CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Back ground of the town
Urbanization is the process of concentration of people in an area where non- agricultural
economic activities are dominant. Nowadays, the issue of urbanization has got a serious
attention as urban regions are centers of socio-economic, political and cultural lives of the
society. Urban areas are also sources of different job creating and development opportunities
emanate for the surrounding community. only bring about overall growth for them, but also
influence their localities to bring about change and to the surrounding regions. Yet, this
development can only be brought about only when urban centers grow in line with the
development plan of the town (land use planning). Hence guiding the newly emerged
municipalities to grow in a planned and well structured manner will have of paramount
importance rather than leaving municipalities to grow in unplanned manner as is observed in
many parts of the world especially the third world countries. In Ethiopia too, urban centers
have been growing in unplanned and unstructured manner until very recently. The same is also
true for Hollota Genet, one of 28 municipality towns, in wolaita zone at Duguna Fango
Woreda. The town was established since 1952 E.C. The town is bounded with:-
. Hadiya Zone of east Badawacho Woreda and Hamburse Mountain to the North.
. Kindo kysha, offa,workicha and Echero Kalacha mountain to the south
. Oromiya region, Bilate River and Gefersa Mountain to the East. And
. Edo kindo keble , Charake river and Abitesa/limu/ mountain to the west
The town is found at 67 k.m away from zonal capital, Soddo, 31 kms from the worda
capital, Bittana and 152 kms away from regional capital, Hawassa.
The town has population of 3107. The study town has a total area of 256 hectares. It has two
administrative kebeles known as Koysha and Offa. Agro-ecologically the town is qolla, which
ranges from 1000 – 1500 m above sea level (Source survey results of the area).
The town has got growing municipality status according to urban hierarchy of the region in
2000 E.C. in line with the rule and regulation to establish municipality.
The need for guiding towns development by urban plan has become the urgent issue and this
idea was claimed by the residents of Holeta town and presented in the form of petition for
Wolayta Zone Urban Development Department and Duguna Fango woreda administration to
take initiative to prepare the basic plan for the town. Consequently, the local socio- economic
development, physical and environmental studies have been carried out as counter part of the
preparation of the basic plan of Hollota Genet town.

1.2 Vision
The vision of this study is to create planned, conductive, residential, commercial and agro
industrial center of Hollota Genet town, which facilitate the development of the region by
creating favorable linkage with surrounding rural and urban land.

1.3 The objectives of the study

- To have planned and well infra structured town
- To have efficient utilization of town resource and to bring sustainable development.
- To guide the socio- economic and spatial development of the town
- To make the town play its role in promoting development to its surrounding region.
- To promote urban rural linkage for mutual benefits
- To promote efficient land supply for various urban services.
- To make the municipality play a pivotal role in providing municipal services.

1.4 Methodologies of the study

The standard and structured socio- economic interview questionnaires had been prepared. Then
the eligible respondents were selected with regard to some criteria such as age, eligibility, and
residents of the city etc. The study team had conducted primary data collection using
questionnaires and face –to-face interview with the concerned bodies, field observation. The
studying team also reviewed CSA data and Duguna Fango Woreda, unpublished and published
socio- economic profiles etc to get secondary data. The collected data was arranged in orderly
manner. Both quantitative and qualitative data was differentiated for data analysis and
interpretation. In quantitative data statistical analysis methods like ratio, percentage, average
etc had been conducted. In addition to this, description of some phenomena for qualitative data
has been conducted. The spatial data had been analyzed using AUTO CAD soft ware. The
study team adopted participatory approach from the data collection to formulating proposal.
The team was composed of urban planner, surveyors, and drafts man for plan preparation and
economists and geographers for socio economic study. The study was carried out by consulting
all the stake holders at each stage of the community such as representatives of businessmen,
religious leaders’ community based organizations and elders of community. Finally, worth
white document was produced.
1.5 The scope of the study
This study mainly focuses on detail analysis of the socio- economic and special aspect of the
town under study, Holeta Genet. It also tries to asses the socio- economic and special aspect of
the study region (Woreda) which will have inevitable influence on the over all development of
the town.
1.6 Organization of the study
The study had been composed of nine main parts. The introductory part was integrated from
the back ground of the study, the vision, and objectives of the study, methodology, scope of the
study and organization of the study. Chapter two deals with historical over view of Hollota
town. Chapter three examines the physical infrastructure characteristics, and municipal
services and demography of the town. Chapter four explains the demographic characteristics
and social services of the town. The fifth chapter discussed economic development of the area.
Chapter six presented institutional set up of the municipality. Chapter seven deals with the
present and future potential economic resources, investment, and opportunities of the town.
Finally, chapter eight presented the issues of town planning and recommendations respectively.

1.7. Experts who participated in the preparation of Holeta Genet town Basic Plan

A. Base Map Preparation (Surveying) team

 Atnaf seged Torago- From Zonal Urban Organization Plan Preparation & Monitoring
Process.

 Amerga Reda- From Zonal Urban Organization Plan Preparation & Monitoring Process

B.Socio Economic Study Team

1. – W/gebreal Fola conducted the socio economic analysis part
C. Land use Planning Team

 Feleke dache – Conducted land use and road network planning

D.CAD team

 Woinabeba Adinew
E. Text Edition and Compilations
 Tadele W/Michael Biramo
CHAPTER TWO
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY REGION (WOREDA)
2.1 Location
Duguna Fango is one of 12 woredas in Wolaita Zone of SNNPRS. It is bordered with Hadiya
Zone to the North and West, Oromiya Regional State to the North East, Sidama Zone to the
east and Damote woyde woreda of Wolayta Zone to the south.
The capital of Duguna Fango Woreda is Bitana. It is 49.5 kms away from zonal capital, Soddo
and 86kms from regional capital, Hawassa. The absolute location of the study region is 6.77-
7.050 N to 37.96- 38.130 E.

