3(

= lim ( <=6 *3(

*→( *3(

( <=6 *3(
lim" = 2
*→( *3(

3 ( <=6 *3(
lim =− 2
*→(! *3(

So, the given limit does not exist.

 lim
Evaluate : *→(
)3>?< ( *3(
*3(
AIEEE 2011

A Does not Exist

B = 𝟐

C =− 𝟐

𝟏
D = 𝟐
 Session 3
Some special form and
Expansion method

Return To Top
Key Takeaways

Standard Limits:
* ' 3, '
lim = 𝑛𝑎G3)
*→, *3,

lim * . 3, . B
*→, * ' 3, '
= G
𝑎B3G
, 34.2 3)
p,Bo
, ) 3)
lim = log o 𝑎
*→0 *
, 0 3)
0
o 34.2 3)
p,Bo
lim o ) 3)
*→0 *
=1
o 0 3)
0
C6 )Hp,Bo
p,Bo
C6 )H*
lim =1
*→0 *
C6 )H0
0
 C?D )H* $ H* -
lim
Evaluate the following limit : *→0
* *H* *

Solution:
C?D )H* $ H* -
lim
*→0 * *H* *

C?D )H * $ H* -
= lim
*→0 * $ H* -

=1 lim C6 )H*
=1
*→0 *
Key Takeaways

1; Form
: *
If lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 and lim 𝑔 𝑥 = ∞, then lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 1; form
*→, *→, *→,

In such cases, we have two methods to solve

( Formula
lim 1 + 𝑥 ) =𝑒
*→0
∞
1
(
lim 1 + 𝑥 ) =𝑒
*→0
(
lim 1 + same 5678 =𝑒
*→0
Key Takeaways

1; Form
∞
1
) *
lim 1 + * =𝑒 same
*→; )
lim 1 + <5P@
=𝑒
*→;

Example:
(
𝑖) lim 1 + 3𝑥 )
*→0
reciprocal
(
×U
= lim 1 + 3𝑥 *)
>?4 *
*→0 𝑖𝑖) lim" 1 + tan 𝑥
*→0
= 𝑒U
=𝑒
 Evaluate: lim log % 3𝑥 ?@A$ % .
&→*

Solution:
C?D) U
lim log U 3𝑥
*→)
1
log U 𝑥
= lim log U 3 + log U 𝑥
*→)

1
log U 𝑥
= lim 1 + log U 𝑥 (1; form)
*→)

Reciprocal
=𝑒
1; Form
Proof:
By Formula:
D &
lim 𝑓 𝑥
: * &→F
For solving lim 𝑓 𝑥 → 1;
*→,
= lim 1 + (𝑓 𝑥 − 1) D &
&→F
?BC D & E & '*
Solve 𝑒 $→s
*
×D(&)× E & '*
= lim 1 + (𝑓 𝑥 − 1) E & '*
&→F
?BC D(&) E & '*
= 𝑒 $→s
 * *HU
Evaluate: lim
*→; *H(

* *HU
Solution: lim 1; : *
*→; *H( For solving lim 𝑓 𝑥 → 1;
*→,

) C=P : * 9 * 3)
=𝑒
C=P
)→#
*HU
)"$
3) Solve 𝑒 )→4

$
C=P *HU 3
= 𝑒 )→# )"$

3(*3W ;
C=P
= 𝑒 )→# *H( ;

!$
)
=𝑒( =
o$
 #
F$)H$ $
Evaluate: lim .
&→+ (

Solution: , 0 HX 0
=1 : *
( ( For solving lim 𝑓 𝑥 → 1;
, ) HX ) ) *→,
lim 1;
*→0 (
C=P : * 9 * 3)
Solve 𝑒 )→4
( 4) ":)
C=P 3)
=𝑒 )→0 ) $

4) ":) !$
C=P
=𝑒 )→0 $)

( 4) !( :) !(
C=P H
=𝑒 $ )→0 ) )

(
C6 , H C6 X
=𝑒 $

(
= 𝑒 $ C6(,X)
Key Takeaways

Chain of Results
(
(
, ) HX ) )
1. lim = 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑏 $
*→0 (

(
(
, ) HX ) Ha ) )
2. lim U
= 𝑎⋅𝑏⋅𝑐 *
*→0

(
(
, ) HX ) Ha ) Hh ) )
3. lim J
= 𝑎⋅𝑏⋅𝑐⋅𝑑 -
*→0

(
(
,() H,$) H⋯H,'
) )
4. lim G
= 𝑎) ⋅ 𝑎( ⋅ 𝑎U ⋯ 𝑎G '
*→0
Key Takeaways

Chain of Results

( ( * (
(
, ) HX ) , ) HX ) )
5. lim = Same as lim = 𝑎⋅𝑏 $
*→; ( *→0 (

( ( ( ( *
( (
)) H() HU) H⋯HG )
6. lim G
= 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3⋯𝑛 ' = 𝑛! '
*→;

( ( ( ( *
;
, ) HX ) Ha ) Hh ) , 0 HX 0 Ha 0 Hh 0 J ;
7. lim Q
= Q
= Q
=0
*→;
 !
! I *
Evaluate: lim + sin ;𝛼 ∈ 𝑄 .
!→# !)* !

G
Solution: G t )
lim + sin ;𝛼 ∈ 𝑄 (1; ) : *
G→; GH) G For solving lim 𝑓 𝑥 → 1;
*→,

C=P : * 9 * 3)
C=P G
' ;
H <=6
(
3) Solve 𝑒 )→4
= 𝑒 '→# '"( ' B.T.

( ; (
C=P G )3 H <=6 3)
=𝑒 '→# '"( '

; (
C=P G )3 H <=6 3)
= 𝑒 '→# '"( '

C=P <=6
(
' Gt E
= 𝑒 '→# ( −
'
GH) E

= 𝑒 )3t
Key Takeaways

00 and ∞0 Form
: *
lim 𝑓 𝑥
Here *→, → 00 form, where

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 and lim 𝑔 𝑥 = 0

*→, *→,

For solving 00 /∞0 form,

: *
𝑖) Take 𝑦 = lim 𝑓 𝑥
*→,

𝑖𝑖) Take log both sides ⇒ log 𝑦 = lim 𝑔 𝑥 log 𝑓 𝑥

*→,

𝑖𝑖𝑖) Solve RHS and remove log for answer

 * JBK &
Evaluate: lim .
&→+ &

Solution: ) <=6 *
lim
*→0 * ∞0
: *
𝑖) 𝑦 = lim 𝑓 𝑥
*→,
) <=6 *
Step 1 ∶ Let 𝑦 = lim 𝑖𝑖) log 𝑦 = lim 𝑔 𝑥 log 𝑓 𝑥
*→0 *
*→,
) 𝑖𝑖𝑖) Solve RHS and remove log
Step 2 ∶ log 𝑦 = lim sin 𝑥 log
*→0 *

= lim (− sin 𝑥 log 𝑥) 0×∞

*→0
456 *
= lim *
× sin 𝑥 = 0
C?D * *→0
= − lim >?<@> * ∞
*→0
∞
) Step 3 ∶ log 𝑦 = 0
*
= − lim
*→0 − cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒0 = 1
Key Takeaways

Expansion Methods

Important Expansions:

*$ **
• 𝑒* = 1 + 𝑥 + (!
+ U!
+⋯
*$ **
• 𝑒 3* = 1 − 𝑥 + (!
− U!
+⋯
*$ **
• ln 1 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 −
(
+
U
+⋯
G G3)
• 1+𝑥 G
= 1 + 𝑛𝑥 +
(!
𝑥( + ⋯
(
o* ))o
• 1+𝑥 ) =𝑒− (
+ (J
𝑥( − ⋯
** */
• sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 − U!
+ Q!
−⋯
*$ *-
• cos 𝑥 = 1 − (!
+ J!
−⋯
** (* /
• tan 𝑥 = 𝑥 +
U
+
)Q
+⋯
Expansion Methods

Expansions of some more important functions:

)$ )$ ⋅U$ )$ ⋅U$ ⋅Q$

• sin3) 𝑥 = 𝑥 + U! 𝑥 U + Q!
𝑥Q + _!
𝑥_ + ⋯
/ )$ )$ ⋅U$ )$ ⋅U$ ⋅Q$
• cos 3) 𝑥 = (
− 𝑥 + U! 𝑥 U + Q!
𝑥Q + _!
𝑥_ + ⋯
** */ *1
• tan3) 𝑥 = 𝑥 −
U
+
Q
−
_
+⋯
 '
L $ '*'&'
Evaluate: lim .
&→+ JBKu((&)

*
Solution: o ) 3)3* *
lim
*→0 <=6< ((*)
* *$
𝑒 * = 1 + )! + (!
+⋯
W
𝑥
1 + 𝑥U + − 1 − 𝑥U
= lim 2! * ** *<
*→0
2𝑥 W 𝑒* = 1 + )!
+ (!
+⋯

(* *
) )
= ( × (< sin 2𝑥 = 2𝑥 − U!
⋯

)
= )(1
 (M@J &'*)(M@J &'L $)
If lim &!
= non-zero quantity, then 𝑛 =?
&→+

(>?< *3))(>?< *3o ) )

Solution: lim
*→0 *'

)$ )$ )$
)3 H⋯3) )3 ⋯3)3*3
$! $! $!
= lim *'
*→0

)$
C=P 3 3*3* $
)→0 $
= *'

)* )-
H
= lim $
*'
$
*→0

* * ()H*)
= lim (* '
*→0

)H*
= lim (⋅* '!*
*→0

⇒𝑛=3
 && JBK N&
Let 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ ℝ be such that lim = 1, then 6(𝛼 + 𝛽) equals :
&→+ I&'JBK &
JEE Adv. 2016
* $ <=6 v*
Solution: lim =1
*→0 t*3<=6 *

>) *
* $ v*3 H⋯
*!
⇒ lim =1 ** */
*→0 t*3 *3 )*
H⋯ sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 − U!
+ Q!
−⋯
*!

* $ v3
>* )$
H⋯
In order to make above
*!
⇒ lim ) $ )-
=1 equation valid
*→0 t3) H 3 H⋯
*! /!
𝛼−1=0 ⇒𝛼=1
>* )$ >* )$
* $ v3 H⋯ v3 H⋯
*!
⇒ lim )$ )-
=1 ⇒ lim *!
( )$
=1
*→0 t3) H 3 H⋯ *→0 3 H⋯
*! /! *! /!

) )
∴𝛽= =
U! W

)
∴6 𝛼+𝛽 =6 1+ =7
W
 Session 4
Continuity at a point

Return To Top
Key Takeaways

Continuity of a Function
In layman language, while drawing graph, if we need to pick up pen, then it is a
discontinuous graph.

Continuous Discontinuous
Key Takeaways

Continuity at an Interior Point

A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎, if

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim! 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑎) = a finite quantity

*→, " *→,

or 𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ = 𝑓 𝑎 − ℎ = 𝑓 𝑎

or lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑎)
*→,
Key Takeaways

Continuity at a boundary point

An interval [1,2] has how many boundary points ?

1 → Left Boundary

2 boundaries

2 → Right Boundary
Key Takeaways

Continuity at a boundary point

A function 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 in interval 𝑎, 𝑏

𝑖) A function 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is said to be continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎 (left) , then

𝑓 𝑎 = lim " 𝑓 𝑥
*→,

𝑖𝑖) A function 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is said to be continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑏 (right) , then

𝑓 𝑏 = lim ! 𝑓 𝑥
*→X
Key Takeaways

Continuity at a boundary point

𝑓 𝑎 = lim " 𝑓 𝑥
*→,

𝑓 𝑏 = lim ! 𝑓 𝑥
*→X

𝑎+ℎ 𝑏−ℎ 𝑋
𝑎 𝑏
 Key Takeaways

Continuity at a boundary point

𝑌 𝑌
𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, ∞)
𝑙 𝑙
𝑥 = 𝑎 is at boundary.

𝑎−ℎ 𝑎+ℎ 𝑎+ℎ

𝑋 𝑎 𝑋
𝑎

𝑓 𝑎+ℎ =𝑓 𝑎−ℎ =𝑓 𝑎 =𝑙 𝑓 𝑎+ℎ =𝑓 𝑎 =𝑙

𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎
 Check continuity:

(𝑖) At 𝑥 = 𝑎 (𝑖𝑖) At 𝑥 = 𝑏

𝑙
𝑙
𝑚
𝑚

𝑎−ℎ 𝑎+ℎ 𝑏+ℎ

𝑎 𝑏
𝑓 𝑏 =𝑚 𝑓 𝑏H = 𝑙
𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ = 𝑓 𝑎 ≠ 𝑓(𝑎 − ℎ)
𝑓 𝑏H ≠ 𝑓(𝑏)
Function is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎
Function is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 𝑏
Left Continuous or Right Continuous

A function 𝑓 𝑥 is left continuous

at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if 𝑓 𝑎3 = 𝑓 𝑎 ≠ 𝑓 𝑎H

If 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿 = 𝑓 𝑎 , then left continuous

𝑓 𝑎−ℎ )
𝑙 𝑓 𝑎

𝑓 𝑎+ℎ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿 = 𝑓 𝑎 ≠ 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐿
𝑓 𝑎+ℎ 𝑚
𝑓 𝑎 − ℎ = 𝑓 𝑎 ≠ 𝑓(𝑎 + ℎ)

𝑎−ℎ
𝑎+ℎ
𝑎
Left Continuous or Right Continuous

A function 𝑓 𝑥 is right continuous

at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if 𝑓 𝑎H = 𝑓 𝑎 ≠ 𝑓 𝑎3

If 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐿 = 𝑓 𝑎 , then right continuous

𝑓 𝑎−ℎ )
𝑙 𝑓 𝑎

𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐿 = 𝑓 𝑎 ≠ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿
𝑓 𝑎+ℎ
𝑓 𝑎+ℎ 𝑚 𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ = 𝑓 𝑎 ≠ 𝑓(𝑎 − ℎ)

𝑎−ℎ
𝑎+ℎ
𝑎
Types of Continuity Problems:

A function is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎 , if

•𝑓𝑎 = 𝑓 𝑎H ≠ 𝑓 𝑎3

• 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓 𝑎3 ≠ 𝑓 𝑎H

• 𝑓 𝑎 ≠ 𝑓 𝑎3 ≠ 𝑓 𝑎H

• 𝑓 𝑎H = 𝑓 𝑎3 But 𝑓 𝑎 does not exist

• 𝑓 𝑎 ≠ 𝑓 𝑎3 = 𝑓 𝑎H
Types of Continuity Problems:

3 types of questions in checking Continuity

* $ 3, $ lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim! 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑎 Type 3

*3,
, 𝑥≠𝑎 *→, " *→,
Type 1 : If 𝑓 𝑥 =
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑎) Type 1 & 2
2𝑎, 𝑥 = 𝑎 *→,

$ $
Type 2 : If 𝑓 𝑥 = * 3, ; 𝑥 ≠ 𝑎 , is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎, then find 𝑓(𝑎)
*3,

* $ 3, $
, 𝑥<𝑎
*3,
Type 3 : If 𝑓 𝑥 =
2𝑎, 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎

Check continuity at 𝑥 = 𝑎 ?
Types of Continuity Problems:

Note:
)
While finding lim 𝑓 𝑥 if function 𝑓 𝑥 is of [ ] , { } , | | , * type
*→,

then check LHL and RHL

 #
L$
# 𝑥≠0
*)L $
Check continuity at 𝑥 = 0 if 𝑓 𝑥 =

0 𝑥=0

Solution: We will check lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 0

*→0
(
o)
lim ( 𝑓 0+ℎ ≠𝑓 0−ℎ =𝑓 0
*→0 )Ho )

