SOCIOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT NO # 1

NAME: MUZAMMIL ALI

ID: (BUS-22F-103)
SUBJECT TEACHER: DR. AMBREEN FAZAL
DEPT: BBA, 2B, 2ND SEMESTER
 “AUGUSTE COMTE”
BACK GROUND:
Auguste Comte was the founder of sociology having a tenure of (1798-
1857) and was famous for “mental hygiene” means he was the person
who used to refuse to read anyone’s else books. He was a person who
enjoyed a very wide diffusion in the second half of the nineteenth
century.

INTRODUCTION:
The complete positivism of what Comte himself called his ‘second career’
has on the whole been judged severely. As an approach to Comte’s
philosophy, the chronological order seems the most appropriate guide.
After a quick review of some biographical facts, we will deal first with the
Saint-Simonian period and the early writings.

THEORY:
“Theory of social static and social dynamic”
As social system is controlled by nature which helps to develop relation
with elements of society for example cohesion, division of labour work
,which symbolizes positivism. The term static sociology refers an
institution working combinely to meet their need and demands by
provisioning top most priority to individual position by division of labour.
Comte means study of human society with the help of natural changes
and ammendments. According to Comte the guiding principles of a
society are least violation and interrelationship in the socity is known as
element of a society (a maintained and well developed society) and they
all elements are dependent on universal principle known as CONSENSUS.

CONTRIBUTION AND QUALITIES:

Auguste Comte opined the society as the science of human behaviour. As
he is famous for the father of sociology because of provision of sociology
as a subject. He developed a positive philosophy. He gave six laws of
volumes which explained the society. In his contribution the “RELIGION
OF HUMANITY”. He led out the idea of improvement

OWN REVIEW:
Auguste Comte was a person of democracy and highly preferable for
developing society more ever the theory which he was presented was rely
upon love, brotherhood and division of work with the help of mutual
understanding.

“Karl marx”
BACK GROUND:
Karl Mark was the eldest son of his family was borned on 15 may 1850 in
Rhenish city (GERMANY).His father was a lawyer belonged to middle class
family. He received his early education at Trier and took his law degree
from Berlin university.

INTRODUCTION:
Mark started his carrier as a journalist in “RHEINISCHE ZEITUNG”. His
thesis was on the difference between the Democri tean and Epicurean
philosophy.” The Berlin university at that time were under the influence
of German philosopher. He wrote brilliantly on subject board and
diverse as philosophy, economics, philosophy, economics, political
science and history. Millions of people accept his theories which is
religious fervor.

THEORY:
“THEORY OF HISTORICAL MATERIALISM”
The theory of historical materialism is also known as materialistic
interpretation of history. His idea is derived from the the mark’s principle
“dialectial materialism. While Marx evolved the theory of materialism
from it follows the material life of society is primary and spiritualism is his
second priority.
THEORY OF SOCIAL CHANGE:
In this Mark declared that “violence is the midwife of history. He believed
that the class struggle was the diving force of social change while Engles
believed Marxism theory of social change is essentially conflict oriented.
As a sociologist, Marx was a strong supporter of social change.According
to him he never be depended on status while gave high premium on
economic factor and ignored social, religious and other factor.

CONTRIBUTION AND QUALITIES:

His highly preferable contribution was his general mode of thinking and
analytical model which follows every social system his critical concept like
consciousness develop self awareness and understood the material
reality. Marx and his other socialist collectively fought the capitalist
economic system. Although not other socialist have not bent on the
revolution.

OWN REVIEW:
As far as Marx theories and contribution are concerned as a sociologist he
revoved the critrical concept of materialism and gave top most priority to
materials and gave spiritual recommendation and feelings as a second
priority.

“EMILE DURKHEIM”
BACKGROUND:
Emile Durkheim was a French sociologist was borned in April 15,1858 in
Paris. He was great influenced by philosopher Auguste Comte. He
developed the academic discipline of sociology and commonly cited as
one of the principal architects of modern social science along with both
Karl Marx and Max Webber
INTRODUCTION:
The French philosopher and sociologist has strongly influenced by the
discipline he mostly focuses the dealt with the problem of social order. He
wanted to establish how the various parts of society contribute to the
social system like given an element that highly influential approach to the
modern American sociology.