Duguna Fango woreda has six growing municipalities such as Dimtu, Anka Rob, Karchache
Bitana, Edo and Hollota Genet. Of which, the basic town plan had been approved for Dimtu,
Anka-Rob, Karchache and Bitana. The rest Edo and Hollota Genet have not yet been approved.
Thus, they were on planning process in the period under study. As a result of this, this study
has analyzed and interpreted basic socio economic and physical issues of Hollota Genet town.
2.2 Topography
The physical feature of the study region is comprised of plains, hills, attractive mountains and
Gorges. Agro-ecologically, the woreda has Dega, Woinadega, and Kolla. Thus, the woreda has
high land, mid-highland and low land /Kolla/. The low land area in the study region is found in
rift-valley. The study region is found in low land of Duguna fango woreda and it has height of
1000- 2500 meter above sea level.

2.3 Hydrological Analysis /Drainage/

Duguna Fango woreda is rich enough in hydrology or drainage system. It is bounded by
perennial rivers such as Charake and Billate Both Charake and Bisare rivers flow into Billate
river. Finally Billate River flow into Lake Abaya. These three rivers are the most important in
providing irrigation to produce agricultural out put. Topographically, the study region has
plain, hills, attractive chains of mountains and Gorges. Thus, the study region is exposed to
erosion and high run-off. This situation is highly characterized in Hollota Genet town as much
as possible.
Thus, Hollota Genet town is bounded by Charake and Billate rivers at up stream border of
the town. There is high run-off during rainy season in to the town. To mitigate the problem
resulted from poor drainage, the town should be provided with efficient drainage network.

2.4 Climate
Climate has a great impact on spatial variation of living things,Productivity, temperature,
rainfall, soil type, vegetation etc on the study region. According to Duguna Fango woreda
agricultural and rural development office, the climate of study region is divided into three
major agro-ecological Zones, namely Kolla, Wynadega and Dega. The average total rainfall
and Temperature distribution of the region ranges from 800 to 1200mm and 17.6 0c to 22.5
Degree centigrade respectively.

The study region has different types of soil and vegetation.

Table 2.1 showing agro-ecological zones
 Agro ecological height above sea Temperature
woreda zone level In oc
Duguna Fango Kolla 500-1500m a.s.l
Woynadega 1500- 2500m a.s.l
Dega 2500-3500m a.s.l
Source:- wolaita zone finance-economy
The elements of climate are Temperature rainfall etc. The study has elaborated the details of
this one by one in relation to the study region.

2.5 Temperature
Temperature is the element of climate which indicates the hotness or coldness of the region.
The mean annual temperature of the study region, Duguna fango, ranges from 17.60c to 22.5.
Hollota Genet is found in kola agro-ecological zone.

2.6 Vegetation
Diverse tree species are grown in the study area. As the areas agro-ecological zone shows the
amount of rainfall, is sufficient for the growth of some tree species. Temperature and
vegetation distribution varies from place to place due to elevation. Duguna fango high lands
region helps the growth of different tree species such as zigiba, Tikur inchet, Tid, Woira,
Gravilla, Wanza and Eucalyptus tree etc. Low lands Acacia /Girar/, mountain vegetation such
as shrubs, wood lands, mountain grass etc.
With regard to deforestation, the study region suffers from uncontrolled cutting of trees.
The major causes of cutting of trees are:
- Expansion of agricultural land
- High demand for the construction of houses
- Charcoal production
- High demand for fuel wood
- etc
The remedial measures that should be taken to alleviate these problems include community
based awareness creation and aforestation. The region under study, Duguna fango, has Girar
(acacia wood grow in the area as the area is found in lowland),
2.7 Rainfall
Rainfall is one of the elements of climate which determines the type of vegetation growing and
the drainage system in the region. The mean annual rainfall for the study region ranges from
801 to 1200mm.

2.8 The soils of the Study Region

Soil provides the foundation for plants, animals and human life (biodiversity). Examining the
type of soil helps for agricultural activities, engineering activities in the urban as well as any
activity on it. The woreda under study, Duguna Fango, has Red Basaltic soil Lithotomic soil,
Fluvisols soil, Andosols
Fluvisols soils = river deposits soil (Fertile soil)
Andosols soils = soil developed from volcanic products used for grazing.
Lighosols soils = developed in recent lava and young quaternary sediments, found in rugged
topography & slopes.
Black Basaltic soils = clay content, sticky and has poor drainage and water logging nature
Source: - from Wolaita zone and Duguna fango woreda Agricultural offices.
Most types of soil found in study area, Hollota Genet are Fluvisols soil because the study area
surrounded by Charake and Billate rivers.

2.9 Energy Sources

In the study region /woreda/, the energy source is fuel wood and charcoal. In the urban area, In
Hollota Genet town, Hydro-electric power energy was installed but not yet been started.
2.10 The urban system of the study woreda /region/
The study woreda has six growing municipal towns. Namely;Dimtu, Bitana, Karcheche,
Anka-Robe, Edo and Hollota-Genet.
Compared to other woreda administrations, Duguna Fango woreda is fast growing in municipal
establishment. Thus, Hollota-Genet is one of growing municipality town in Duguna-Fango
woreda. The Woreda urban centers growth is the most important in speeding-up local
development.
CHAPTER THREE
RURAL ECONOMY OF THE INFLUENCE AREA
The main duties and responsibilities the town municipality has become provision of social
and physical infrastructures, implementing urban plans, poverty alleviation to the people who
live in the town. Therefore, studying the economic resources of Hollota Genet town and its
revenue source is vital to bring sustainable development.
The economic source of Hollota Genet town is from Trade, Urban agriculture (by Charake
and Bilate river), agricultural out put from surrounding kebeles such as Maize production live
stock raising, and the resultant urban- rural economic linkage. (Source: - survey results).