L.H.L R.H.L ⇒ 𝑓 0 is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 0

𝑥 =0−ℎ 𝑥 =0+ℎ but left continuous at 𝑥 = 0
!( ( (
o + o !# o+ o+
lim !( = )Ho !# lim ( = ( !(
2→0 )Ho + 2→0 )Ho +
o+ o + H)

0 )
= )H0 = o !# H)

=0 )
= =1
0H)
 (
(_3(* * 3U
If 𝑓 𝑥 = ( ; 𝑥 ≠ 0 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then find 𝑓 0 .
b3U (JUHQ* /

Solution: (
(_3(* * 3U
𝑓 𝑥 = ( ; 𝑥≠0
b3U (JUHQ* /

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(0)
*→0
( (
(_3(* * 3U (_ * 3U U3U
⇒ 𝑓 0 = lim ( → ( = b3U×U = 0
*→0 b3U (JUHQ* / b3U (JU / 0

Using L’ Hopital’s rule

$
( !
(_3(* * 03( 30
⇒ 𝑓 0 = lim *
-
*→0 03U×( (JUHQ* !
/ 0HQ
/

$
( !
U* * 3( 3
$
⇒ 𝑓 0 = lim *
- ⇒ 𝑓 0 = lim $1
(
*→0 3U×( U/ !
/ Q *→0 3
/ $1

⇒𝑓 0 =2
 <=6 wH) *H<=6 *
*
,𝑥 < 0
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑞, 𝑥 = 0 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then the ordered pair
𝑝, 𝑞 is equal to :
*H* $ 3 *
* ,𝑥 > 0
*$
JEE Main 2019

Solution: We know that if 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0 then,

A U
−(,−(
)

𝑓 0+ℎ =𝑓 0−ℎ =𝑓 0 ) U
B −(,(
*H* $ 3 *
𝑓 0 + ℎ = lim" Q )
*→0 * *
C ( (
,
*H* $ 3* *$ )
= lim" = lim" =( U )
*→0 * * *H* $ H * *→0 *$ )H*H) D −(,(

<=6 wH) * <=6 *

𝑓 0 − ℎ = lim! *
+ *
=𝑝+1+1=𝑝+2
*→0
 <=6 wH) *H<=6 *
*
,𝑥 < 0
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑞, 𝑥 = 0 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then the ordered pair
𝑝, 𝑞 is equal to :
*H* $ 3 *
* ,𝑥 > 0
*$
JEE Main 2019
)
Solution: 𝑓 0 =𝑞 𝑓 0+ℎ =
(
A U
−(,−(
)

𝑓 0−ℎ =𝑝+2
As 𝑓 0 + ℎ = 𝑓 0 − ℎ = 𝑓 0 ) U
B −(,(
)
⇒ =𝑝+2=𝑞 Q )
( C ( (
,
)
⇒𝑞= U )
( D −(,(
) U
⇒ 𝑝 = ( − 2 = −(
 / /
If a function 𝑓 defined on ,
W U
by
( >?< *3) /
,𝑥 ≠
>?4 *3) J
If 𝑓 𝑥 = is continuous, then 𝑘 is equal to :
/
𝑘, 𝑥 = J
JEE Main 2019

) 2
A ( B

)
C 1 D (
 / /
If a function 𝑓 defined on ,
W U
by
( >?< *3) /
,𝑥 ≠
>?4 *3) J
If 𝑓 𝑥 = is continuous, then 𝑘 is equal to :
/
𝑘, 𝑥 = J
JEE Main 2019
/
We know that, if 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = .
J

𝑓
/ lim% 𝑓 𝑥
= *→
J -

( >?< *3) 0
𝑘 = lim% 0
form
*→ >?4 *3)
-

( <=6 *
= lim% >?<@>$ *
*→
-

(
(⋅ )
$
= $ =(
(
 / /
If a function 𝑓 defined on ,
W U
by
( >?< *3) /
,𝑥 ≠
>?4 *3) J
If 𝑓 𝑥 = is continuous, then 𝑘 is equal to :
/
𝑘, 𝑥 = J
JEE Main 2019

) 2
A ( B

)
C 1 D (
 𝑎 𝜋 − 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 ≤ 5
If the function 𝑓 𝑥 = is continuous at 𝑥 = 5
𝑏 𝑥 − 𝜋 + 3, 𝑥 > 5

then the value of 𝑎 − 𝑏 is :

JEE Main 2019
+𝑣𝑒
𝑓 5+ℎ =𝑓 5−ℎ =𝑓 5

1) 𝑓 5 + ℎ = lim 𝑏 5 + ℎ − 𝜋 + 3 = 𝑏 5 − 𝜋 + 3
2→0

= 5−𝜋 ⋅𝑏+3
−𝑣𝑒

2) 𝑓 5 − ℎ = lim 𝑎 𝜋 − 5 − ℎ + 1 = 𝑎 𝜋 − 5 + 1
2→0

= −𝑎 𝜋 − 5 + 1
∴ 5−𝜋 ⋅𝑏+3=𝑎 5−𝜋 +1

2= 5−𝜋 𝑎−𝑏

(
⇒𝑎−𝑏 =
Q3/
 𝑎 𝜋 − 𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 ≤ 5
If the function 𝑓 𝑥 = is continuous at 𝑥 = 5
𝑏 𝑥 − 𝜋 + 3, 𝑥 > 5

then the value of 𝑎 − 𝑏 is :

JEE Main 2019

( (
A −/HQ B /HQ

( (
C /3Q D Q3/
 Point Function :
Any function which has only one point on its domain is point function.

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 + 1 − 𝑥 exist for 𝑥 = 1 only.

• 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + −𝑥 + 2

Continuity of Point Function :

• A point function and a discrete function is

said to be continuous in its domain.

• Here we do not check 𝑓 𝑎 − ℎ = 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ

Continuity of Modulus Function :

• If 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎, then 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
is also continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
 Note :

• Continuity is always meaningful to talk in domain of function.

• But discontinuity of function is meaningful to talk in immediate neighborhood.

Key Takeaways

Continuity of Inverse Function:

Inverse function of discontinuous function can be continuous.

• If 𝑓 is increasing continuous function in 𝑎, 𝑏 where 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑐 and 𝑓 𝑏 = 𝑑,

Then 𝑓 3) will also be a increasing continuous function in 𝑐, 𝑑 .

 𝑒*, 𝑥 < 0
If 𝑓 𝑥 = Check continuity of 𝑓 3) ?
𝑥 ( + 1, 𝑥 ≥ 0

Solution:

𝑓 3) is continuous
 𝑒 &, 𝑥 < 0
If 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → 0, 1 ∪ 2, ∞ and 𝑓 𝑥 = Check continuity of 𝑓 '* ?
𝑥 ( + 2, 𝑥 ≥ 0

Solution:
𝑓 3) is defined 0, 1 ∪ 2, ∞

Continuity is always meaningful

to talk in domain of function.

𝑓 3) is continuous
 𝑒*, 𝑥 < 0
% 𝑥 ( + 2, 𝑥 ≥ 0 Check continuity of 𝑓 '* ?
If 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → 0, 1 ∪ 2, ∞ ∪ (
, 𝑓 𝑥 =
U
,𝑥 = 0
(

Solution:
𝑓 3) is continuous
 Session 5
Continuity in intervals and
Theorems on Continuity

Return To Top
 Continuity in Open Interval :

A function 𝑓 is said to be continuous in 𝑎, 𝑏 if it is continuous at every

point between 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏.

• All elementary functions are continuous in intervals where they are defined.

<=6 * /
• 𝑓 𝑥 = )3>?< * Check continuity at 𝑥 = U

cos 𝑥 ≠ 1 ⇒ 𝑥 ≠ 2𝑛𝜋
/
𝑥= U
∉ 2𝑛𝜋 Continuous

• 𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 Check continuity in its domain.

/
𝑥 ∈ ℝ − 2n + 1 (
⇒ Within domain, tan 𝑥 is continuous.

But in 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, tan 𝑥 is discontinuous.

 Continuity in Close Interval :

A function 𝑓 is said to be continuous in 𝑎, 𝑏 if :

• 𝑓 is continuous in 𝑎, 𝑏

• 𝑓 is right continuous at 𝑎 i.e.,

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑎 = a finite quantity

*→, "

• 𝑓 is left continuous at 𝑏 i.e.,

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑏 = a finite quantity

*→X !
Doubtful Points :

We normally check continuity at following points :

𝑖) Points of change in definition : Turning points

𝑖𝑖) For 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑓 𝑥 , we check at every point where 𝑓 𝑥 = an integer

 4𝑥 − 5 𝑥 , x > 1
Example : 𝑓 𝑥 = where [. ] is greatest integer function
cos 𝜋𝑥 , 𝑥 ≤ 1
Check continuity in 0, 2

Solution: cos 𝜋𝑥 4𝑥 − 5 𝑥

0 1 2
For 𝑥 ∈ 0, 1 For 𝑥 ∈ (1, 2]
For doubtful points For doubtful points
cos 𝜋𝑥 = [Integer] 𝑥 = [Integer]
𝑥 = 0 → 𝜋𝑥 = 0 → cos 0 = 1 𝑥=2
) / /
𝑥 = → 𝜋𝑥 = → cos = 0
( ( (

𝑥 = 1 → 𝜋𝑥 = 𝜋 → cos 𝜋 = −1
)
Doubtful points : 0, , 1, 2
(
 Check continuity of 𝑦 = 𝑥 U + 3 in 𝑥 ∈ 1, 2

Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑥U + 3
𝑥 ∈ 1,2

𝑥 U ∈ 1,8

Doubtful points : 𝑥 U = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8

( ( (
Points of Discontinuity : 𝑥 = 2* , 3* , ⋯ , 8*

7 points
 )
𝑥( , 𝑥≠0
If 𝑓 𝑥 = *$ . Check continuity at 𝑥 = 0 , 1 ?
0, 𝑥=0

Solution: ) )
At 𝑥 = 0 lim 𝑥 ( *$
= lim 𝑥 ( × * $ = 1
*→0 *→0

& 𝑓 0 = 0
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 0

At 𝑥 = 1
)
𝑥 =1+ℎ 𝑓(1 + ℎ) = 1 + ℎ (
$ = 1 + ℎ ( ×0 = 0
)H2

)
𝑥=1 𝑓(1) = 1 (
$
= 1×1 = 1
)

)
𝑥 =1−ℎ 𝑓(1 − ℎ) = 1 − ℎ (
$
=1
)32

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 1
 Find the continuity of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝜋𝑥 at 𝑥 = 0 ?

𝑦
Solution: ⇒ 𝑓(0) = 0 ⋅ sin 𝜋×0

=0 sin 𝜋ℎ > 0

⇒ 𝑓(0 + ℎ) = ℎ ⋅ sin 𝜋ℎ

=0 𝜋ℎ 𝑥

⇒ 𝑓(0 − ℎ) = −ℎ ⋅ sin −𝜋ℎ

= ℎ ⋅ sin 𝜋ℎ =0

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0
 * _/
Discuss continuity of 𝑓 𝑥 = /
, 𝑥 ∈ 𝜋, (
where . denotes
fractional part function.

Solution:
 * _/
Discuss continuity of 𝑓 𝑥 = /
, 𝑥 ∈ 𝜋, (
where . denotes
fractional part function.

Solution: * _/ * _
4 𝑓 𝑥 = , 𝑥 ∈ 𝜋, ⇒ ∈ 1,
/ ( / (

* _
3 Let =𝑡 𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑡 ∈ 1,
/ (

2 Point of discontinuity : 𝑡 ∈ 2, 3

1 𝑥 ∈ 2𝜋, 3𝜋

0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋

0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋
Key Takeaways

Continuity in an Interval :
Note : For special functions :

For sgn 𝑓 𝑥 , continuity should be checked at points where 𝑓 𝑥 = 0

Example :

𝑦 = sgn 𝑥 ( − 1 is discontinuous at ?

⇒ Discontinuous at 𝑥 ( − 1 = 0

⇒ 𝑥 = ±1
 Discuss continuity of 𝑓 𝑥 = sgn 𝑥 ( − 3𝑥 + 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3

Solution:
𝑓 𝑥 = sgn 𝑥 ( − 3𝑥 + 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3

𝑦 = 𝑥 ( − 3𝑥 + 2 Discontinuous for 𝑥 ∈ {1, 2}.

1

0 1 2 3

𝑦 = sgn 𝑥 ( − 3𝑥 + 2
1

0 1 2 3

−1
 Key Takeaways

Theorems of Continuity :
For Composite Functions 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 :

Definite discontinuity at points

• Where 𝑔 𝑥 is discontinuous.

• Where 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑐, given 𝑓 𝑥 is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐.

 ( (H*
𝑓 𝑥 = ,𝑔 𝑥 = , find points of discontinuity of 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 .
(*3) *

Solution:
𝑔(𝑥) is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 0 For Composite Functions 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 :

Definite discontinuity at points

)
𝑓(𝑥) is discontinuous at 𝑥 =
( • Where 𝑔 𝑥 is discontinuous.

(H* )
• Where 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑐, given 𝑓 𝑥 is
𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 is discontinuous when *
=( discontinuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐.

⇒ 4 + 2𝑥 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = −4

Discontinuous at two points 0, −4

 /*
2 sin − , 𝑥 < −1
(
Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be defined as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 ( + 𝑥 + 𝑏 , −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
sin 𝜋𝑥 , 𝑥>1
If 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous on ℝ, then 𝑎 + 𝑏 equals:
JEE Main 2021
Solution:
𝑥 = −1 𝑥=1

/ 3) (
2 sin − = 𝑎 −1 (
−1+𝑏 𝑎 1 + 1 + 𝑏 = sin 𝜋×1
(

2×1 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 1 𝑎+𝑏+1 =0

𝑎+𝑏−1 =2 𝑎+𝑏+1=0

𝑎 + 𝑏 − 1 = 2, 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 1 = −2 𝑎 + 𝑏 = −1

⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 = −1 , 3

⇒ 𝑥 = 1, −1 both agree for 𝑎 + 𝑏 = −1

 /*
2 sin − (
, 𝑥 < −1
Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be defined as 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 ( + 𝑥 + 𝑏 , −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
sin 𝜋𝑥 , 𝑥>1
If 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous on ℝ, then 𝑎 + 𝑏 equals:
JEE Main 2021

A 3 B −1

C −3 D 1
Key Takeaways

Theorems of continuity:
continuity when two or more functions are involved:

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥 ×𝑔(𝑥)

C C C C

C D D M

D D M M

Where, C,D And M denotes

C ⇒ continuous
D ⇒ Discontinuous
M ⇒ May continuous and may be discontinuous
Key Takeaways

Theorems of continuity:

Ø If 𝑓 & 𝑔 are continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎 , then the functions defined by :

𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1

● 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔 𝑥 will also be continuous 𝑥 = 𝑎.

● 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔 𝑥 will also be continuous 𝑥 = 𝑎.

9 *
● is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎, if 𝑔 𝑎 ≠ 0
: *
Key Takeaways

Theorems of continuity:

Ø If 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous and 𝑔 𝑥 is discontinuous at 𝑥

= 𝑎, then the functions defined by :
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ,𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 where, [.] denotes greatest
integer function
● 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔 𝑥 will also be discontinuous 𝑥 = 𝑎.
9 *
● 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔 𝑥 and : *
𝑔 𝑎 ≠ 0 may be continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
Key Takeaways

Theorems of continuity:

Ø If 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 are discontinuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎, then

the functions defined by :

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ,𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥

● 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔 𝑥 may be continuous 𝑥 = 𝑎.