THEORY:
THEORY OF SOCIAL FACTS:
As Durkheim focuses on social group instead on individual. According to
him none a society can be easily established except group life. Moreover
he believed that there are many things in the society which can be
measured or described. He talked about the moral principle of the society
like religious and family festivals are the part of social facts and reality
which is quite non fiction. The individual is a part of a society as a culture
and get a shape of a body.
THEORIES OF SOCIAL SOLIDARITY:
Durkheim explained traditional society as a mechainical and a modern as
a organic in nature
In traditional, there are homogeneity of culture, religion and values while
on the other hand Mechainical is solidarity where common values are
found in society.
The organic based society is mostly based on the pattern of social
interaction differ from group and division of labour where specialization is
found and considered brotherhood as a soul of society.

CONTRIBUTION AND QUALITIES:

Durkheim was the first real breakthrough in sociological research with his
painstaking statistical study of suicide in various population group he
showed the suicide rates very consistently vary from group to group.
Suicide is influenced by social forces and is not simply the individual
matter that might be able to see.

OWN REVIEW:
Durkheim was a man of principles and rules of discipline about the society
and mostly discusses the society problems and ideology. He mostly
worked about the distribution of labour a source of mutual understanding
and cooperation moreover he presented the idea of collective and
individual representation played in the society were as like as him.

“MAX WEBER”
BACK GROUND:
The German sociologist Max Weber was born in April 21, 1864 in
Germany and died in June 14, 1920. Weber left home to enroll at the
University of Heidelberg in 1882, Weber’s great capacity for disciplined
intellectual effort, together with his unquestionable brilliance.
INTRODUCTION:
He became a full professor in political economy. Weber wrote a
comprehensive analysis of the agrarian problems of Germany. He was a
man of prodigious learning whose sociological investigation such as
politics, law, economics, music, cities and the major world religions.
Weber’s best known and most controversial work. Max weber was a
theorist of early 20th century.

THEORY:
Theory of bureaucracy :
The Max Weber theory of bureaucracy is a part of classical management
theory. It originated around the time when F.H Taylor gave his theory of
scientific management. Weber defined bureaucratic management and
proposed theories of effective management that are still used in
corporate industry. Weber concluded that a rational organization is the
best way to set up an organization. He named this ‘Rational Organization’
as bureaucracy.
Theory of social action:
According to Max Weber social action originates logically from action. He
says that atendency of behavior of a man in which the actor relates it a
subjective meaning is called action.

CONTRIBUTION:
Max webber’s major contribution that he defined the society into three
components class, status and power all are based on one economic
position received from individual’s achievements. His theories formulates
the connection between the culture and economy, concepted about how
the people, institutions and departments come to have an authority.

QUALITIES:
MAX WEBER was specialized in division of labour and their work, he
introduced the idea and method of bureaucracy by applying rules and
regulation in offices and society.

OWN REVIEW:
Max review was a man of principles and rules and regulation by applying
theory of bureaucracy and the theory of social action by which human
action and his behaviour can easily be examined.

“ALLAMA IBN-I- KHULDOON”

BACKGROUND:
Allama was borned in (1332-1406)
an arab sociologist, philosopher, and historian widely acknowledged to be
one the greatest social scientists of the middle ages, considered as the
father of many subjects.
INTRODUCTION:
He wrote bundle on history and left important thought to the life of the
culture of the people. He was considered a great thinker which is to be
accepted by the many modern scientists, philosopher and sociologists.

THEORY:
THEORY OF RURAL AND URBAN SOCIETY:
He believed the society supervises as animal society which is based on
wisdom, need of a supreme government, searching the means of
livelihood and living together peacefully with their fellows for the
developments.

CONTRIBUTION AND QUALITIES:

He contributed the society by understanding human history and nature of
the society. Many of his ideas particularly resemble with Emile Durkheim
and Robert E park like social solidarity, and the changes found in modern
socities. He supplied the background of his attempt to condense historical
experiences.

OWN REVIEW:
As far as his ideology of thinking is concerned so he is considered as the
father of modern society as he elaborated the changes occurred in the
modern society than traditional deserve standing ovation.