3.1 Agriculture: - The planning town is surrounded ovally by Charake and Bilate River. Along
the rivers basin, the land is favorable for agriculture as it is fertile. Hence, the town residents
produce Sugar cane, Maize Sweet potato, Banana by using manual irrigation system. Hollota
Genet town has potential economic source if these two rivers are used efficiently and
effectively by introducing modern irrigation technology.

3.2 Rural Land use of study region

The rural land of Duguna fango woreda is used to produce different types of crops &
vegetables.
At high land oxen and at low land mechanized farming system is used in some places. In the
flood area the land used for farming in the plain area normal farming system. In the low land
irrigation system is practiced. Hollota Genet town is found at low land parts. Around the town,
irrigation farming system is possible due to the existence of Charake and Billate rivers.

% share of rural land used for cultivation of different types of crops

3.3 Urban-Rural rural-urban and urban-urban economic linkage
The study region has urban-rural and urban- urban economic linkage. Hollota Genet town
supplies the rural population by manufacturing goods and rural supplies the urban population
by agricultural product such as Maize, Teff, Cotton, Onion, Cattle etc. Also there is urban-
urban economic linkage in the study woreda.
3.4 Live stock Raising
Large number of cattle and livestock is raised in Hollota Genet town and surrounding area due
to the existence of two rivers, which are flowing through out the year. The area is opportune
enough to breed livestock.
Major types of livestock population breed in surrounding area of Hollota-Genet town.

Types of livestock in town &

Total livestock surrounding area
Name town number animals sheep goat chicken Other
s
Hollota 9269 4357 1854 2317 464 277
Genet town
Source: - Duguna Fango woreda agricultural and rural development office

3.5 Trade Activity in the study region

Trade is the third most important economic source for Hollota-Genet town. The business
activities were observed by survey team in two market days (Tuesday and Saterday). The
survey team has examined the market. In the Hollota Genet town there are many products like
beverage, alcohol, cloth shop, restaurant, barberry, beauty salon, cafeteria, commodity-shop
butchering shop, etc.
To sum up Hollota Genet town is being potential economic resource area that and shown rapid
development. The town was not given any attention under Feudal and Dergue regime.
Trade is the other important economic base of the study region. Federal democratic
republic of Ethiopia has given especial attention in guiding towns’ development by urban plan.
The town residents and its surrounding area people engaged in integrated economic activities
such as agriculture, cattle fattening and other trade activities.
There is a big opportunity and naturally endowed resources around the town. As a result of
this, different people from different ethnic groups come from neighboring area to the town to
exchange goods and services on market days as well as on the other days. In addition to this,
the town is potentially tourist attraction area. Thus, there are two rivers, which surround the
town. The rivers are flowing through out the year. The rivers are being merged together in
Hollota Genet town. By using these rivers, it is possible to create artificial lake for boating to
Shone of Hadiya zone and Irrigation to produce Maize, Vegetables as well as Cotton to feed
industry.

CHAPTER FOUR
HISTORICAL OVER VIEW OF HOLLOTA TOWN
4.1 Pre-foundation history
Before the establishment of the town, the area currently known as Holleta was not occupied by
settled people and was considered to be a desert. Hence there were nomadic people of different
groups roaming in the area in different seasons. These groups of nomadic peoples were not
settled pastoralists or argiculturalists. The area even was considered to be center of robbery of
peoples passing through there to Wolayta and Oromia regions.
It was from this status that holeta genet town was emerged as a center of settlement in 1952
E.C during the reign of emperor Haile Silassie to secure the area from continuous robbery and
it was only after this time that many more people begun settling in the area. From time to time
the settlement has shown progress and led the town achieve municipal status in 2000 E.C.

4.3 Naming of the Town

The study area is bordered with Hadiya and Sidama Zones of SNNPRS, Oromia regional
state and other kebeles in Wolayta zone. Hence, the study area had been in continuous
interaction and these interactions, some times, causing conflict and war over the use and
control of resources like pasture and water found in border areas.
The above conflicts some times end up with serious and bloody wars, and according to local
elders, the belligerent groups consider fighting and becoming victorious in the area as a source
of courage. Hence, since it was the indigenous people who repeatedly win over the war, the
local people named the area as ‘’Holla’’ which, in wolayta language, literally mean submission
of surrender (insurrection in war to indicate their courageous victory over the enemies).

4.2 The emergence of Holeta town as a municipality

Holeta Genet emerged as a growing municipality town in 2002 E.C After establishment, of the
emerging two market service has given per week. Name Tuesday & Saterday to have legal
boundary.
The municipality to manage human and material resources properly, Hollota Genet town is
being bordered with Hadiya, Oromya and other different Ethics. Because of this different
people from neighbouring zones, woredas have trade activity /exchange/ in the market. Both
Charake and Bilate rivers surrounded the town, which need bridge construction. If this
problem is solved, the town will be substantially and potentially un interrupted revenue source.
Then municipality guide afford the public expenditure with out any challenge.

The establishment of the municipality

The town has got growing municipality status according to urban hierarchy of the region in
2000 E.C. in line with the rule and regulation to establish municipality.
The need for guiding town’s development by urban plan has become the urgent issue and the
idea has been initiated by zonal urban development department and Duguna Fango woreda
administration to take initiative to prepare the basic plan. Consequently, the local socio-

Development trend of the town

CHAPTER FIVE
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, PHYSICA INFRASTRUCTURES AND
MUNICIPAL SERVICES
5.1 Location, area and shape
Hollota Genet town is found in Wolayta zone Duguna Fango woreda in Southern Nations
Nationalities and people’s regional state. Relatively, it is located bounded with oromia at a
junctions of Bilate and Charake rivers in the north, Attesa mountains and Hadiya zone in the
west, and Dendo workicha kebele in the south and east. It is 12 kms away from woreda capital
town Bitana and 32 kms far from zonal capital town Soddo. It has a total area of 720 hactar, of
which ---------- hectare under plan area.