9 *
● 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔 𝑥 and : *
𝑔 𝑎 ≠ 0 may be continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎.

where, [.] denotes greatest integer function

where, {.} denotes fraction part of function

Key Takeaways

Theorems of continuity:
Continuity when two or more functions are involved:

Example:
If 𝑓 𝑥 = sin(cos 𝑥),
check whether it is continuous or discontinuous

As we know that graph of sin 𝑥 is continuous because there

is no break in the graph

Same for the graph of cos 𝑥 is continuous because there is

no break in the graph

Now according to function 𝑓 𝑥 = sin(cos 𝑥)

Continuous Continuous
So , 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous function
 R
Let ℎ: ℝ → ℝ is a function defined by ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 ⋅ cos 2𝑥 − 1 (
,
Where . denotes G.I.F, then ℎ is
JEE Main 2012
Solution: /
ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 ⋅ cos 2𝑥 − 1
/ (
ℎ 𝑛 = 𝑛 ⋅ cos 2𝑛 − 1 =0
(

/
ℎ 𝑛H = 𝑛 + ℎ ⋅ cos 2𝑛 − 1 (
= 𝑛×0 D × C

ℎ 𝑛3 = 𝑛 − ℎ ⋅ cos 2𝑛 − 1
/
= 𝑛 − 1 ×0 = 0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥 ×𝑔(𝑥)
(

Continuous for every real 𝑥 C D D M

 R
Let ℎ: ℝ → ℝ is a function defined by ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 ⋅ cos 2𝑥 − 1 (
,
Where . denotes G.I.F, then ℎ is
JEE Main 2012

A Continuous for every real 𝑥

B Discontinuous only at 𝑥 = 0

C Discontinuous only at non-zero integral values of 𝑥

D Continuous only at 𝑥 = 0
Theorems of continuity:

Ø If a function 𝑓 is continuous, then 𝑓 is always continuous.

Ex: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ( − 3𝑥 − 4, then 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 ( − 3𝑥 − 4 is continuous ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.

𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥

−1 4 −1 4
 Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 , where . denotes G.I.F. then

Solution:

∵ G.I.F. present in 𝑓 𝑥 so the doubtful

points will be set of all integers
For any integer 𝑛

𝑓 𝑛 =𝑛

lim 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 𝑛 − 1 + 1 = 𝑛
*→G !

lim 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 𝑛 + 𝑛 − 𝑛 = 𝑛
*→G "

So , 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous in ℝ
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 , where . denotes G.I.F. then

A 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous on ℝH B 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous on ℝ

C 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous on ℝ − ℤ D None of these

 𝑥 + 𝑥 , −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
Let 𝑓: −1, 3 → ℝ be defined as 𝑓 𝑥 = • 𝑥 + 𝑥 , 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
𝑥+ 𝑥 , 2≤𝑥≤3
Where . denotes G.I.F, then 𝑓 is discontinuous at :
JEE Main 2019
Solution: 𝑥 + 𝑥 , −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
Let 𝑓 ∶ −1,3 → ℝ 𝑓 𝑥 =• 𝑥+ 𝑥 , 1≤𝑥<2
𝑥+ 𝑥 , 2≤𝑥≤3
Possible points : −1,0,1,2,3
At 𝑥 = −1 At 𝑥 = 0 At 𝑥 = 1 At 𝑥 = 2 At 𝑥 = 3

𝑓 −1 = 0 𝑓 0 =0 𝑓 1 =2 𝑓 2 =4 𝑓 3 =6

𝑓 −1H = 0 𝑓 0H = 0 𝑓 1H = 2 𝑓 2H = 4 𝑓 33 = 5

𝑓 03 = −1 𝑓 13 = 1 𝑓 23 = 4
Continuous Discontinuous Discontinuous Continuous Discontinuous

Discontinuity at three points.

 𝑥 + 𝑥 , −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
Let 𝑓: −1, 3 → ℝ be defined as 𝑓 𝑥 = • 𝑥 + 𝑥 , 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
𝑥+ 𝑥 , 2≤𝑥≤3
Where . denotes G.I.F, then 𝑓 is discontinuous at :
JEE Main 2019

A Four or more points

B Only three points

C Only two points

D Only one point

Key Takeaways

Single Point Continuous Function

Functions which are continuous at one point and defined everywhere.

1, 𝑥 ∈ ℚ 1, 𝑥 ∈ ℚ
Ex: 𝑓 𝑥 = – Ex: 𝑓 𝑥 =–
−1, 𝑥 ∉ ℚ 1, 𝑥 ∉ ℚ
is continuous or not ?
is continuous or not ?

Now it is continuous

By understanding of rational and irrational number’s, function is

discontinuous.
 𝑥 ( + 𝑎𝑥 + 1 , 𝑥 ∈ 𝑄
If 𝑓 𝑥 = [ ( is continuous in 𝑥 = 1, 𝑒. Find 𝑎, 𝑏 ?
𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑏, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑄 S

Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous when 𝑥 ( + 𝑎𝑥 + 1 = 𝑎𝑥 ( + 2𝑥 + 𝑏

1
(
⇒𝑥 1−𝑎 +𝑥 𝑎−2 + 1−𝑏 =0
𝑒
(3,
⇒ SUM OF ROOTS = 1 + 𝑒 = )3, → find 𝑎

)3X
⇒ PRODUCT OF ROOTS = 1×𝑒 = → find 𝑏
)3,

)
Solving, 𝑎 = 1 − , 𝑏 = 0
o
Built in Limit

Finite
● We have 2 limits
∞
● From finite limit we make cases , from ∞ limit
we get values of functions .
 *)JBK R& y'*
Check the continuity of lim y)* at 𝑥 = 1
T→# *)JBK R&

Solution:

Checking continuity at 𝑥 = 1
0
𝑥 = 13 𝑥=1

𝑥 =1−ℎ ⇒ 𝜋𝑥 = 𝜋×1

𝜋𝑥 = 𝜋 1 − ℎ = 𝜋 − 𝜋ℎ ⇒ 1 + sin 𝑥 = 1 + sin 𝜋 = 1
sin 𝜋𝑥 = sin 𝜋 − 𝜋ℎ = sin 𝜋ℎ ⇒ 1 + sin 𝑥 x = 1 + sin 𝜋 ;
= (1); = 1
(
1 + sin 𝜋𝑥 = 1 + sin 𝜋ℎ > 1 )H<=6 * ? )3
("5@A %) ? )3)
⇒𝑓 𝑥 = (
= )H) = 0
)H<=6 * ? )H
x ;
1 + sin 𝜋𝑥 = 1 + sin 𝜋ℎ ("5@A %) ?

;
⇒ 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 =∞

? (
)H<=6 * )3 )30
("5@A %) ?
⇒𝑓 𝑥 = (
= )H0 = 1
)H<=6 * ? )H
("5@A %) ?
 *)JBK R& y'*
Check the continuity of lim y)* at 𝑥 = 1
T→# *)JBK R&

Solution:

Checking continuous at 𝑥 = 1 0
𝑥 = 13 𝑥=1
? (
)H<=6 * )3 )30 (
("5@A %) ? )H<=6 * ? )3
⇒𝑓 𝑥 = = )H0 = 1 ("5@A %) ? )3)
)H<=6 * ? )H
(
⇒𝑓 𝑥 = (
= =0
("5@A %) ? )H<=6 * ? )H )H)
("5@A %) ?
𝑥 = 1H

𝑥 = 1 + ℎ ⇒ 𝜋𝑥 = 𝜋 1 + ℎ = 𝜋 + 𝜋h

sin 𝜋𝑥 = sin 𝜋 + 𝜋ℎ = − sin 𝜋ℎ ⇒ 1 + sin 𝜋𝑥 = 1 − sin 𝜋ℎ < 1

x x ;
1 + sin 𝜋𝑥 = 1 − sin 𝜋ℎ ⇒ 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1 =0

03)
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 0H) = −1

Discontinuous at 𝑥 = 1
 Session 6
Introduction to differentiability

Return To Top
Key Takeaways
𝑌
Derivative:
• For any curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝐴
If we draw a tangent at any point on it, 𝜃 =inclination

Slope of the tangent is represented by the

𝜃
Derivative at that point 𝑋

hz
Slope = 𝑚 = tan 𝜃 = Derivative = h*
hz
⇒ 𝑚 = h* = tan 𝜃
Key Takeaways

Tangent:
• Tangent is defined as Limiting case of Secant 𝑌 𝐵
Secant
𝐵
• Consider any curve 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥
𝐵

• Drawing a secant 𝐴𝐵 to it. Tangent

𝐴
𝐴
• Now, varying the length of the secant AB 𝐴
𝑋
• ⇒ As the Length of the Secant → 0

• We get Tangent to the curve.

Differentiability :
R.H.D = Right hand derivative
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 = Slope of tangent to right side

𝑎 − ℎ, 𝑓 𝑎 − ℎ Slope of tangent at right side = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐷

𝐵′
𝐴
𝑎, 𝑓 𝑎

𝑎+ℎ
𝑥 =𝑎−ℎ 𝑥=𝑎
Differentiability : L.H.D = Left hand derivative
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥

𝐵 𝑎 + ℎ, 𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ

𝑎, 𝑓 𝑎

𝑥=𝑎 𝑥 =𝑎+ℎ

Slope of tangent at left side = 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐷

Differentiability :
• R.H.D = Right hand derivative
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
L.H.D = Left hand derivative
• L.H.D = slope of tangent to
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐷 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐷 left side of point A

R.H.D = slope of tangent to

𝐴 𝑎, 𝑓 𝑎 right side of point A
• But we can see a single
tangent to point A, that
𝑎−ℎ 𝑎+ℎ means slope of tangent
𝑥=𝑎 from left and right side will
be equal.
9 ,H2 39(,) 9 ,32 39(,)
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐷 = lim 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐷 = lim 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐷 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐷
2→0 2 2→0 32
Key Takeaways

Differentiability (Unique tangency) :

• A function is said to be differentiable at a point 𝑃, if it has a unique
tangent ( of finite slope ) at point 𝑃.

• A function is non differentiable if it has a jump (break) or a sharp

corner.

Non - Differentiable Non - Differentiable

Key Takeaways

Differentiability :
• A function is said to be differentiable at a point 𝑃, if it has a unique
tangent ( of finite slope ) at point 𝑃.

• A function is differentiable if it does not have a jump (break) or a

sharp corner.

Non - Differentiable Differentiable

Key Takeaways

Differentiability :
• A function is said to be differentiable at a point 𝑃, if it has a unique
tangent ( of finite slope ) at point 𝑃.

𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
𝐵′ 𝐵 𝐵′ 𝐵

𝐴 𝑎, 𝑓 𝑎 𝐴 𝑎, 𝑓 𝑎

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐷 ≠ 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐷 Points to remember
𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
• Continuous ⇒ No break

• Differentiable ⇒ No break and No sharp

𝐴 𝑎, 𝑓 𝑎
Relation between Continuity and Differentiability :

Differentiable ⇒ Continuous Continuous ⇏ Differentiable

𝑦 = |𝑥|, at 𝑥 = 0

𝑎 0
Relation between Continuity and Differentiability :

Discontinuous ⇒ Non - differentiable Non – differentiable ⇏ Discontinuous

𝑦 = [𝑥]

−2 −1 0 1 2 3 𝑎
−1

−2
Relation between Continuity and Differentiability :

Points to Remember

• Differentiable ⇒ continuous

• Continuous ⇏ differentiable

• Discontinuous ⇒ non - differentiable

• Non – differentiable ⇏ discontinuous

So , for differentiability → always check continuity first.

 Check differentiability of function
𝑥 + 2𝑥 , 𝑥 < 1
, at 𝑥 = 1 where [.] denotes G.I.F and {.}
𝑓 𝑥 = denotes fractional part function.
𝑥 + 1 ,𝑥 ≥ 1

Solution:
For x < 1
For x > 1
𝑓 13 = 1 − ℎ + [2 1 − ℎ ]
𝑓 1H = 1 + ℎ + 1
⇒ 1−ℎ + 2 1−ℎ
⇒h+1=1∵ℎ →0
⇒2−h=2∵ℎ →0

𝑓 1 = 𝑓 1H = 1 ; 𝑓 13 = 2

Since , the function is discontinuous , it will not be

differentiable
 hz{
If 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 then h* = 𝑓 𝑥 → first derivative

𝑦=𝑓 𝑥
So, function 𝑓 𝑥 is said to be differentiable 𝐵
or derivable at 𝑥 = 𝑎 , if LHD=RHD
𝐵′ 𝐴
⇒ 𝑓 { (𝑎3 ) = 𝑓′(𝑎H ) 𝑎, 𝑓 𝑎
ℎ ℎ
𝑓 𝑎 − ℎ − 𝑓(𝑎)
L.H.D= lim
2→0 −ℎ 𝑥 =𝑎−ℎ 𝑥 =𝑎 𝑥 =𝑎+ℎ

𝑓 𝑎 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑎)
R.H.D= lim
2→0 ℎ
 Concept of tangent :

Infinite tangent →Not differentiable

→If graph is breaking then it will be discontinuous and

non differentiable
Check the differentiability of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 ' & at 𝑥 = 0

Solution: • LHD= 𝑓 { 𝑎3 = lim

9 ,32 39(,)
2→0 32

𝑒 3* , 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒3 * = ¤
𝑒* , 𝑥 < 0 • RHD= 𝑓 { 𝑎H = lim
2→0
9 ,H2 39(,)
2

9 032 39 0 o !+ 3)
LHD = 𝑓 { 03 = lim = lim =1
2→0 32 2→0 32
o + 31
lim =1
2→0 2
9 0H2 39 0 o !+ 3)
RHD = 𝑓 { 0H = lim 2
= lim 2
= −1
2→0 2→0
o !+ 31
lim 32
=1
2→0

LHD ≠ RHD

Not differentiable at 𝑥 = 0
Check the differentiability of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 ' & at 𝑥 = 0

𝑒 3* , 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒3 * = ¤
𝑒* , 𝑥 < 0

𝑒B, 𝑥 < 0 𝑒 CB , 𝑥 > 0

0 𝑋
 If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 sin 𝜋𝑥. Find LHD at 𝑥 = 𝑘, 𝑘 ∈ 𝐼.

Solution: 𝑓 𝑘 = 𝑘 sin 𝜋 𝑘 = 0
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 sin 𝜋𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑘, 𝑘 ∈ 𝐼

{ 3 lim
9 |32 39 | 𝑓 𝑘 3 = 𝑘 − ℎ sin 𝜋 𝑘 − ℎ
LHD = 𝑓 𝑘 = 2→0 32
=0 G
|32 <=6 / |32 3 | <=6 / |
cos 𝑛𝜋 = −1
= lim 32
2→0

|3) <=6 |/3/2

= lim
2→0 32
=0
|3) <=6 |/ >?< /23>?< |/ <=6 /2
= lim 32
2→0

|3) >?< |/ <=6 /2

= lim 2
2→0

3) D <=6 /2 × /
|
= 𝑘 − 1 lim /2
= 𝑘 − 1 −1 𝜋
2→0
Key Takeaways

Differential Coefficient :
• Differential coefficient of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 𝑎 is known as 𝑓 { 𝑎 .

• 𝑓 { 𝑎 exist only when LHD = RHD at 𝑥 = 𝑎.

• When LHD = RHD at 𝑥 = 𝑎, then 𝑓 { 𝑎 = 𝑓 { 𝑎3 = 𝑓 { 𝑎H

• If differential coefficient at 𝑥 = 2 is asked.

9 (32 39 ( 9 (H2 39 (
⇒ 𝑓 { 2 = lim = lim
2→0 32 2→0 2

9 Q32 39 Q 9 QH2 39 Q
⇒ 𝑓 { 5 = lim 32
= lim 2
2→0 2→0
Key Takeaways

Differential Coefficient :

9 ,32 39 , 9 * 39 ,
• 𝑓 { 𝑎3 = lim
2→0 32
= 𝑓{ 𝑎 𝑓 { 𝑎 = lim
2→0 *3,

9 ,H2 39 ,
𝑓 { 𝑎H = lim 2
= 𝑓{ 𝑎
2→0
Methods to find Differential Coefficient:

9 * 39 ,
𝑓 { 𝑎 = lim *3,
2→0

9 * 39 (
𝑓 { 2 = lim * 3(
*→(

9 * 39 0
𝑓 { 0 = lim * 30
*→0

9 * 39 z
𝑓 { 𝑦 = lim
*→z * 3z
 If 𝑓 𝑥 is a real valued function, show that
(
𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥−𝑦 and 𝑓 0 = 0, then 𝑓 1 = ?

Solution: (
𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥−𝑦

(
𝑓 𝑥 −𝑓 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥−𝑦

9 * 39 z
≤ 𝑥−𝑦
*3z

9 z 39 *
⇒ z3*
≤ 𝑦−𝑥

9 z 39 * 9 * 39 ,
⇒ lim z3*
≤ lim 𝑦 − 𝑥 ∵ lim = 𝑓{ 𝑎
z→* z→* *→, *3,

⇒ 𝑓{ 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑓{ 𝑥 = 0

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = constant ⇒ 𝑓 0 = 0 ⇒ 𝑓 1 = 0
 Let 𝑓 0 = 0 and 𝑓 { 0 = 1. For a positive integer 𝑘, show that
) * * ) ) )
lim * 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 (
+ ⋯+ 𝑓 |
= 1 + ( + U + ⋯+ |
2→0

Solution:
) ) )
9 * 9 9 9
$ * '
lim
LHS = 2→0 + lim + lim + ⋯ + lim
*30 2→0 *30 2→0 *30 2→0 *30

) ) )
9 * 39 0 ) 9 39 0 ) 9 39 0 ) 9 39 0
$ * '
= lim *30
+ ( lim ) + U lim ) + ⋯ + | lim )
2→0 2→0 30 2→0 30 2→0 30
$ * D

) ) )
= 𝑓 { 0 + ×𝑓 { 0 + ×𝑓 { 0 + ⋯ + ⋅ 𝑓 { 0
( U |

) ) ) )
= 1 + ( ×1 + U ×1 + J ×1 + ⋯ | ×1

) ) ) )
= 1 + ( + U + J + ⋯|
 /
min 𝑓 𝑡 ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ (
𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 ; 𝑔 𝑥 = Check differentiability of 𝑔 𝑥 at 𝑥 =
/
𝜋 (
3 − 𝑥; < 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
2
Solution:
/
𝑓 𝑥 ; 0≤𝑥≤ (
𝑔 𝑥 =
/
3 − 𝑥; <𝑥≤𝜋
(

/
cos 𝑥 ; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ (
𝑔 𝑥 =
/
3 − 𝑥; <𝑥≤𝜋
(
 /
min 𝑓 𝑡 ; 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ (
𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 ; 𝑔 𝑥 = Check differentiability of 𝑔 𝑥 at 𝑥 =
/
𝜋 (
3 − 𝑥; < 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
2
Solution: /
cos 𝑥 ; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ (
𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 =
/
3 − 𝑥; (
<𝑥≤𝜋
𝑦 =3−𝑥
/! /
𝑓 (
= cos (
−ℎ =0

/" / /
𝑓 (
=3− (
+ℎ =3−(

/
Discontinuous at 𝑥 =
(

/
⇒ Not differentiable at 𝑥 =
(
 )
𝑥 sin * , 𝑥 ≠ 0
If 𝑓 𝑥 = R , then check the differentiability.
0, 𝑥 = 0
Solution:
)
𝑥 sin * , 𝑥 ≠ 0
Given : 𝑓 𝑥 = R Check Continuity :
0, 𝑥 = 0
)
LHD = 𝑓 0{ 3
= lim
9 032 39 0 ⇒ lim 𝑥 sin = 0× sin ∞ = 0 = 𝑓 0
*→0 *
2→0 32

032 <=6
(
0!+
30 Function is Continuous but
= lim 32 Not Differentiable
2→0

)
= lim sin 32
2→0

= any value between −1 to 1

LHD = DNE ⇒ Not Differentiable

 )
𝑥 ( sin * , 𝑥 ≠ 0
If 𝑓 𝑥 = R , then check the differentiability.
0, 𝑥 = 0
Solution:
) $ (
0H2 <=6 30
𝑥 ( sin , 𝑥 ≠ 0 {
RHD = 𝑓 0 H
= lim
9 0H2 39 0
= lim 0"+
Given : 𝑓 𝑥 = R *
2→0 2 2→0 2
0, 𝑥 = 0

)
9 032 39 0
= lim ℎ sin 2
= 0×∞ = 0
{ 3 2→0
LHD = 𝑓 0 = lim 32
2→0

Function is Continuous
032 $ <=6
(
0!+
30 and Differentiable both
= lim 32
2→0

)
= lim ℎ sin =0
2→0 32
Key Takeaways

Result:
𝑛 ≤ 0, then 𝑓 𝑥 is neither
LDNE at 𝑥 = 0
continuous nor differentiable.

)
𝑥 G sin * , 𝑥 ≠ 0
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = – Check 𝑓 𝑥 0 < 𝑛 ≤ 1, then 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous
0, 𝑥 = 0 but not differentiable.
for continuity and differentiability.
𝑛 > 1, then 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous
and differentiable both.

LDNE = Limit Does Not Exist

 # #
%
L $'L $
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = \ 𝑥 L $#)L %$# , 𝑥 ≠ 0 . Then correct statement is
0, 𝑥 = 0
Solution: (
o ) 3o
!(
)
Let’s Check LHL and RHL of ( !(
o ) Ho )
!( ( ( !(
o + 3o + o + 3o +
L.H.L. = lim !( ( R.H.L. = lim ( !(
2→0 o + Ho + 2→0 o + Ho +

03) )30 LDNE at 𝑥 = 0

= 0H) = )H0

= −1 =1

Since the degree of product function "𝑥" is 1, 𝑖. 𝑒. , (𝑛 = 1),

so 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous but Non - Differentiable at 𝑥 = 0
 # #
%
L $'L $
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = \ 𝑥 L $#)L %$# , 𝑥 ≠ 0 . Then correct statement is
0, 𝑥 = 0

𝑓 is continuous at every 𝑓 is continuous at every

A points except 𝑥 = 0 B point but not differentiable

𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑓 is differentiable only at

C every point D the origin
 Session 7
Intermediate Value Theorem

Return To Top
Key Takeaways

Properties of Differentiability:
D = Differentiable
ND = Not differentiable
M = May be differentiable/
May not be differentiable

• Every polynomial function is differentiable.

• Every Constant function is differentiable.

• Exponential function 𝑦 = 𝑎 * , (𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1) is differentiable.
• Log function 𝑦 = log , 𝑥 is differentiable in their domain.

• sin 𝑥 , cos 𝑥 , tan 𝑥 , cot 𝑥 , sec 𝑥 , cosec 𝑥 is differentiable in their

domain.
 Key Takeaways

Properties of Differentiability:

D = Differentiable
ND = Not differentiable
M = May be differentiable/
May not be differentiable

• Inverse trigonometric functions

sin3) 𝑥 , cos 3) 𝑥 , tan3) 𝑥 , cot 3) 𝑥 , sec 3) 𝑥 , cosec 3) 𝑥
is differentiable in their domain.
Key Takeaways

Modulus Function:

|𝑓(𝑥)| is not differentiable where 𝑓 𝑥 = 0

Ex: Point of Non-differentiability of:

• 𝑓 𝑥 = | sin 𝑥 | N.D. When sin 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋

• 𝑓 𝑥 = |𝑥 − 𝑒| N.D. When 𝑥 − 𝑒 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑒

• 𝑓 𝑥 = | ln 𝑥 | N.D. When ln 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1
 Number of points where 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−3 % + 𝑥−7 % + 𝑥 − 5 , is
non-differentiable for_______ .

Let’s check differentiability of U U

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−3 + 𝑥−7 + 𝑥−5
𝑓 𝑥 = |𝑥 U | at 𝑥 = 0.
Bach gya Bach gya
32 * 30 (
L.H.D = lim = −ℎ = 0
2→0 32 D + D + ND = ND
2 * 30
R.H.D = lim 2
= ℎ( = 0 From table, D + D + ND = ND
2→0

⇒ L.H.D = R.H.D Therefore, number of points where

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 = |𝑥 U | is differentiable at 𝑥 = 0 𝑓 𝑥 is non-differentiable = 1

Similarly, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 Q , 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 _ ,
𝑓 𝑥 = |𝑥 fhh | are differentiable at 𝑥 = 0 except for n = 1.

∵ 𝑥 ( = 𝑥 ( , 𝑥 J = 𝑥 J , |𝑥 o}oG | is also
differentiable at 𝑥 = 0.
 &
𝑓 𝑥 = is non-differentiable at ____.
*) &

Solution:
* )H* .)3*.) )
*
, 𝑥≥0 = , 𝑥≥0
𝑓 𝑥 = = –)H*
* {
𝑓 𝑥 =•
)H* $ )H* $
)H * , 𝑥<0 )3* .)3*.(3)) )
)3*
)3* $ = )3* $ , 𝑥<0

For continuity at 𝑥 = 0
)
L.H.D = $
=1
)30
0
L.H.L = )30 = 0
)
R.H.D = )H0 $ =1
0
R.H.L = )H0 = 0
L.H.D = R.H.D
L.H.L = R.H.L
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 0 at 𝑥 = 0

Thus, 𝑓(𝑥) non-differentiable no where,

𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑓 𝑥 is differentiable everywhere
 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 & + 𝑐|𝑥 %| is differentiable then find the value of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐.

Solution:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑒 * + 𝑐|𝑥 U | Differentiable (Given)

ND at ND at D at 𝑥 = 0
𝑥=0 𝑥=0

L.H.D = 𝑓 { 03 = R.H.D= 𝑓 { 0H

asin ℎ + 𝑏𝑒 2 + 𝑐ℎU − 0 + 𝑏𝑒 0 + 0 asin ℎ + 𝑏𝑒 2 + 𝑐ℎU − 0 + 𝑏𝑒 0 + 0

⇒ lim = lim
2→0 −ℎ 2→0 ℎ

asin ℎ 𝑏 𝑒 2 − 1 𝑐ℎU asin ℎ 𝑏 𝑒 2 − 1 𝑐ℎU

⇒ lim + + = lim + +
2→0 −ℎ −ℎ −ℎ 2→0 ℎ ℎ ℎ

⇒ −𝑎 − 𝑏 + 0 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 0 ⇒ 𝑎 = −𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ
 𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑒 & − 1)|𝑒 (& − 1| is differentiable or non-differentiable ?

Solution:
𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑒 * − 1)|𝑒 (* − 1|

𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑒 * − 1)|(𝑒 * − 1)(𝑒 * + 1)| Is always +𝑣𝑒, will never be 0.

𝑥 = 0 pe dard hai to humdard bhi hai

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is differentiable ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
 $
𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑒 3* is non-differentiable at ____.

$
Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑒 3*

) $
𝑓{ 𝑥 = × 0 − 𝑒 3* × −2𝑥 (By Chain Rule)
( )3o !) $

$
*⋅o !)
= $
)3o !)

$
𝑓 { 𝑥 is not differentiable, when 1 − 𝑒 3* = 0
$
⇒ 𝑒 3* = 1 = 𝑒 0

⇒ 𝑥( = 0

⇒𝑥=0
Key Takeaways

Intermediate Value Theorem

A function 𝑓 which is continuous in [𝑎, 𝑏] possesses the following properties :

𝑓 𝑏 If 𝑓 𝑎 and 𝑓 𝑏 posses opposite

+ ve signs, then there exists at least one

solution of the equation 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 in
the open interval 𝑎, 𝑏 .
𝑎 𝑋
𝑐 𝑏

𝑓 𝑎
− ve
Key Takeaways

Intermediate Value Theorem

𝑓(𝑏) If 𝑘 is any real number between

𝑓 𝑎 and 𝑓 𝑏 , then there exists at

𝑦=𝑘 least one solution of the equation

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘 in the open interval 𝑎, 𝑏 .
𝑓(𝑎)

𝑎 𝑋
𝑏
 If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑐 + 𝑥 − 𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑑 , where 𝑎 < 𝑏 < 𝑐 < 𝑑 . Then 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 has ____.

Solution: Clearly 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous function as it is a polynomial function.

Also, 𝑎 < 𝑏 < 𝑐 < 𝑑

𝑓 𝑎 = 0 + 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑑 = (−𝑣𝑒)(−𝑣𝑒) > 0

𝑓 𝑏 = 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑏 − 𝑐 + 0 = +𝑣𝑒 −𝑣𝑒 < 0

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
𝑓 𝑐 = 0 + 𝑐 − 𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑑 = +𝑣𝑒 −𝑣𝑒 < 0

𝑓 𝑑 = 𝑑 − 𝑎 𝑑 − 𝑐 + 0 = (+𝑣𝑒)(+𝑣𝑒) > 0

By Intermediate value Theorem,

𝑓 𝑥 = 0 has one root in 𝑎, 𝑏 & another root in (𝑐, 𝑑)

Hence, option (C) is the correct answer.

If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑐 + 𝑥 − 𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑑 , where 𝑎 < 𝑏 < 𝑐 < 𝑑 . Then 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 has ____.

A Exactly one root B No real root

C Two real roots D Can’t say

 Prove that : 𝑥 ⋅ 2* = 1 has at least one root which is less than unity

Solution: Draw the graph and check intersection points

) 𝑌
𝑥 ⋅ 2 * = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = () 𝑦=𝑥

⇒ 𝑥 = 23*
It can be seen from the graph that
𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 23* are intersecting 𝑦 = 23*
0,1
at 𝑥 < 1
𝑋
1
⇒ 𝑥 © 2* = 1 has at least one root
which is less than unity
 Prove that : 𝑥 ⋅ 2* = 1 has at least one root which is less than unity

Solution: Alternate Method :

Let 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 ⋅ 2* − 1

𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 ⋅ 2* − 1 is continuous function as 𝑥 and 2* are continuous functions.

Let’s consider an interval 0,1 , as we have to prove for 𝑥 < 1

𝑔 0 = 0 ⋅ 20 − 1 = −1 ⇒ 𝑔(0) < 0

𝑔 1 = 1 ⋅ 2) − 1 = 1 ⇒ 𝑔 1 > 0

By Intermediate value Theorem,

𝑔 𝑥 = 0 must have a root between 0,1 .

Steps for Solving Functional Equations

1. Write the formula for 𝑓 { 𝑥 .

2. Rewrite the 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) term to match the functional equation.

3. Substitute the term independent of 𝑥 as 𝐾.

4. Integrate 𝑓 { 𝑥 and constant of integration can be found by

substituting values of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
 *Hz (H9 * H9(z)
If 𝑓 U
= U
, 𝑓 { 0 = 2 then determine 𝑓 𝑥 .

Solution: *Hz (H9 * H9(z)

𝑓 U
= U

Differentiating w.r.t 𝑥 keeping 𝑦 constant

*Hz ) 0H9 & * H0
⇒ 𝑓{ U
×U = U

Substitute 𝑥 = 0 & values of 𝑦 in terms of

𝑥 such that on LHS 𝑓 { (𝑥) can be created

⇒ Substitute 𝑥 = 0 & 𝑦 = 3𝑥
U* ) 9& 0
𝑓{ U
×U = U

⇒ 𝑓{ 𝑥 = 2 ∵ 𝑓{ 0 = 2

𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 𝐶
 *Hz (H9 * H9(z)
If 𝑓 U
= U
, 𝑓 { 0 = 2 then determine 𝑓 𝑥 .