The town has somewhat oval shape that stretches north to south in between the two rivers. It
has four out let roots towards (Bitana, the woreda capital taemain asphalt road (Addis Ababa-
Wolayta soddo), Oromiya & Hadya, and pend workicha kebeles). Therefore, a town has great
opportunity of making communication with people’s around if urban infrastructures are
efficiently constructed over the proposed land use plan.

5.2 Topography & Drainage

5.2.1 Topography
The terrain nature of the town understudy is almost plain and relatively sloppy towards west.
Therefore, it would be highly suitable for urban development particularly for infrastructures
provisions such as urban streets, communication lines, water supply, etc. Generally the town is
located at an altitude ranging 1000-1500m) above mean seal level (MSl

5.2.2 Drainage system of the town

Hollota Genet town is characterized by plain, gentle slope and steep slope along river side.
The study town is dominated by plain and gentle slope towards West. There are two perneal
rivers bounded ovally the town, Namely, Charake and Billate. The town is located with in the
rift-valley drainage basin. River Charake flows south to north emptied into Billate River. Then
Billate river flows north-to-south to lake Abaya. The rivers have potential advantages for
Irrigation of urban agriculture knowing the drainage system of the study town helps to stretch
inferastructures such as ditch building road networking, communication lines, water supply
lines etc.

5.3 Climate
Climate is one of the key issues considered in urban planning. It has direct and indirect impact
on urban land use planning. The impact of climate can be expressed in terms of its elements
like, temperature, rain fall and wind.

5.4 Temperature
The town has average annual temperature of about 26c o, which represents a tropical or "kola"
temperature condition. However the mean maximum and minimum temperatures varies from
15 co to 33 co (Ethiopian meteorological service, 1979; meteorological maps of Ethiopia) June,
July and august are cool months while November, December and January are hot months.
Generally the town experiences a tropical "kola" agro- ecological climate. Therefore, it has
impact on land use planning, housing, typology & spacing.

5.5 Rain Fall

Rainfall is one of the elements of climate. It plays a vital role in preparation of urban plan. The
mean annual rain fall of the area ranges from 1200 cm to 1500 mm. The amount of rainfall
received in an urban center determines the intensity of run-off on the surface. Hence, the
rainfall information in combination with other physical factors is used to design adequate type
and size of drainage canals to manage the resultant damage from erosion. As the survey result
indicated that the annual average rainfall of Hollota Genet town is 800mm. The months with
the highest rainfall are June, July & august which is summer /kiremt/ for the woreda and the
study town.
The Months with little amount of rainfall distribution are December, January, & February
which represents winter to the northern hemisphere / Bega/ season in the region.
Generally, if the annual distribution of rainfall is low, the flood run-off of the town will be low
and which reduces the canal, ditch construction cost. Since the study town Hollota Genet is
surroundered ovally by perneal rivers such as Charake and Billate, for economic source and
other purposes the area never depend on rainfall amount.
5.6 Type of soils in the Study town
Examining the type of soil in the study town helps for establishing engineering structure, ditch
building and construction of houses. Hollota Genet town has
Fluvisols soils, Andosols soils, Lithosols soils.
Fluvisols soils = river deposits soil (Fertile soil)
Andosols soils = soil developed from volcanic products used for grazing.
Lighosols soils = developed in recent lava and young quaternary sediments, found in rugged
topography & slopes

5.7 Energy of the study town

In Hollota Genet town the energy sources are charcoal and fuel wood. In the study town of
Hollota Genet, Hydro-electric power energy line is stretched but not started yet.
If the dam had constructed at junction of Billate & Charake rivers the study town would have
potential hydro-electric energy source.

5.8 Physical expansion of the town

Hollota Genet has enough area for future expansion. It can expand to the North direction to the
Junction point of Charake and Billate Rivers. It can also expand to south, south-east and north
east directions due to the existence of plain river shore, gentle slope, people preference and
other opportunities.

5.9 Wind direction

Examining wind direction of the study town helps to determine appropriate site for urban
activities such as industrial emitting pollutants, Hospital buildings Abattoir site solid waste
disposal site etc. The prevailing wind-direction for Hollota Genet town is coming from North-
east to South west.

5.10 Municipal services

Municipality provides services such as general market livestock market, slaughter house, bus
station, fire Brigade, Public Bathes, Toilets, playground, etc. As the research conducted by
study team indicated Hollota-Genet’s town municipality provides general market, livestock
market and slaughter services. The service is traditional in its type. The planner should propose
and allocate these services in planned manner by applying efficient utilization of land uses.
5.11 Open Market
The analysis of Market situation is necessary to identify the major constraints that hinder
efficient utilization of market resources.
According the research conducted by the study team, the existing market of Hollota Genet
town is found at the center of the town. It is scattered and in unplanned manner. Cattle market
is found together with main market. The traditional market place is small and does not
accommodate all attendants. Hence proposing modern market place in planned manner to solve
accommodation problem is vital.
There fore, the planner should examine:-
- The major spatial problems
- Situational analysis for land uses
- The settlement pattern of market
- Efficient allocation of market place for different types of items
- The site to construct public toilet
- The direction for market expansion and basic market plan site should considered
physically, socially and economically.

5.12 Live stock Market

In Hollota Genet, the market days are held in Tuesday and Saturday with in a week. The
main market day is on Tuesday.
Due to the market accessibility and centrality large number of people come from Hadiya,
Oromiya, Sidama and wolaita of different woredas, to exchange commodities. The number of
market attendants reaches its peak in Tuesday. It is estimated to reach 4000 - 5000 peoples.
As survey result indicated that different types of items such as cattle (cow, ox, goat, sheep,
etc.), Mule, donkey, horse, crops like Maize fruits, cereals and industrial products are
exchanged in the market. But the following problems identified for market places
- Congestion in main market day
- Lack of stores and shade structure for both market places.
- Lack of separate livestock Market
- Absence of public toilet (construct public toilet)
 - Absence of solid disposal container and place for both market
- Absence of ditch line to water flood at rainy season (construct ditch canal)
 Suggested Solutions for the problems.
- Solving market congestion in the new plan
- Constructing store and shade structure in the market legally.