Solution:
*Hz (H9 * H9(z)
𝑓 U
= U

Substitute 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 0

9 0 (H9 0 H9(0)
= ⇒𝑓 0 =2
U U

By substituting 𝑓 0 = 2, we get,

2=0+𝐶 ⇒𝐶 =2

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 2
 Let 𝑓 𝑥 be a polynomial function satisfying
𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 ×𝑓 𝑦 − 𝑓 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑓 1 ∀ 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ and 𝑓 { 1 = 5. If number of
~
positive divisors of 𝑓 { 1 ×𝑓 {{ 1 ×𝑓 {{{ 1 is 𝑁, then find the value of 1
Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 ×𝑓 𝑦 − 𝑓 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑓 1
)
Substitute 𝑦 = * , we get

) )
𝑓 𝑥 +𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑥 ×𝑓
* *

We already know the above equation leads us to 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 G

𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑥 G3)

𝑓 { 1 = 𝑛×1 = 5 ⇒ 𝑛 = 5

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥Q
 Let 𝑓 𝑥 be a polynomial function satisfying
𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 ×𝑓 𝑦 − 𝑓 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑓 1 ∀ 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ and 𝑓 { 1 = 5. If number of
~
positive divisors of 𝑓 { 1 ×𝑓 {{ 1 ×𝑓 {{{ 1 is 𝑁, then find the value of 1
Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 Q

𝑓 { 𝑥 = 5𝑥 J ⇒ 𝑓 { 1 = 5

𝑓 {{ 𝑥 = 20𝑥 U ⇒ 𝑓 {{ 1 = 4×5

𝑓 {{{ 𝑥 = 60𝑥 ( ⇒ 𝑓 {{{ 1 = 3×4×5

𝑓 { 1 ×𝑓 {{ 1 ×𝑓 {{{ 1 = 5×4×5×3×4×5

= 5U ×2J ×3)

Number of divisors = Product of degree of prime factor +1

∴ 𝑁 = (3 + 1)×(4 + 1)×(1 + 1) = 40
~
∴ 1
=5
 Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be a real-valued differentiable function satisfying
(*HUz (9 * HU9 z
𝑓 = for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ → ℝ and 𝑓 0 = 1 𝑓 { 0 = 2
Q Q

Find the value of 𝑓 3 + 𝑓 { 4

Solution: (*HUz (9 * HU9 z

𝑓 Q
= Q

Differentiate w.r.t. 𝑥, keeping 𝑦 constant

(*HUz ( (
𝑓{ × = ×𝑓 { 𝑥 ⋯ (𝑖)
Q Q Q

Q*
Substitute 𝑥 = 0 & 𝑦 = U

U×Q* (∵ 𝑓′ 0 = 2)
𝑓{ = 𝑓{ 0 ⇒ 𝑓{ 𝑥 = 2
Q×U
 Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be a real-valued differentiable function satisfying
(*HUz (9 * HU9 z
𝑓 = for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ → ℝ and 𝑓 0 = 1 𝑓 { 0 = 2
Q Q

Find the value of 𝑓 3 + 𝑓 { 4

Solution: ⇒ 𝑓 { 𝑥 = 2

𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 𝐶

Substitute 𝑥 = 0

1=0+𝐶 ⇒𝐶 =1 (∵ 𝑓 0 = 1)

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1

𝑓 3 + 𝑓′ 4 = 2×3 + 1 + 2 = 9
 Let 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ be a real-valued differentiable function satisfying
(*HUz (9 * HU9 z
𝑓 = for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ → ℝ and 𝑓 0 = 1 𝑓 { 0 = 2
Q Q

Find the value of 𝑓 3 + 𝑓 { 4

Solution:
Alternative Solution:
(*HUz (9 * HU9 z (9 * HU9 z B*( HG*$
𝑓 Q
= Q
= (HU
form
BHG

Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 (Remember)

Substitute 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑓 0 = 𝑏 = 1 (∵ 𝑓 0 = 1)

𝑓 { (𝑥) = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑎 = 2 (∵ 𝑓′ 0 = 2)

𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1

𝑓 3 + 𝑓′ 4 = 2×3 + 1 + 2 = 9
 Session 8
Introduction to Differentiation

Return To Top
 hz
𝑌
Definition of
h*
𝑄(𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ))
∆z
Change in 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥 = 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥))
∆*

∆z hz
When ∆𝑥 → 0, we get, lim = h* 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
∆*→0 ∆*

Let us consider the graph of function 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑋

The two points on the graph are 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑓 𝑥 and

𝑄 𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ .

We can see that 𝑃𝑄 is a secant to the curve.

When ℎ → 0, then point 𝑄 will reach to point 𝑃, i.e., 𝑄𝑃, and the secant will
become the tangent to the curve.

𝑑𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
∴ Slope of tangent: = 𝑓 { 𝑥 = lim
𝑑𝑥 2→0 ℎ

This is known as First principle of differentiation / Ab – initio method.

𝑓 𝑥 + ℎ − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 { 𝑥 = lim
2→0 ℎ
Let’s say 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ⋯ 𝑖

𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖

𝑖𝑖 − 𝑖 gives 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥
𝛿𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥)
Dividing by 𝛿𝑥, we get =
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥

Applying limit 𝛿𝑥 → 0 on both sides

𝛿𝑦 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥)
lim = lim
€*→0 𝛿𝑥 €*→0 𝛿𝑥

€z
We know that lim = 𝑓{ 𝑥
€*→0 €*

𝑑𝑦 𝛿𝑦
Hence, 𝑓 { 𝑥 = = lim
𝑑𝑥 €*→0 𝛿𝑥
 Find the derivative using first principle of differentiation :
𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 & 𝑖𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥

Solution: 𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 *

𝑦 = 𝑒* ⋯ 𝑖

𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑒 * H €* ⋯ 𝑖𝑖

𝑖𝑖 − 𝑖 gives 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑒 * H €* − 𝑒 *

€z o ) o E) 3 )
Dividing by 𝛿𝑥, we get =
€* €*

Applying limit 𝛿𝑥 → 0

hz €z o E) 3 )
= lim = lim 𝑒 * = 𝑒 * ×1
h* €*→0 €* €*→0 €*

o ) 3)
= 𝑒* ∵ lim =1
*→0 *
 Find the derivative using first principle of differentiation :
𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 & 𝑖𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥

Solution: 𝑖𝑖) 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥

𝑦 = sin 𝑥 ⋯ 𝑖

𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) ⋯ 𝑖𝑖

𝑖𝑖 − 𝑖 gives 𝛿𝑦 = sin(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − sin 𝑥

Dividing by 𝛿𝑥 and applying limit 𝛿𝑥 → 0

hz €z <=6(* H €*) 3 <=6 *

= lim = lim €*
h* €*→0 €* €*→0
$) " E) E) $) " E) E)
( >?< <=6 >?< <=6
= lim $
€*
$
= lim $
E)
$
€*→0 €*→0
$

<=6 *
= cos 𝑥 ∵ lim *
=1
*→0
 Key Takeaways

Derivative of Standard Functions:

h
h*
𝑥 G = 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑥 G3)

h ) G
=−
h* *' * '"(

h
h*
𝑎 * = 𝑎 * ⋅ ln 𝑎 , 𝑎 > 0

h ) C?D2 *
log , 𝑥 = ∵ log , 𝑥 = 𝑎>0
h* *⋅C6 , C?D2 ,

h
h*
constant = 0

h
𝑒* = 𝑒*
h*
 Examples :

)
𝑖) 𝑦 = 𝑖𝑣) 𝑦 = 𝑥
*

hz ) h hz ) h
h*
=−
*$
(∵ h* 𝑥 G = 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑥 G3) ) h*
=( *
(∵ h* 𝑥 G = 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑥 G3) )

)
𝑖𝑖) 𝑦 = * $ 𝑣)𝑦 =
)
*
hz ( h
=− (∵ 𝑥 G = 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑥 G3) ) hz 3) h
h* ** h*
h*
= * (∵ h* 𝑥 G = 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑥 G3) )
(* $

)
𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑦 =
*1

hz _
h*
= − * , (∵ h 𝑥 G = 𝑛 ⋅ 𝑥 G3) )
h*
 Examples :

)
𝑖) 𝑦 = sin 𝜃 𝑖𝑣) 𝑦 = <=6 n

hz ) hn hz ) hn
= × cos 𝜃 × h*
= − <=6$ n × cos 𝜃 × h*
h* ( <=6 n h*

hn
= − cosec ( 𝜃 ⋅ cos 𝜃 ⋅
h*
𝑖𝑖) 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
) $ "(
hz
=(
)
× cos 𝑥 × h*
h* 𝑣)𝑦 = 2 $

h* <=6 *

) ) $ "(
= × cos 𝑥 hz
=2 $ ⋅ ln 2 ×
(*H0
( <=6 * h* (

𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑦 = 23* ) $ "(

= 2 $ ⋅ ln 2 ×𝑥
hz
h*
= 23* ⋅ ln 2 ×−1
Derivative of Standard Functions:

h Trigonometric functions:
constant = 0
h*

−𝑛 h
h G G3) h ) sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑥 =𝑛⋅𝑥 = GH) h*
h* h* *' 𝑥
h
h h*
cos 𝑥 = −sin 𝑥
h*
𝑒* = 𝑒*
h
h*
tan 𝑥 = sec ( 𝑥
h
h*
𝑎 * = 𝑎 * ⋅ ln 𝑎 , 𝑎 > 0
h
cot 𝑥 = −cosec ( 𝑥
h*
h )
ln 𝑥 = h
sec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥. tan 𝑥
h* *
h*

h ) C?D * h
h*
log , 𝑥 = *⋅C6 , ∵ log , 𝑥 = C?D2 , cosec 𝑥 = −cosec 𝑥. cot 𝑥
2 h*
𝑎>0
h )
sin3) 𝑥 = , −1 < 𝑥 < 1
h* )3* $

h )
cos 3) 𝑥 = − , −1 < 𝑥 < 1
h* )3* $

h )
h*
tan3) 𝑥 = )H* $ , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

h )
h*
cot 3) 𝑥 = − )H* $ , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

h )
sec 3) 𝑥 = , 𝑥 >1
h* * * $ 3)

h 3)
cosec 3) 𝑥 = , 𝑥 >1
h* * * $ 3)
 h ) h )
sin3) 𝑥 = , −1 < 𝑥 < 1 cos 3) 𝑥 = − , −1 < 𝑥 < 1
h* )3* $ h* )3* $

Proof: Proof:

/ / /
Let 𝑦 = sin3) 𝑥 , 𝑦 ∈ −(,( We know that, sin3) 𝑥 + cos 3) 𝑥 = (

𝑥 = sin 𝑦 , differentiating both sides w.r.t 𝑦 h h

sin3) 𝑥 + h* cos 3) 𝑥 = 0
h*

h*
= cos 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 ( h h
hz ⇒ h* cos 3) 𝑥 = − h* sin3) 𝑥

hz ) hz )
= ∵ h* = h )
h* )3* $
F)
⇒ cos 3) 𝑥 = −
FG h* )3* $
 Theorems of Differentiation:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
If 𝑦 = 𝑘 𝑓(𝑥) , then = 𝑘. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘 . 𝑓 { (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
If 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 , then = 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 { 𝑥 ± 𝑔{ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Proof:

𝑑𝑦 𝑓 𝑥+ℎ ±𝑔 𝑥+ℎ − 𝑓 𝑥 ±𝑔 𝑥 9 *H2 39 *

= lim ∵ 𝑓 { 𝑥 = lim
2→0 2
𝑑𝑥 2→0 ℎ

𝑓 𝑥+ℎ −𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥+ℎ −𝑔 𝑥
= lim ± lim
2→0 ℎ 2→0 ℎ

= 𝑓 { 𝑥 ± 𝑔{ 𝑥 = RHS
 Theorems of Differentiation:

Product
If 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑔 𝑥 , then Rule

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
= 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅𝑔 𝑥 +𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 { 𝑥 . 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

hz
If 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, then h*
= 𝑢{ 𝑣 + 𝑢𝑣′

Quotient
9 *
Rule
If 𝑦 = , then
: *

𝑑𝑦 𝑔 𝑥 . 𝑓 { 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑔′(𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔(𝑥) (
 Theorems of Differentiation:

Chain
If 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑔 ℎ 𝑥 , then Rule

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓{ 𝑔 ℎ 𝑥 . 𝑔′ ℎ 𝑥 . ℎ′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Example : 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 (

Using chain rule of differentiation, we get,

𝑑𝑦
= cos 𝑥 ( ⋅ 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
 JBK & UV
If 𝑦 = , then find .
* ' M@J & U&

Solution:

𝑑𝑦 1 − cos 𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝑥 { − sin 𝑥 ⋅ 1 − cos 𝑥 {

=
𝑑𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥 (

𝑑𝑦 1 − cos 𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝑥

=
𝑑𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥 (

𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥 − (cos ( 𝑥 + sin( 𝑥) cos 𝑥 − 1

⇒ = =
𝑑𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥 ( 1 − cos 𝑥 (

𝑑𝑦 1
⇒ =−
𝑑𝑥 (1 − cos 𝑥)
Key Takeaways

€z 9 *H€* 39(*)
lim = lim
€*→0 €* €*→0 €*

hz €z h* )
= lim ⇒ hz = FG
h* €*→0 €*
F)

FG F)
h$ z h h$ * h h$ * )
= F)
and =
FG
But ≠ F$ G
h$ * h* h$ z hz h$ z
F$ )

hz
If 𝑓(𝑥) is undefined for some 𝑥 then h* does not exist at that point.
 Key Takeaways

hz
If 𝑓(𝑥) is undefined for some 𝑥 then h* is also undefined at that point

Constant does not take part in differentiation

𝑑
[𝐾 ⋅ 𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝐾 ⋅ 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
[𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 ] = 𝑓 { 𝑥 ± 𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑
Product Rule: 𝑓 𝑥 ×𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 ×𝑔{ 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 ×𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

Division Rule: 𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 ×𝑓 { 𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥 ×𝑔′(𝑥)

=
𝑑𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑔( (𝑥)

𝑑 𝑑𝜃
𝑓 𝑔 ℎ 𝜃 = 𝑓{ 𝑔 ℎ 𝜃 ×𝑔{ ℎ 𝜃 ×ℎ{ 𝜃 ×
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(follow till last function)
 % X R UV
If 𝑦 = cos '* W
cos 𝑥 − W sin 𝑥 , where 𝑥 ∈ 0, ( , then U& = ?

U J
Solution: 𝑦 = cos 3) cos 𝑥 − Q sin 𝑥 𝑌
Q

𝑥
=
U J /
Let cos 𝛼 = , then sin 𝛼 = as 𝛼 ∈ 0, (

𝑦
Q Q

𝑋
3) 0 𝜋 2𝜋
𝑦 = cos cos 𝛼 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝛼 sin 𝑥

𝑦 = cos 3) cos(𝑥 + 𝛼)

𝑦 =𝑥+𝛼 ∵ 𝑥 ∈ 0, 𝜋 ⇒ cos 3) cos 𝑥 = 𝑥

hz
∴ h* = 1

Hence, option B is the correct answer.

 % X R UV
If 𝑦 = cos '* W
cos 𝑥 − W sin 𝑥 , where 𝑥 ∈ 0, ( , then U& = ?

U
A 0 B 1 C Q D sin 𝑥
 If 𝑓 1 = 1, 𝑓 S 1 = 3, then the derivative of 𝑓 𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑥) ( at 𝑥 = 1 is,
JEE Main April 2019
Solution: Let 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑥) (

Now, differentiating w. r. t ′𝑥′

⇒ 𝑔{ 𝑥 = 𝑓 { 𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑓{ 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑓{ 𝑥

So , 𝑔{ 1 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 + 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1 = 33 [∵ 𝑓 1 = 1, 𝑓 { 1 = 3]

Hence, option (A) is the correct answer.

If 𝑓 1 = 1, 𝑓 S 1 = 3, then the derivative of 𝑓 𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑥) ( at 𝑥 = 1 is,
JEE Main April 2019

A 12 B 9

C 𝟑𝟑 D 15
 *'& UV
If 𝑦 = , then find U&
*)&

J J
A B
$)K / K)$

J
C D None of these
$%K /

)3*
Solution: Given, 𝑦 = )H*

Take logarithm on both the sides,

(
)3* $ ) )3* )
⇒ log 𝑦 = log )H*
= log ⇒ log 𝑦 = ( log 1 − 𝑥 − log 1 + 𝑥
( )H*

Now differentiating w.r.t x, we get

) hz ) ) )
= ⋅ −1 − ⋅ 1
z h* ( )3* )H*
 *'& UV
If 𝑦 = , then find U&
*)&

) hz ) 3) )
Solution: ⇒ =( − )H*
z h* )3*

) hz ) 3)3*3)H*
⇒ z h* = ( )3* $

) 3(
=( )3* $

3)
= )3* $

hz z z
∴ h* = − )3* $ = * $ 3)

Hence, option (D) is the correct answer

 UV
If sin 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝑎 + 𝑦 , then find U&

Solution:
<=6 z
Given, 𝑥 =
<=6 ,Hz

Now, differentiating with respect to 𝑦

h* <=6 ,Hz >?< z3<=6 z >?< ,Hz

=
hz <=6$ ,Hz

<=6 ,
⇒
h*
=
<=6 ,Hz 3z = [∵ sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐵 cos 𝐴]
hz <=6$ ,Hz <=6$ ,Hz

hz <=6$ ,Hz
∴ h* = <=6 ,

Hence, option (C) is the correct answer

 UV
If sin 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⋅ sin 𝑎 + 𝑦 , then find U&

LMN/ O%J LMN O

A B
LMN O LMN/ O%J

NPQ/ O%J NPQ O

C D
NPQ O NPQ/ O%J
 o * HA ) 3o /HA ) hz
If 𝑦 = o - HA ) 3o $ HA ) , then find h*

HIJ 2 ) * 3o HIJ 2 ) /
Solution: (II) Given, 𝑦 = o - $
o HIJ2 ) 3o HIJ2 )

∵ 𝑒 C6 * = 𝑥
* * 3* /
⇒𝑦=
* - 3* $

* * )3* $
⇒𝑦= ⇒ 𝑦 = −𝑥
* $ * $ 3)

Now, differentiating w. r. t ′𝑥′, we get

hz
h*
= −1
 )
𝑥 ( ⋅ sin * 𝑥≠0
If 𝑓 𝑥 = , then 𝑓 { 0 =?
0 𝑥=0

Solution: )
𝑥 ( ⋅ sin * 𝑥≠0
Given, 𝑓 𝑥 =
0 𝑥=0
9 * 39 ,
Using, 𝑓 { 𝑎 = lim *3,
, we get
*→,

(
* $ ⋅<=6 3 0
{
𝑓 0 = lim )
*30
*→0

(
*⋅<=6
{
⇒ 𝑓 0 = lim )
)
*→0

⇒ 𝑓 { 0 = 0×(any value between−1 to 1)

⇒𝑓 { 0 = 0
 *3)
(* $ 3_*HQ
𝑥≠1
If 𝑓 𝑥 = Then 𝑓 { 1 =?
)
−U 𝑥=1

Solution:
9 * 39 ,
Using, 𝑓 { 𝑎 = lim , we get
*→, *3,

) !( (
3 3
{ $) $ ! 1) " / *
𝑓 1 = lim * 3)
*→)

) !( ( ( (
H H 0
{
⇒ 𝑓 1 = lim )!( ⋅ $)!/ *
= lim $)!/ *
0
form
*→) * 3) *→) * 3)

$
3 H0
{ $) ! / $
⇒𝑓 1 = lim )
[Using , L‘Hospital's Rule]
*→)

(
⇒𝑓 { 1 = −
b
 456 tH>?4 t ) U/
If 𝑦 𝛼 = 2 ) H 456$ t
+ <=6$ t , 𝛼 ∈ J
,𝜋
hz Q/
then ht at 𝛼 = W
is :
JEE Main Jan 2020

A 4 B )
−J

C −4 D J
U
 456 tH>?4 t ) U/
If 𝑦 𝛼 = 2 ) H 456$ t
+ <=6$ t , 𝛼 ∈ J
,𝜋
hz Q/
then ht at 𝛼 = W
is :
JEE Main Jan 2020
456 tH>?4 t ) U/
Solution: Given, 𝑦 𝛼 = 2 ) H 456$ t
+ <=6$ t , 𝛼 ∈ J
,𝜋

( 456$ tH) )
⇒𝑦 𝛼 = 456 t )H456$ t
+ <=6$ t

⇒𝑦 𝛼 = 2 cot 𝛼 + cosec ( 𝛼

( 1 + cot ( 𝛼 = cosec ( 𝛼
⇒𝑦 𝛼 = 1 + cot 𝛼

⇒ 𝑦 𝛼 = 1 + cot 𝛼

( ∵ (1 + cot 𝛼 ) < −1 for 𝛼 ∈ (3𝜋/4, 𝜋))

⇒ 𝑦 𝛼 = −(1 + cot 𝛼)
 456 tH>?4 t ) U/
If 𝑦 𝛼 = 2 ) H 456$ t
+ <=6$ t , 𝛼 ∈ J
,𝜋
hz Q/
then ht at 𝛼 = W
is :
JEE Main Jan 2020

Solution: Now, differentiating with respect to 𝛼

hz
⇒ ht = cosec ( 𝛼

Q/
Substituting 𝛼 = W
, we get

hz
=4
ht

Hence, option (A) is the correct answer

 456 tH>?4 t ) U/
If 𝑦 𝛼 = 2 ) H 456$ t
+ <=6$ t , 𝛼 ∈ J
,𝜋
hz Q/
then ht at 𝛼 = W
is :
JEE Main Jan 2020

A 4 B −
)
J

C −4 D J
U
 If 1,1, 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are roots of 𝑥 W + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0, then 1 − 𝛼 1 − 𝛽 1 − 𝛾 = ?

Solution: Clearly, 𝑥 Q + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑥 − 1 (
𝑥−𝛼 𝑥−𝛽 𝑥−𝛾

Differentiating with respect to 𝑥, both the sides, we get

5𝑥 J + 𝑎 = 𝑥 − 1 (
𝑥−α 𝑥−𝛽 + 𝑥−1 (
𝑥−α 𝑥−γ + 𝑥−1 (
𝑥−γ 𝑥−𝛽
+ 𝑥−𝛼 𝑥−𝛽 𝑥−𝛾 2 𝑥−1

⇒ 5𝑥 J + 𝑎 = 𝑥 − 1 (
𝑥−𝛼 𝑥−𝛾 + 𝑥−1 (
𝑥−𝛽 𝑥−𝛾 +
(
𝑥−1 𝑥−𝛼 𝑥−𝛽 + 𝑥−𝛼 𝑥−𝛽 𝑥−𝛾 2 𝑥−1
Differentiating again with respect to 𝑥,

⇒ 20𝑥 U = Each term contains 𝑥 − 1 in its derivative + 𝑥 − 𝛼 𝑥 − 𝛽 𝑥 − 𝛾 2(1)

Substitute 𝑥 = 1,

We get, 1 − 𝛼 1 − 𝛽 1 − 𝛾 = 10
 h * *
Find 𝑥 + 𝑥 at 𝑥 = 𝜋 where , represents G.I.F and fractional part
h*
function respectively

h * *
Solution: Given, 𝑥 + 𝑥
h*

At 𝑥 = 𝜋 ≈ 3.14 Then, 𝑥 = 3.14 = 3, and 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 3

Now, after substituting, we get

h h
𝑥 *
+ 𝑥 * = h* 3*3U + 𝑥 − 3 U
h*

h U) U
= h* (_
+ 𝑥−3

h U) C6 U (
⇒ h* 𝑥 *
+ 𝑥 * = (_
+3 𝑥−3
 h <@> * H 456 * 3 ) h )H* - H* ,
Find (i) (ii)
h* 456 * 3 <@> * H ) h* )H* $ H* -

Solution:
h <@> * H 456 * 3 ) h <@> *H456 *3 <@>$ *3456$ * ∵ sec ( 𝑥 − tan( 𝑥 = 1
(i) h* = h* 456 * 3 <@> *H)
456 * 3 <@> * H )

h <@> *H456 *3 <@> *H456 * <@> *3456 *

= h* 456 * 3 <@> *H)

h <@> *H456 * )3 <@> *3456 *

= h* 456 * 3 <@> *H)

h <@> *H456 * 456 *3<@> *H)

= h* 456 * 3 <@> *H)

h
= h* sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥

h <@> * H 456 * 3 )
⇒ h* = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + sec ( 𝑥
456 * 3 <@> * H )
 h <@> * H 456 * 3 ) h )H* - H* ,
Find (i) (ii)
h* 456 * 3 <@> * H ) h* )H* $ H* -

Solution:

h )H* - H* ,
(ii)Given, h* )H* $ H* -

h )H* - H* , h )H* $ H* - )3* $ H* - ∵ 1 + 𝑥J + 𝑥1 = 𝑥J + 𝑥( + 1 𝑥J − 𝑥( + 1

⇒ = h* )H* $ H* -
h* )H* $ H* -

h
= 1 − 𝑥( + 𝑥J
h*

h )H* - H* ,
⇒ = −2𝑥 + 4𝑥 U
h* )H* $ H* -
 Session 9
Derivative of standard function

Return To Top
 UV
Find
U&
for 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 ° .

Solution:

Given, 𝑦 = sec 𝑥°

𝑥 is in degrees, so we have to convert that to radians

•
∵ 180° = 𝜋 radians ⇒1° = )10

•⋅*
Now, 𝑦 = sec )10

Now, differentiating w. r. t ′𝑥′, we get

hz •.* •.* •
h*
= sec )10
⋅ tan )10
⋅ )10

hz •
⇒ = sec 𝑥° ⋅ tan 𝑥° ⋅
h* )10
 hz
Find h* : 𝑎 𝑦 = log , log , 𝑥 𝑏 𝑦 = log >?< * sin 𝑥

Solution:
C?D2 * C?D <=6 *
𝑎 Given : 𝑦 = log , log , 𝑥 = log ,
C?D2 ,
𝑏 Given : 𝑦 = log >?< * sin 𝑥 = C?D 2 >?< *
2

= log , log o 𝑥 − log , log o 𝑎 hz

⇒ h* =
C?D2 >?< * × >?4 * 3C?D2 <=6 * × (3 456 *)
C?D2 >?< * $

C?D2 C?D2 *
= − log , log o 𝑎
C?D2 , hz >?4 * C?D2 >?< *H456 * C?D2 <=6 *
⇒ h* = C?D2 >?< * $

hz h C?D2 C?D2 * h
⇒ h*
= h* C?D2 ,
− h* log , log o 𝑎

) h
= × log o log o 𝑥 −0
C?D2 , h*

hz ) ) )
⇒ h*
= C?D ,
× C?D *
×*
2 2
 hz 3)
Find : 𝑐 𝑦 = log >?< * sin 𝑥 log <=6 * cos 𝑥 + sin3) 𝑥 (
h*

Solution:
3)
𝑐 Given : 𝑦 = log >?< * sin 𝑥 log <=6 * cos 𝑥 + sin3) 𝑥 (

C?D2 <=6 * (
= C?D2 >?< *
+ sin3) 𝑥 (

hz C?D2 <=6 * h C?D2 <=6 * ) h

⇒ =2 × h* + × h* (𝑥 ( )
h* C?D2 >?< * C?D2 >?< * )3* -

C?D2 <=6 * >?4 * C?D2 >?< *H456 * C?D2 <=6 * (*

=2 $ +
C?D2 >?< * C?D2 >?< * )3* -

hz C?D2 <=6 * >?4 * C?D2 >?< *H456 * C?D2 <=6 * (*

⇒ =2 $ +
h* C?D2 >?< * C?D2 >?< * )3* -
 hz * $ 3*H)
Find h* : 𝑑 𝑦 = log o * $ H*H)
𝑒 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 ( + 𝑎(

Solution:

* $ 3*H)
𝑑 Given : 𝑦 = log o 𝑒 Given : 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 ( + 𝑎(
* $ H*H)

hz ) *
𝑦 = log o 𝑥 ( − 𝑥 + 1 − log o 𝑥 ( + 𝑥 + 1 ⇒ h* = × 1+
*H * $ H, $ * $ H, $

hz (*3) (*H) ) * $ H, $ H*
⇒ = − = ×
h* * $ 3*H) * $ H*H) *H * $ H, $ * $ H, $

hz )
⇒ =
h* * $ H, $
 hz G G.9 *
Find h* : 𝑓 If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 ( + 𝑎( , 𝑓 { 𝑥 = |
, then find the value of 𝑘.

Solution:
G G.9 *
𝑓 Given : 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 ( + 𝑎( and 𝑓 { 𝑥 =
|

⇒ log 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑛 . log 𝑥 + 𝑥 ( + 𝑎(

h 9& * )
⇒ h* log 𝑓 𝑥 = =𝑛.
9 * * $ H, $

G .9 * G.9 *
⇒ 𝑓{ 𝑥 = =
* $ H, $ |

⇒𝑘= 𝑥 ( + 𝑎(
 )HtH )3t * )3t hz
Let 𝑒 z = )Ht3 )3t
, and tan ( = )Ht
, 𝛼 ∈ −1,0 ∪ 0,1 , then find h* |*‚%
*

Solution:
(!;
)H
z )HtH )3t (";
Given : 𝑒 = )Ht3 )3t
= (!;
)3
(";

)
)H456 / *
= $
) = tan +
)3456 J (
$

/ *
⇒ 𝑦 = ln tan +
J (

$ % )
hz ) <@> H
- $ ) /
⇒ h* = (
. % ) = % ) % ) = cosec (
+𝑥 = sec 𝑥
456 H ( <=6 H >?< H
- $ - $ - $

hz /
⇒ h* |*‚% = sec U = 2
*
 If 𝑓 𝑥 is an odd function in −∞, ∞ and 𝑓 S −1 = 5, then 𝑓 S 1 =?

Solution:

𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥

h
⇒ h
𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓 { −𝑥 ×−1 = −𝑓′ 𝑥

⇒ 𝑓 { −𝑥 = 𝑓′ 𝑥

⇒ 𝑥 = 1, 𝑓 { −1 = 𝑓 { 1 = 5

⇒ 𝑓{ 1 = 5
 If 𝑓 𝑥 is a quadratic polynomial function and 𝑓 −1 = 𝑓 1 and 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐
are in AP, then 𝑓 { 𝑎 , 𝑓′(𝑏) and 𝑓 { 𝑐 are in ?