5.13 Abattoir service

Hollota Genet town has no planned abattoir service but slaughter service is being given in open
area at west side of the town near at Charake River. The study town lacks temporal shelter, air
space, skin drying room sewerage system and septic tanks lack of adequate slaughtering
facilities.
Slaughter house
Slaughter is one of social service delivered by municipality. The slaughter house has facilities
such as temporal shelter, airspace, drying room for skin, sewerage system and septic tanks.
The temporal shelters of the slaughter house in Holeta has a carrying capacity of 30 cattle
and at present on average 15 cattle are slaughtered per market day, with service charges of 50
birr for each.
In general a simple slaughter house operation involves livestock holding pens, slaughtering,
blood removal, hide removal, evisceration, trimming and butchering for markets. The main
products of the operation are providing fresh meat and other byproducts to shop, market etc.
The study town called ‘’ Hollota-Genet’’ town lacks formal abattoir, currently, cattle
slaughtering is conducted in the open space North-west near Charake river locally there was no
limited space. There was no fenced compound used to keep animals temporarily. The service
charge collected by the municipality per slaughtered animal 50 birr. Cattle were slaughtered
only Tuesday and Saturday market day. Meat was transported and distributed by human labor.
Source: - survey result from the study team

5.14 Recommendation
The slaughter service should be provided by separate shelter in planned manner with adequate
slaughtering facilities and on appropriate location.
5.15 Bus-Terminals
Hollota Genet town has no Bus-Terminals. The road not work was not stretched using
standard but people move from place to place by motor cycle, horse carts. To solve this
problems standard road-network should be constructed /stretched/ from woreda and other
neighboring zones and regions. Bridge should also be constructed on charake and Billate
Rivers to perennially join the area with the surrounding districts.
5.16 Municipal Cemetery
Municipal cemetery is one of social service given in the town. Hollota Genet town lacks
municipal cemetery place and there are some separately found cemetry. Hence, it should be
provided the place for cemetery so that the Hollota Genet municipality could give the service
adequately.
5.17 Solid waste management
Solid waste management is one of the social services given by municipalities to town people.
Solid wastes such as trash, garbage, food scropes, appliances, paint etc.
According to WHO/1991-1993/ ISSUes, the sources of solid waste are classified into:-
a) domestic cuaste disposals from
. Single family dwelling
. Multiple family dwelling
. Low, medium and high size apartments
b) Commercial waste disposals from
- Shops
- Restaurants
- Office building
- Hotel & motels
- Institutions
c) Industrial waste disposals from
- Fabrication
- Light and heavy manufacturing
- Refineries
- Chemical plants
- Mining
 - Power generation
d) Construction and demolition waste disposals from include soils, stones, concrete,
bricks, plaster timber, plastic, piping and electrical components.
In case of Hollota Genet town solid waste are plastic /pestal/ animal dung, paper, chat
remainenat, Grasbs, bone /carcasses/, foodscraps, household trash, wood scrops wood
remainenats, broken glass and hair.
Most of the solid waste generated in the Hollota Genet town is:-
a) bio-degradable
b) non-bio degradable
Bio-degradable waste can be used for making compost organic fertilizer. These includes food
scrops, household frashes, grain remains meat and its products, wood scraps and animal duing
c) non-bio degradable solid wastes such as hair, paper, broken glass and ceramic, plastic
/pestals/ bones which are not used to compost organic. These non-bio degradable solid
wastes should be burned in incarnation of planned place.
CHAPTER SIX: - URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
6.1 Electric power supply and demand
The expansion and building of new urban infrastructure determines the development of urban.
The introduction of electric power supply, road networks, transport & telecommunications
networks, and other social service infrastructure, etc. to the new areas of the town influences
the growth of a town.
The town understudy has no electric power supply, though the installation of new electric
power supply to the area is almost completed. It also needs the installation of transformers and
also need the additional transformers to capacitate the potential use of electric power.
Moreover, the street light service should be introduced into the dwelling leas along major and
minor arterial roads & business areas.

6.2 Telecommunication services

The availability of telecommunication facilities contribute a lot for the dev;t and integration of
urban centers an efficient reliable communication service is also very impt in carrying out
efficient administrative & business activities since it provides a fast effective & consistent flow
of information.
More over, its role in promoting, modernization in all sectors of dev.t including urban sector
and making easy communication between people is also considerable.
Generally is a country like Ethiopia, were there is difficult topography to and low economic
status, the construction & expansion of transport facilities is challenging. This is also the
problem of the study area too. However, people’s of the Hollota town, is using wire less
telephone service. It still need the expansion works in coming times of a plan year to the
business centers and individuals.

6.3 Postal service

It is also another means o f communication with significant importance. The project town has
no postal service, thorough the potential demand of the service remains high. There fore, the
project town should have at least a post office agent in the town to collect and deliver letters &
parcells.
6.4 Traffic
flow-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Infra urban transport
Actually, there is no infra urban transport in the planning town. What is observing in the town
during the planning period is non- motorized mode of transports like walking, carts. The
project town has no organized streets & pedestrian walk ways. There fore, due attention should
be given to pedestrian roads construction. These are also another made transport in the
projection town, though their role is no more significant. These include Horse drawn carts and
bicycle transports.

6.5 Road networks

The availability of roas networks allow easy access and interaction of people with one another
thereby facilitating the socio-economic interaction and development of people.
The roads of the study town were made of local materials (gravels which weare gravels, roads.
Thus, they are usually strong and not easing constructed. They were narrow and low graded.
There are different arterial roads which connected with different localities in the area. These
include:- Holleta, Shone, Holleta, Kercheche Holleta, Horephe, Holleta- Alem tena, Holleta-
Dimtu. Besides these it is connected with a zonal capital, Soddo in different directions. Among
these options the following three are the main ones.
1. The way from Soddo-Karchache- Edo – Holleta which is 67 kms long
2. The way from Soddo – Gacheno – Edo – Holleta 48mks away from soddo
3. The way from Soddo – Shone (Hadiya) – Korga (Hadiya zone) Holleta which has 68
kms long.

Table – Roads connected with Holleta by destination & length.

No Source Destination Length in km
1 Hollota Shone /Badawacho 31km
2 ; Kerchache 20km
3 ; Horephe (oromiya) 18km
4 ; Alem tena (oromiya) 25km
 5 ; Dimitu 30km

The above table in abdicates that these is high traffic flow in the area.
Generally, most of the roads are old and poor in quality and design. Therefore, they are not in a
position to satisfy the high traffic congestion which would occur in the future and the high
resource potential of the area.
In addition to this, the study town needs the construction of bridges over the two rivers
bounded the town. There can promote the rapid growth of road network in the area.

6.6 Slaughter house

Slaughter is one of social service delivered by municipality. The slaughter house has facilities
such as temporal shelter, airspace, drying room for skin, sewerage system and septic tanks.
The temporal shelter of the slaughter house has a carrying capacity of 30 cattle and at present
on average 15 cattle has slaughterd per day, with a service charge of 50 birr for each.
The slaughter house has two rooms from which one give service during Easter of fasting
seasons and the remaining room deliver service always except fasting season.
In general a simple slaughter house operation involves livestock holding pens, slaughtering,
blood removal, hide removal, evisceration, trimming and butchering for markets. The main
product of the operation is providing fresh meat to shope market etc. The study town called ‘’
Hollota-Genet’’ town lacks formal abattoir, currently, cattle slaughtering is conducted in the
open space North-west near Charake river locally there was no limit space. There was no
fenced compound used to keep animals temporarily. The service charge collected by the
municipality perslaughtered animal 50 birr. Cattle were slaughtered only Tuesday and Saturday
market day. Meat was transported and distributed by human latour
Source:- survey result from the study team
CHAPTER SEVEN: - DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HOLETA TOWN
As the survey result indicates that the existing population of Hollota Genete town male 1634
female 1473 total of 3107. The male – female house hold composition male h.h 389 female h.h
131 total of 520 house hold. The composition population by religion protestant 2521, orthodox
44, catholic 537, Muslim 4 and other 1 total of 3107.

7.1 population of Holeta town

Table 4.1 population Data presentation of male – female composition
Male Female Total
1634 1473 3107
Source:- survey result of the study town

7.2 Religious characteristics of Holeta town

Table 4.2 population data presentation religious composition
Protestant Orthodox Catholic Muslim Others Total
2521 44 537 4 1 3107
Source: - survey results of study team
As the survey result above indicates out of the total 3107 population of Holeta town, 2521were
protestants, 537 were Catholics, 44were orthodox, 4 were Muslim and 1 was other.
7.3 Age-sex composition
Table 4.3. Age – sex composition of Hollota Genet town population

s.n Age interval Male population Female population Total population

1. 1–4 139 125 264

2. 5–9 147 133 280
3. 10 – 14 163 147 310
4. 15 – 19 155 140 295
5. 20 – 24 160 144 304
6. 25 – 29 179 162 341
7. 30 – 34 164 147 311
8. 35 – 39 139 125 264
9. 40 – 44 131 118 249
10. 45 – 49 77 51 128
11. 50 – 54 52 47 99
12. 55 – 59 49 44 93
13. 60 – 64 51 37 88
14. 65 – 69 24 29 53
15. 70 – 74 4 24 28
Total 1634 1473 3107
Source:- survey results of the study team. 2004 E.C

7.4 Population projection

For the Hollota Genet town, population projection base, the 2007/08 national population and
housing census result has been used. Survey result of the population male 1634, female 1473
total of 3107. Accordingly the 2007/08 the urban population growth rate of Southern region
which is 2.9 % per annum. The following table shows projected population of Hollota Gente
town for next ten year planning.
Table: - 4.4 projected population of Hollota Gente town for planning ten year of 2013 to 2022
G.C.
Projected Projection
Year in G.C 2011/2012 population growth rate Remark
s.n 2011/2012 3107 2.9% Base year
1 2013 3197 ›› 1st year
2 2014 3290 ›› 2nd year
3 2015 3385 ›› 3rd year
4 2016 3483 ›› 4th year
5 2017 3584 ›› 5th year
6 2018 3688 ›› 6th year
7 2019 3795 ›› 7th year
8 2020 3905 ›› 8th year
9 2021 4018 ›› 9th year
10 2022 4135 ›› 10th year
Source: - calculated based on CSA population and Housing census 2007/08

Population projection formula

Pt = Po ert = po =ert
Ln(pt) = lnert
po

Ln(pt) = rt
po
Pt = po (1tr)t

Pt = population at the end of planning period of the town

po = Current population
r = natural growth rate
t = time of planning period
given po = 3107 r=2.9% t= 10 years
By the year 2012 total population po =3107
By the year 2017 after five years the total population would be
Pt = 3107 (1+0.029) 5
Pt = 3584

By the year 2022 after ten years total population would be

Pt = 3107 (1+0.029) 10
= 4135

7.5 Dependency ratio

Dependency ratio is the ratio of every dependent population over 100 independent
populations. Hence, the age groups below fifteen years and above sixty five years are grouped
under dependent population and that of the age between fifteen and sixty five years are
grouped under independent population. Studying dependency ratio is important in
understanding the burden the independent population has because of the dependent
(unproductive) population.

Thus Dependency ratio = age < 15 and age > 65 x 100

Age between 15 and 65
Hence, the dependency ration of Hollota town is calculated as given
 Under 15 years old population = 854
 above 65 years old population = 81
 population b/n 15 years and 64 years population = 2172
854+81 X 100 ≈ 43
2172
Generally, the dependency ratio for Holeta town is 43. This means that there are 43 dependent
peoples on every 100 independent peoples.