Solution:
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 ( + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑓 −1 = 𝑓 1 ⇒ 𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶

⇒ 𝑓 { 𝑥 = 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 = 2𝐴𝑥 ⇒𝐵=0

⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑓 { 𝑎 = 2𝐴𝑎

⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑏, 𝑓 { 𝑏 = 2𝐴𝑏

⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑐, 𝑓 { 𝑐 = 2𝐴𝑐

Given : 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are in AP

⇒ So, 2𝐴𝑎, 2𝐴𝑏 and 2𝐴𝑐 will be in AP

⇒ 𝑓 { 𝑎 , 𝑓 { 𝑏 and 𝑓 { 𝑐 are in AP
 If 𝑓 𝑥 is a differentiable function such that 𝑓 2𝑥 = 𝑓′ 𝑥 . 𝑓 {{ (𝑥). Find
𝑖 Degree of the polynomial 𝑖𝑖 Polynomial

Solution:

𝑖 Given : 𝑓 2𝑥 = 𝑓′ 𝑥 . 𝑓′′(𝑥) Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 ( + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑓 { 𝑥 = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
⇒ Let 𝑓 𝑥 is 𝑛 degree polynomial
𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑓 { 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 ( + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 . 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
⇒ So, 𝑓′ 𝑥 and 𝑓′′ 𝑥 will be 𝑛 − 1 and
𝑛 − 2 degrees polynomial, respectively. 2 deg + 1 deg
3 deg
⇒ Now, 𝑛 = 𝑛 − 1 + (𝑛 − 2)

⇒𝑛=3

⇒ Degree of polynomial is 3
 If 𝑓 𝑥 is a differentiable function such that 𝑓 2𝑥 = 𝑓′ 𝑥 . 𝑓 {{ (𝑥). Find
𝑖 Degree of the polynomial 𝑖𝑖 Polynomial

Solution: 𝑖𝑖 Given : 𝑓 2𝑥 = 𝑓 { 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑓 {{ 𝑥 … 1

⇒ Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 U + 𝑏𝑥 ( + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑

⇒ 8𝑎𝑥 U + 4𝑏𝑥 ( + 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 3𝑎𝑥 ( + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 6𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏

⇒ Now comparing 𝑥 U coefficient,

J
8𝑎 = 18𝑎( ⇒ 𝑎 = 0 not acceptable ,
b

⇒ Comparing 𝑥 ( coefficient, 4𝑏 = 18𝑎𝑏 ⇒ 𝑏 = 0, 𝑎 = 2/9

)
⇒ Comparing coefficient of 𝑥, 2𝑐 = 4𝑏( + 6𝑎𝑐 ⇒ 𝑐 = 0, 𝑎 = U

⇒ Comparing constant, 𝑑 = 2𝑏𝑐 ⇒ 𝑑 = 0

 If 𝑓 𝑥 is a differentiable function such that 𝑓 2𝑥 = 𝑓′ 𝑥 . 𝑓 {{ (𝑥). Find
𝑖 Degree of the polynomial 𝑖𝑖 Polynomial

Solution: 𝑖𝑖 Given : 𝑓 2𝑥 = 𝑓 { 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑓 {{ 𝑥 … 1

⇒ Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 U + 𝑏𝑥 ( + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑

⇒ 8𝑎𝑥 U + 4𝑏𝑥 ( + 2𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 3𝑎𝑥 ( + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 6𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏

J J
At 𝑎 = b, Polynomial, 𝑓 𝑥 = b 𝑥 U

U( J 1 U(
From eqn. 1 ⇒ b
𝑥U = U 𝑥(× U 𝑥 = b
𝑥U

( (
At 𝑎 = b, Polynomial, 𝑓 𝑥 = b 𝑥 U

)W ( J
From eqn. 1 ⇒ b
𝑥U ≠ U 𝑥(× U 𝑥

) )
At 𝑎 = U, Polynomial, 𝑓 𝑥 = U 𝑥 U

1 J
From eqn. 1 ⇒ U 𝑥 U ≠ 𝑥 ( ×2𝑥 Hence, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 U
b
 If 𝑓 is a differentiable function such that
𝑓 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 2𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦 . 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ∀ 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, then 𝑓 {{ 0 , 𝑓′′(1) and 𝑓 {{ 2 are in ?

Solution:

Given : 𝑓 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 2𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦 . 𝑥 + 2𝑦

9 *H2 39 *
⇒ We know that 𝑓 { 𝑥 = lim 2
2→0

⇒ We get, ℎ = 2𝑦.

9 * H9 2 3U*2 *H2 39 *
⇒ 𝑓 { 𝑥 = lim = 𝐾 − 3𝑥 (
2→0 2

⇒ 𝑓 {{ 𝑥 = −6𝑥

⇒ 𝑓 {{ 0 = 0, 𝑓 { 1 = −6, 𝑓 2 = −12

⇒ So, 𝑓 {{ 0 , 𝑓′′(1) and 𝑓 {{ 2 are in AP.

Key Takeaways

Modulus Based Questions :

⇒ First define Modulus according to value

or interval given in the questions, then differentiate.
h* *
⇒ h*
= *
, 𝑥 ≠ 0.

= 1, 𝑥 > 0

= −1, 𝑥 < 0
 Find 𝑓 { 𝑥 if 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑥 .

Solution : Given : 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑥

h
⇒ 𝑓 { 𝑥 = h* log 𝑥

) h
= × 𝑥.
* h*

) *
= ×
* *

)
=*

)
⇒ 𝑓{ 𝑥 = *
 hz
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 , then h* |*‚U =?

Solution : Given : 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1

⇒ At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑥 − 1 = +𝑣𝑒

⇒ So, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1

hz hz
⇒ 𝑓 { 𝑥 = h* = 1 ⇒ h* |*‚U = 1

hz
⇒ h* |*‚U = 1
 UV
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 − 2 , then c
U& &Z%
=?

Solution : Given : 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 − 2

⇒ At 𝑥 = 3, 𝑥 − 1 = +𝑣𝑒, and 𝑥 − 2 = +𝑣𝑒

⇒𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−1 + 𝑥−2

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3

hz hz
⇒ 𝑓 { 𝑥 = h* = 2 ⇒ h* |*‚U = 2

hz
⇒ h* · =2
*‚U
 hz
If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 + 24 − 10 𝑥 − 1, then =? ; 𝑥 ∈ 1,26
h*

Solution :

Given : 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 + 24 − 10 𝑥 − 1

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 − 1 + 25 − 2×5 𝑥 − 1

(
= 𝑥−1+ 𝑥−1 − 2×5 𝑥 − 1 + 5(
(
= 𝑥−1+ 𝑥−1−5

= 𝑥−1+ 𝑥−1−5 𝑥 − 1 − 5 = −𝑣𝑒; 𝑥 ∈ 1, 26

= 𝑥−1− 𝑥−1+5 So, 𝑥 − 1 − 5 = − 𝑥 − 1 + 5;

=5

hz
⇒ h* = 0
Key Takeaways

Logarithmic Differentiation:

We can use log while differentiation

• When more than 2 functions are multiplied or divided.

• When fractional degree is used.

: *
• In 𝑓 𝑥 types questions.

Example:
𝑖) 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3)

*3) *3(
𝑖𝑖) 𝑦 = (*HU)(*3J)

𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑦 = 𝑥 *

𝑖𝑣) 𝑦 = (sin 𝑥)>?< *

 & ƒ
*)& ' %&'( S
Differentiate the following w.r.t 𝑥 : 𝑖) 𝑦 = 𝑥 & 𝑖𝑖) 𝑦 = T #
W'(& ƒ ['W& '

Solution : 𝑖) 𝑦 = 𝑥 * Taking log both sides

⇒ log 𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑥

⇒ log 𝑦 = 𝑥. log 𝑥

Taking log both sides

) hz )
⇒ z . h* = 𝑥× * + log 𝑥 ⋅ 1

hz
⇒ h* = 𝑦 1 + log 𝑥

hz
⇒ = 𝑥 * 1 + log 𝑥
h*

hz hz
Also, ⇒ h* = 𝑥 * log 𝑒 + log 𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑥 * log 𝑒𝑥
h*
 & ƒ
*)& ' %&'( S
Differentiate the following w.r.t 𝑥 : 𝑖) 𝑦 = 𝑥 & 𝑖𝑖) 𝑦 = T #
W'(& ƒ ['W& '

$ 1
Solution : )H* * U*3( -
𝑖𝑖) 𝑦 = / ( Taking log both sides
Q3(* 1 W3Q* *

( _
1+𝑥 U 3𝑥 − 2 J
ln 𝑦 = ln Q )
5 − 2𝑥 _ 6 − 5𝑥 U

(
ln 𝑦 =
U
ln 1 + 𝑥 + _ ln 3𝑥 − 2 − Q ln 5 − 2𝑥 − ) ln 6 − 5𝑥
J _ U

Differentiate both sides

) hz ( ) _ ) Q ) ) )
z
× h* = U × )H* ×1 + J × U*3( ×3 − _ × Q3(*
× −2 − U × W3Q*
× −5

hz ( ) _ U Q ( ) Q
⇒ h* = 𝑦. U
. )H*
+ J. U*3(
+_ . Q3(*
+U . W3Q*
 UV
If 𝑥 \ ⋅ 𝑦 ! = 𝑥 + 𝑦 \)! , then find
U&

Solution : 𝑥 B ⋅ 𝑦 G = 𝑥 + 𝑦 BHG

Taking log on both sides

𝑚 ln 𝑥 + 𝑛 ln 𝑦 = 𝑚 + 𝑛 ln 𝑥 + 𝑦

Differentiate both sides

B G hz BHG hz
*
+ z × h* = *Hz
× 1 + h*

G BHG hz BHG B
z
− *Hz h*
= *Hz
− *

G*HGz3Bz3Gz hz B*HG*3B*3Bz
=
z *Hz h* * *Hz

hz z
h*
=*
 Key Takeaways

Logarithmic Differentiation:
: *
𝑦= 𝑓 𝑥

We can Direct formula 𝑦=𝑓 𝑥 :(*)

apply log
: * h
𝑦{ = 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 ln 𝑓 𝑥
h*
𝑦 = 𝑒: * C6 9(*)

*
Example: 𝑦 = tan 𝑥

hz * h
h*
= tan 𝑥 h*
𝑥 ⋅ ln tan 𝑥
$
* *⋅<@> *
= tan 𝑥 + ln tan 𝑥 ⋅ 1
456 *
 UV & $
Find a 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 (b)𝑦 = 𝑥 '& c 𝑦 = 𝑥&
U&

Solution : a) 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 * b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3*

hz h
hz
= sin 𝑥 * h
𝑥 ⋅ ln sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 3* −𝑥 ⋅ ln 𝑥
h* h*
h* h*

*
= sin 𝑥 *
𝑥 ⋅ cot 𝑥 + ln sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 3* − * − 1 ⋅ ln 𝑥

= −𝑥 3* 1 + ln 𝑥

c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 * *

hz h
= 𝑥** 𝑥 * ln 𝑥
h* h*

* *)
= 𝑥* *
+ ln 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑥 * 1 + ln 𝑥

)
= 𝑥** ⋅ 𝑥* *
+ ln 𝑥 ⋅ 1 + ln 𝑥
 | JBK &| UV
If 𝑦 = 𝑥 then U& &Z'„
S

Solution : 𝑥 = −𝑣𝑒

𝑥 = 4x2 quadrant

sin 𝑥 = −𝑣𝑒

3 <=6 *
𝑦 = −𝑥

hz 3 <=6 * h
h*
= −𝑥 h*
− sin 𝑥 ln −𝑥

3 <=6 * 3 <=6 *
= −𝑥 *
+ − cos 𝑥 ln −𝑥
(
/ $ 3)×J ) /
= J (/
+ (
ln J
 UV
If 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑥 + ⋯ ∞, then U& is

Solution: ⇒𝑦= 𝑓 𝑥 +𝑦

⇒ 𝑦(= 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦

Differentiate : 𝑦 ( = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑦

hz hz
⇒ 2𝑦 = 𝑓{ 𝑥 +
h* h*

hz 9& *
⇒ h* = (z3)
Key Takeaways

Note:

hz 9& *
=
• If 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑥 + ⋯ ∞ then h* (z3)
 UV
If 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + ⋯ ∞, then is
U&

Solution: 𝑦= sin 𝑥 + 𝑦

⇒ 𝑦 ( = sin 𝑥 + 𝑦

Differentiate : 𝑦 ( = sin 𝑥 + 𝑦

hz hz
⇒ 2𝑦 = cos 𝑥 +
h* h*

hz >?< *
⇒ h* = (z3)
 …‰ UV
If 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 JBK & …†‡ $ , then is
U&

Solution:
z
𝑦 = sin 𝑥

⇒ ln 𝑦 = 𝑦 ln sin 𝑥

) hz hz z >?< *
Differentiate : = ln sin 𝑥 +
z h* h* <=6 *

hz
⇒ h* 1 − 𝑦 ln sin 𝑥 = 𝑦 ( cot 𝑥

hz z $ >?4 *
⇒ h* = )3z C6 (<=6 *)
 Š"…‰
Š"‹ UV
If 𝑥 = 𝑒 V)L , then is
U&

Solution:

𝑥 = 𝑒 zH*

⇒ ln 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 𝑥

) hz
Differentiate : = +1
* h*

hz )
⇒ h* = * − 1

hz )3*
⇒ =
h* *
 & UV
If 𝑦 = $ , then U& is
F) $
Œ" $
s"Œ"⋯‰

*
Solution: Given : 𝑦 = )
,H )
:" )
4"
:"⋯#

* * XHz
⇒𝑦= ) = ,XH,zH*
,H
:"G

⇒ 𝑎𝑦 ( + 𝑎𝑏𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 ⇒ 𝑎𝑦 ( + 𝑎𝑏𝑦 − 𝑏𝑥 = 0

hz hz
Differentiate : 2𝑎𝑦 h*
+ 𝑎𝑏 h* = 𝑏

hz X
⇒ h* = (,zH,X
 Session 10

Differentiation of Determinants

Return To Top
 U& &
UV&
equals
IIT JEE 2007
hz h$ z
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑓 { 𝑥 = , 𝑓 {{ 𝑥 =
h* h* $

h$ * h h* h ) h ) h*
⇒ hz $ = hz hz
= hz 9& *
= h* 9& *
× hz

)
=− $ & 𝑓 {{ 𝑥
9& * 9 *

h$ * h $ z hz 3U
⇒ hz $ = − h* $ h*
 U& &
If 𝑦 = 𝑒 &)JBK & , then find .
UV&

Solution:

Given : 𝑦 = 𝑒 *H<=6 *

hz
⇒ h* = 𝑒 *H<=6 * . 1 + cos 𝑥

h$ z
⇒ h* $ = 𝑒 *H<=6 * . 1 + cos 𝑥 (
− sin 𝑥

h$ * h h* h* U h $ z
⇒ hz $ = hz hz
=− hz h* $

h$ * o !$ )"5@A )
(
⇒ hz $ = )H>?< * * sin 𝑥 − 1 + cos 𝑥
 UV
Find U&
for 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 3

Solution : Differentiate both sides

hz hz
𝑥 ⋅ cos 𝑦 ⋅ h* + sin 𝑦 + h* = 0

𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 1 = − sin 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
hz <=6 z
⇒ h* = − )H* >?< z
 Key Takeaways

Implicit Differentiation:

• Implicit Function • Explicit Function

If the relation between 𝑥 & 𝑦 is an equation If in an equation 𝑦 is expressed

in which 𝑦 can’t be expressed solely in terms solely in terms of 𝑥, then it’s called
of 𝑥, then it’s called Implicit function. Explicit function.

Example : 𝑥 ( +𝑥 U 𝑦 U − 𝑦 ( = 2𝑦 Example : 2𝑦 = 𝑥 U + 3𝑥 − 5
hz
Steps to get h* :

𝑖) Differentiate the equation w.r.t. 𝑥

hz
𝑖𝑖) Collect the terms of
h*
 Key Takeaways

Implicit Differentiation:

hz
Steps to get h* :

𝑖) Differentiate the equation w.r.t. 𝑥

hz
𝑖𝑖) Collect the terms of
h*
 #
UV V '
Let 𝑥 ^ + 𝑦 ^ = 𝑎^ , 𝑎, 𝑘 > 0 and U&
+ &
= 0 , then 𝑘 is :
JEE Main. 2020
Solution : 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑎
| | |

Differentiate on both sides

hz
𝑘 ⋅ 𝑥 |3) + 𝑘 ⋅ 𝑦 |3) ⋅ =0
h*

hz * |3)
h*
=− z

hz * |3)
+ =0
h* z

hz z )3|
h*
+ *
=0

)
⇒1−𝑘 =U

(
∴𝑘=U
 (
hz z *
Let 𝑥 | + 𝑦 | = 𝑎| , 𝑎, 𝑘 > 0 and h* + *
= 0 , then 𝑘 is :
SUMMARY
JEE Main. 2020

U J
A ( B U

) (
C U D U
Key Takeaways

Implicit Function’s Differentiation:

• All questions having implicit function or questions where 𝑥, 𝑦 both are

given, are differentiable in mostly 2 ways.