CHAPTER EIGHT
SOCIAL SERVICES
 Municipality is one of governmental organizations which provide social services to town
communities. It constructs houses road, ditch, slaughtering place, fulfill facilities for it and
control the performance, stretching electricity and pipe water supply line.
Besides this the municipality give monetary support to Educational and Health institutions in
providing land and other necessary facilities. Because, they have been service giving
organization to town communities. Hence they have to be encouraged and promoted by
municipality for their development. The Hollota-Genet town has long history; it was
established in 1952 E.C. The town had not recognized under Feudal and Derge region. But
Federal people Democratic republic of Ethiopia has been given especial attention to develop
and town in order to provide social services to town communities. Hence, Wolaita zone urban
development department has prepared town plan in order to re-establish the service giving
organizations in planned manner.

8.1 Education
Education is one of the basic social services that should be analyzed critically. Because it has
been used as the indicator of Economic development from international and national context.
Hollota-Genet town has one 1 st cycle primary elementary school from (grade 1-4). Which
was established in 1987 E.C by the participation people in the town. Second cycle from (grade
5-8) was not opened yet. From grade 1-4 the Hollota-Genet town has male 372, Female 383
total of 755 students. And 6-teachers, 6 class room.
Source:- survey results of study.
8.1.1.4 Teacher’s by sex and Qualifications?
Qualification
School Un certified Certified Diploma Degree total
M F M F M F
Primary - 15 1 10 4 2 - 32
Table 5.1 The Hollota-Genet town Male-Female Composition of the student from grade 1-4
S/No. Sex Grade 1-4 Total
1 M 105 93 87 87 372
2 F 107 88 91 97 383
Total 212 181 178 184 755

Hollota-Genet town 1st cycle primary school from grade (1-4) age sex composition of the
student in the grade
Table 5.2 Age - grade relation ship of students
Grade 1-4
S/No. Age Sex 1 2 3 4 Total
1 7 years of age students M… 10 9 6 - 25
F… 15 10 7 - 32
Total.. 25 19 13 - 57
2 8 years of age students M… 13 11 9 - 33
F… 9 8 4 - 21
Total.. 22 19 13 - 54
3 9 years of age students M… 12 7 6 - 25
F… 18 14 5 - 37
Total.. 30 21 11 - 62
4 10 years of age students M… 14 12 8 2 36
F… 10 8 7 2 27
Total.. 24 20 15 4 63
5 11 years of age students M… 16 7 14 3 40
F… 14 5 16 5 40
Total... 30 12 30 8 80
6 12 years of age students M… 13 19 15 9 56
F… 12 19 12 14 67
Total.. 25 38 37 23 123
7 13 years of age students M… 12 16 20 20 68
F… 12 18 18 22 70
Total.. 24 34 38 42 138
8 14 years of age students M… 8 5 5 20 38
F… 12 3 6 28 49
Total.. 20 8 11 48 87
9 15 years of age students M… 4 5 3 25 37
F… 3 3 4 20 30
Total.. 7 8 7 45 67
10 Above 15 years M… 3 2 1 8 14
F… 2 - 2 6 10
 Total.. 5 2 3 14 24

Trads of students’ enrollment in Hollota-Genet town

Table showing trends of student enrollment
Academic Year
Sex of
No. School level 2002 2003 2004
students
1 primary Male 267 242 210
Female 170 188 161
total 437 430 371
Source: - The survey conducted by study team

School age population (SAP)

School age population calculated by using
Karup kings formula:-

P7-14=0.072P0-4 +0.524P5-9 +P10-14

School age population, (SAP)
In 2002 E.C the school age population 413
In 2003 E.C the school age population 426
In 2004 E.C the 438

School age population, Enrollment and participation rate of Hollota Genet town
Table showing SAP, enrollment and participation rate

Primary school (1-4)

No. Year SAP Enrollment PR%
1 2002 413 563 136%
 2 2003 426 632 148%
3 2004 438 755 172%
Source:- survey result
As shown in the above table the SAP Enrollment increased from year to year, school age
population in creased slowly whereas enrollment increased in large number.
This means that the Hollota-Genet town school take the student from neighboring rural kebeles
Due to there is high participation rate.

8.1.1 The student-class room and student-teacher ratio

Examining student-class room and student teacher- ratio are the basic instrument to evaluate
the efficiency, effectiveness and quality of education. The number of class room, teachers and
students, that currently available in Hollota Genet town from (grade 1-4) were 6, 6 and 755
respectively. The student-class room, student-teacher ratio 1:126 for each respectively. When
this result compared to the policy standard issued by ministry of education 1:40 (1 class room
to 40 students), the students need 19/nineteen/ class rooms. Thus additional 13 /thirteen/ class
rooms needed. This indicates that wide gap to achieve stretched policy. If it is being consider
increasing student population and material cost in the future it will be a serious challenging.
Hence, it is better to give especial attention to achieve the policy gap.

8.2 Health
Health is one of social service that is important to be fulfilled and indicates the society’s stage
of development. As the data obtained from study area shoaled that Hollota Genet town has
three private clinics. The town has no-governmental health institutions. According to health
policy of government, the curative and preventive health service has not given to town people.
As a result of this, there is no:-
- Out patient services
- In patient services

No, - Family planning

- pre and postnatal examination
- delivery services
- immunization program
 - medical services for HIV/AIDS victims
Both by conducting voluntary counseling and Blood test (VCT) and it is difficult to identify
the top diseases, largely occurred in the town. As the respondent said, that in the town highly
suffering by communicable diseases such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, and parasites etc.
From millennium development goal and world health organizations (WHO) point of view,
people live every where must have primary health care at nearby location. Thus, Human being
should have access and afford health services with reasonable price.
Also according to Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ministry of health policy,
primary health care should given for every individual as needed. In this policy the strategy
stretched states that for 5000 people in the area one health post. For 25000 people one health
center. As survey result indicated that the Hollota Genet town has:- 1/ plan region 2/
Administrative region and 3/ The town surrounding area.
The surrounding area has densely populated. In which many people seeking for standard
health care.
So the town needs especial attention. Thus, the establishment of health post and health center is
highly required