Normal Partial
differentiation differentiation

FM
M=OO@N@64=54=6D •.N.4 Ž
hz •@@•=6D c >?6<4564
= F)
FM
=− M=OO@N@64=54=6D •.N.4 c
h*
FG •@@•=6D Ž >?6<4564
 Differentiate 𝑎𝑥 ( + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 ( = 0

Solution : hz
=−
(,*H(2z⋅)H0 𝑎𝑥 ( + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 ( = 0
h* 0H(2*⋅)H(Xz
𝑎𝑥 ( + ℎ𝑥𝑦 + ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 ( = 0
,*H2z
=− 𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + ℎ𝑦 + 𝑦 ℎ𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 0
2*HXz

hz z
𝑦 ℎ𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = −𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + ℎ𝑦
=*
h*
z ,* H 2z
*
=− 2* H Xz

hz z
h*
=*
Implicit Function’s Differentiation

𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑡 and 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑡 [Where 𝑡 is parameter]

h* hz
Then, hx
= 𝑓 { 𝑡 and hx
= 𝑔{ 𝑡

FG
hz :& x
Also h* = F?
F) = 9& x
F?

hz
If 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , then 𝑓 { 𝑥 = h*

h hz h$ z
And 𝑓 {{ 𝑥 = h* h*
= h* $
 hz (
) ,
If 𝑎 > 0 , then find when 𝑦 = 𝑎xH ? and 𝑥 = 𝑡 + .
h* x

Solution :
(
) ,
Given : 𝑦 = 𝑎xH ? and 𝑥 = 𝑡 +
x

)
⇒ ln 𝑦 = 𝑡 + x ln 𝑎
(
⇒ ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑎 4

(
z& ) 3)
⇒ z
= ,𝑥 4 ln 𝑎
(
z& ) *4
⇒ z
=,⋅ *
ln 𝑎

z& C6 z
⇒ z
= ,*

hz z C6 z
⇒ h* = ,*
 Key Takeaways

Higher Order Derivatives

⇒ If 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , then

hz
⇒ = 𝑦) = 𝑓 { First order Derivative
h*

h$ z
⇒ h* $ = 𝑦( = 𝑓 {{ Second order Derivative

h$ z h hz h
⇒ h* $ = h* h*
= h* 𝑓 { 𝑥 = 𝑓 {{ 𝑥
……

h' z
⇒ = 𝑦 {{{…G = 𝑦G = 𝑓 {{{…G 𝑥 𝑛x2 order Derivative
h* '
 If 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 , then 𝑦*( + 𝑦(( = ?

Solution:
Given : 𝑦 = cos 𝑥

hz
⇒ 𝑦) = h* = − sin 𝑥

h
⇒ 𝑦( = h* 𝑦) = − cos 𝑥

⇒ 𝑦)( + 𝑦(( = sin( 𝑥 + cos ( 𝑥

⇒ 𝑦)( + 𝑦(( = 1
 Let 𝑦 be an implicit function of 𝑥 defined by 𝑥 (& − 2𝑥 & cot 𝑦 − 1 = 0.
Then find 𝑦 S 1
AIEEE-2009
Solution: Given : 𝑥 (* − 2𝑥 * cot 𝑦 − 1 = 0

Putting 𝑥 = 1, in 𝑥 (* − 2𝑥 * cot 𝑦 − 1 = 0

⇒ 1 − 2×1× cot 𝑦 − 1 = 0

⇒ cot 𝑦 = 0
/
⇒𝑦=
(
(
hz * ) )HC6 * H* !) )HC6 *
We have : 𝑥 (* − 2𝑥 * cot 𝑦 − 1 = 0 ⇒ = $
h* 3 >?<@>$ z
* $) 3)
⇒ 2𝑥 * cot 𝑦 = 𝑥 (* − 1 ⇒ cot 𝑦 = (
()H))
(* ) hz
)
⇒ h* |Ž‚), z‚% = $
3)
⇒ cot 𝑦 = ( (𝑥 * − 𝑥 3* ) $

Differentiate w.r.t 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 { 1 = −1
hz )
− cosec ( 𝑦 = 𝑥 * 1 + ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 3* 1 + ln 𝑥
h* (
Let 𝑦 be an implicit function of 𝑥 defined by 𝑥 (& − 2𝑥 & cot 𝑦 − 1 = 0.
Then find 𝑦 S 1
AIEEE-2009

A −1 B 1 C log 2 D − log 2
 Key Takeaways

Derivative of one function with respect to another

Derivative or Differential Coefficient

𝑓 𝑥 with respect to 𝑔 𝑥 :

Let 𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑣 = 𝑔 𝑥

h’ h}
⇒ = 𝑓{ 𝑥 , = 𝑔{ 𝑥
h* h*

FN
h’ F) 9& *
h}
= FN = :& *
F)
 Find the derivative of : 𝑖 sin 𝑥 with respect to cos 𝑥
𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 with respect to 𝑧 = 𝑒 &

𝑖 Given : Let 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑧 = cos 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 Given : 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑧 = 𝑒 *

hz h“ hz ) h“
⇒ h* = cos 𝑥 , h* = − sin 𝑥 ⇒ h* = * , h* = 𝑒 *

FG
hz F) >?< * FG (
= = = − cot 𝑥 hz F) )
h“ FO 3 <=6 *
h“
= FO = )
o)
= *o )
F)
F)
 (& (&
Find the derivative of 𝑦 = tan'* with respect to 𝑦 = sin'*
*'&& *)(&&
at 𝑥 = −3.

Solution:
/ /
Let 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 , 𝜃 ∈ − , / /
Let 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 , 𝜃 ∈ − ( , (
( (

2 tan3) 𝑥 , −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 Given : 𝑧 = sin3)

(*
(* )H(* $
Given : 𝑦 = tan3) = •𝜋 − 2 tan3) 𝑥 , 𝑥 < −1
)3(* $
−𝜋 − 2 tan3) 𝑥 , 𝑥 > 1
2 tan3) 𝑥 , −1 < 𝑥 < 1
= • 𝜋 − 2 tan3) 𝑥 , 𝑥 > 1
−𝜋 + 2 tan3) 𝑥 , 𝑥 < −1
⇒ 𝑦 = 𝜋 − 2 tan3) 𝑥 , 𝑧 = −𝜋 + 2 tan3) 𝑥

hz ( h“ (
⇒ =− , =
h* )H* $ h* )H* $

hz
h“
= −1
 Key Takeaways

Inverse Functions:

• If 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 are differentiable functions, such that 𝑓 3) 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥

1) 𝑔 𝑥 is inverse of 𝑓 𝑥

2) 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 3) 𝑥 or 𝑓𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥

⇒𝑓 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥, differentiate both sides

𝑓{ 𝑔 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔{ 𝑥 = 1

)
𝑓{ 𝑔 𝑥 = :& *
Key Takeaways

Inverse Functions:

)
𝑓{ 𝑔 𝑥 = :& *

If 𝑔{{ 𝑥 is asked

)
𝑔{{ 𝑥 = − $ ×𝑓 {{ 𝑔 𝑥 ×𝑔{ (𝑥)
9& : *

) )
⇒ 𝑔{{ 𝑥 = − $ ×𝑓 {{ 𝑔 𝑥 × 9& : *
9& : *

9 && : *
⇒ 𝑔{{ 𝑥 = − *
9& : *
 )
If the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 U + 𝑒 $ and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 3) (𝑥) , then the value of 𝑔{ 1 is

JEE Adv. 2011

)
Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 U + 𝑒 $
0
⇒ 𝑓 0 = 0U + 𝑒 $ = 1
) 1
𝑔{ 1 = 𝑔{ 𝑓 0 = ∵ 𝑔{ 𝑓 𝑥 =
9& 0 𝑓{ 𝑥
)
)
∵ 𝑓 { 𝑥 = 3𝑥 ( + 𝑒 $ ⋅
(
)
⇒ 𝑓 { 0 = 3×0 + 𝑒 0 × (
)
=(
) )
∴ 𝑔{ 1 = 𝑔{ 𝑓 0 = 9& 0
= (
$
=2
 /
If 𝑓 𝑥 = sin3) { 3𝑥 + 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥 ; 𝑥 ∈ 0, )( and
/ /
𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 0, )( , find 𝑔{ W
where {𝑥} denotes fractional part of 𝑥.

Solution: 𝑓 𝑥 = sin3) 3𝑥 + 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥 0.4 = 0.4

−0.4 = 1 − 0.4
= sin3) 3𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥
/
𝑥 ∈ 0,
= sin3) 3𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 𝑥 )(
/ )
3)
2𝑥 ∈ 0, ≅ 0,
= sin 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 W (

/ U
= sin3) 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 3𝑥 ∈ 0, J ≅ 0, J

𝑓 𝑥 = sin3) 𝑥 = sin3) 𝑥

𝑦 = sin3) 𝑥

𝑥 = sin 𝑦

𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 3) 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
 /
If 𝑓 𝑥 = sin3) { 3𝑥 + 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2𝑥 ; 𝑥 ∈ 0, )( and
/ /
𝑔𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 0, )( , find 𝑔{ W
where {𝑥} denotes fractional part of 𝑥.

Solution:

𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 3) 𝑥 = sin 𝑥

𝑔{ 𝑥 = cos 𝑥

/ / U
𝑔{ = cos =
W W (
 )
If 𝑔 is inverse of a function 𝑓 and 𝑓 { 𝑥 = )H* / , then 𝑔{ 𝑥 = ?
JEE Main. 2014

Solution: )
𝑓{ 𝑔 𝑥 = :& *

)
⇒ 𝑔{ 𝑥 =
9& : *

) 1
⇒ 𝑔{ 𝑥 = ( ∵ 𝑓{ 𝑥 =
("P ) /
1 + 𝑥Q
Q
⇒ 𝑔{ 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑔 𝑥
 )
If 𝑔 is inverse of a function 𝑓 and 𝑓 { 𝑥 = )H* / , then 𝑔{ 𝑥 = ?
JEE Main. 2014

)
A 5𝑥 J B )H : *
/

Q
C 1+ 𝑔 𝑥 D 1 + 𝑥Q
 <=6 n / /
Let 𝑓 𝜃 = sin tan3) , where − J < 𝜃 < J
.
>?< (n
h
Then the value of h 456 n
(𝑓 𝜃 ) is :

Solution:
sin( 𝜃 + cos 2𝜃
3) <=6 n
𝑓 𝜃 = sin tan
>?< (n
= sin( 𝜃 + 1 − 2 sin( 𝜃
<=6 n cos 𝜃 = 1 − sin( 𝜃
tan 𝛼 =
>?< (n sin 𝜃
= cos 𝜃
<=6 n
∴ sin 𝛼 = >?< n = tan 𝜃 𝛼

𝑓 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 cos 2𝜃

h h
h 456 n
𝑓 𝜃 =h 456 n
tan 𝜃 = 1
Note :

Some standard substitutions :

1 − sin( 𝜃 = cos ( 𝜃
Form Substitution
1 + tan( 𝜃 = sec ( 𝜃
𝑎( − 𝑥 ( , 𝑎( − 𝑥 ( 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃 or 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃
sec ( 𝜃 − 1 = tan( 𝜃
𝑥 ( + 𝑎( , 𝑥 ( + 𝑎( 𝑥 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃 or 𝑥 = 𝑎 cot 𝜃
)3>?< (n ( <=6$ n
)H>?< (n
= ( >?<$ n = tan( 𝜃
𝑥 ( − 𝑎( , 𝑥 ( − 𝑎( 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 or 𝑥 = 𝑎 csc 𝜃

,H* ,H*
, 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 2𝜃
,3* ,3*
 hz )H*
Find i) 𝑦 = cos 3) 1 − 𝑥 ( , 𝑥 ∈ 0, 1 ii) 𝑦 = cot 3) , 𝑥 ∈ −1, 1
h* )3*

)H* Q
Solution: 𝑖 𝑦 = cos 3) ( >?<$
1 − 𝑥 ( , 𝑥 ∈ 0, 1 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = cot 3) )3*
, 𝑥 ∈ −1,1 )H>?< n
= $ n
= cot (
)3>?< n ( <=6$ n

/ n /
put 𝑥 = sin 𝜃 , 𝜃 ∈ 0, put 𝑥 = cos 𝜃 , 𝜃 𝜖 0, 𝜋 ⇒ 𝜃 = cos 3) 𝑥 , ( ∈ 0, (
(

𝑦 = cos 3) cos 𝜃 = 𝜃 𝑦 = cot 3) cot

n
=
n
( (

𝑦 = sin3) 𝑥 diff w.r.t 𝑥 >?<!( *

𝑦= diff w.r.to 𝑥
(
hz )
= hz 3)
h* )3* $
=
h* ( )3* $
Key Takeaways

Differentiation of Determinants

𝑓) 𝑥 𝑓( 𝑥 𝑓U 𝑥
If ∆ 𝑥 = 𝑔) 𝑥 𝑔( 𝑥 𝑔U 𝑥 , then
ℎ) 𝑥 ℎ( 𝑥 ℎU 𝑥

𝑓) ′ 𝑥 𝑓( ′ 𝑥 𝑓U ′ 𝑥 𝑓) 𝑥 𝑓( 𝑥 𝑓U 𝑥 𝑓) 𝑥 𝑓( 𝑥 𝑓U 𝑥
∆′ 𝑥 = 𝑔) 𝑥 𝑔( 𝑥 𝑔U 𝑥 + 𝑔) ′ 𝑥 𝑔( ′ 𝑥 𝑔U ′ 𝑥 + 𝑔) 𝑥 𝑔( 𝑥 𝑔U 𝑥
ℎ) 𝑥 ℎ( 𝑥 ℎU 𝑥 ℎ) 𝑥 ℎ( 𝑥 ℎU 𝑥 ℎ) ′ 𝑥 ℎ( ′ 𝑥 ℎU ′ 𝑥

Differentiation can also be done column – wise.

 If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥U 𝑥 ( , then the value of 𝑓 { 1 is :
𝑥 2

A 0 B 2 C −3 D 1

Solution:

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥U 𝑥(
𝑥 2 Differentiate both sides

𝑓′ 𝑥 =
1 2𝑥
+ 𝑥( 𝑥(
𝑥U 2 3𝑥 0

1 2 1 1
𝑓{ 1 = + = −3
1 2 3 0
 𝑒* sin 𝑥
If = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 ( + 𝐷𝑥 U + ⋯ , then the ordered pair 𝐴, 𝐵 is :
cos 𝑥 ln 1 + 𝑥

Solution:
𝑒* sin 𝑥
= 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 ( + 𝐷𝑥 U + ⋯
cos 𝑥 ln 1 + 𝑥
𝑒* sin 𝑥
= 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 ( + 𝐷𝑥 U + ⋯
cos 𝑥 ln 1 + 𝑥
Differentiate both sides,
To get 𝐴 , put 𝑥 = 0
𝑒* sin 𝑥
𝑒* cos 𝑥 1 = 𝐵 + 2𝐶𝑥 + 3𝐷𝑥 ( + …
𝑒0 sin 0 +
𝐴= =0 cos 𝑥 ln(1 + 𝑥) −sin 𝑥
cos 0 ln(1) 1+𝑥

1 0 To get 𝐵, put 𝑥 = 0
𝐴= =0
1 0
1 1 1 0
⇒𝐴=0 + =𝐵
1 0 0 1

⇒𝐵=0
 𝑒* sin 𝑥
If = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 ( + 𝐷𝑥 U + ⋯ , then the ordered pair 𝐴, 𝐵 is :
cos 𝑥 ln 1 + 𝑥

A (0,0) B (1,0)

C (0,1) D (1,1)