8.3 Housing and its need

Housing is one of the basic necessities of human being. The major objective of town
planning is, to have exhaustive analysis of housing and solving house related problems in the
town. Tue to this, in the process of plan preparation for Hollota-Genet town the housing
condition analysed extensively. As survey result revealed, there were 520 house holds, and 67,
social service delivering house units, total of 587 house units.
The quality of house unit in the town was built from mud and wood. The floot was mud.
The town has circled ovally by two rivers Charake and Bilate, which have large enough sands.
Also the surrounding area of the town has rich in construction materials. Hence to construct
standard houses and to have propare utilization of the land and other resources in the town,
legally bounded Hollota Genet town plan was prepared. Therefore, the future demand of
housing predicted and responded by the town municipality.
CHAPTER NINE: - THE INSTITUTIONAL SET UP OF HOLLOTA GENET TOWN
9.1 The Municipal Human resources
Hollota Genet town was one of the designated status of a growing municipality in wolayta
zone urban development department in 2004 E.C. The town has 1 kebeles administrative and
the municipality is accountable for Duguna Fango woreda administrative council.

Table 7.1.1 The human resource of Hollota-Genet town municipality

The name of The Currently existing
S.N department required M F T Vacant Remark
1 Head manager 1 1 1 - Manager
2 Lend administration 1
3 Human resource 1
administration
4 Supportive worker 1
5 Town infrastructure 1
administration
Contract workers 8 5 3 8
Source:- Municipality of Hollota town

To achieve the planned objective of the institution, the presence of sufficient trained Human
resource is vital to guide & amend the town development. From the total required 8 manpower,
the municipality has currently 1 employees (manage) which are 12.5% of the total required
manpower in the study town.
Regarding the educational status, the data collected from the Hollota municipality indicates
that one of the employees (manager) are 12+TTI and the remaining contruct workers are below
10th grade level. Thus, the existing professional occupation and educational status is inadequate
to full management of the municipality. However the trained manpower and technical persons
related to engineering should be need as much as possible to implement the plan in the study
town.
Table 7.1.2 Terms of employment of the employees
Sex Permanent worker Contrat worker Toral
Male 1 5 5
Female 3 3
Total 8 8
Source:- Municipality of Hollota Genet town

9.2 Financial capacity of the study town

There is a good opportunity & attractive naturally endowed areas in and around the town. The
study area is located at socially and economically strategic site in Duguna Fango woreda.
Which has been boardered with Hadiya zone Bediwacho woreda in the North, Oromiya in the
East, Sidama zone in the south east and Dendo Koysha and Dendo Offa kebele in the South.
These boarderly linkage & make the ease condition to market exchange of the study town.
Some of the government offices are on the system of being established.
The town municipality and the woreda head administrative bodies together made efforts to
fulfill the trained manpower in different work process. These will help to guide manageable
and activate the economic development of the town.

9.3 Commercial activities of the town

Trade is the most dominant economic activities in the study town next to agricultural sector.
But, in the town all types of commercial activities are taking place in unmanageable stage.
These include service trade, retail trade, informal trades that are being exercised in the town.
The study team advised to amend the commercial activities of the town to be guided in
manageable system.

9.4 The retail trade establishment

There are ------ retail trades with types. This trade does not match with that of the number and
demand of consumers. Important retail trades like construction materials, textile shop & the
like are few in number. Land allocation should consider these activities in active area of the
town where the service are easily accessible for customers.
9.5 Service rendering establishments
In the study town the service rendering establishment is low in terms of the residents & the
surrounding hinter land population size. This includes Hotels, fuel station, Pension, Café …
etc. The alleviate these & other related problems land should be reserved on the select place to
attract the investors to the area.

Table 7.2 service giving activities

S.N Name of service giving No Remark
Restaurant 6
Tea house 6
Tea house 9
Barber 5
Tailor 2
Photo center 2
Transport 3
Private clinic 3
Beauty salon 1
Source: - Hollota town municipality 2004

9.6. Informal trade

There are some informal trade activities in Holeta Genet town. These includes
 Areke and tella houses,
 Traditional tella shop,
 Fruits and vegetables
 Shoe polishing
 Shops selling chat
 Second hand clothes trading

 Maintenance services of motor cycles

 Etc.
The above mentioned and some other unmentioned informal sector economic activities
observed during the survey period could contribute much for the over all development of the
economy of the town under study and can play a role in acting as the base for the formal sector.

9.7 Handy crafts and small scale manufacturing

The handicrafts and small scale manufacturing activities are the initial point to begin the
transformation from agricultural based economy system to industrial based economic system
and dominantly these activities take place in urban centers due to conditions that are
encouraging in urban center. Based on this consideration the nature of the handicrafts and
small scale manufacturing activities in the planning town include: four Grain Mills, three
Wood work, two black smiths as well as housing construction materials are available in the
town.

9.8. Ware House and Storage

The storage facilities that are found in Holeta Genet town include privately owned stores for
maize, teff, sorghum etc.

9.9 Financial Institutions

9.9.1. Bank and Insurance Service

There is neither governmental nor private bank/insurance institution that renders service for
economically active business establishments. Thus, the planner should reserve land on an
appropriate area for different government financial institutions.

9.9.2. Micro Finance Institutions

One and dominant ways of generating employment opportunity and alleviating poverty in
providing credit through micro finance institutions and land from responsible bodies for the
poor and low income category .As it was observed from different activities and encouraging
economical consequence in different urban centers and different parts of the country, the role
of Micro Finance institutions is unquestionable fact.

Regarding Holeta Genet town, there is no formally organized and functional financial
institution except the one that is Omo Micro Finance Agent serving the public to promote
saving and providing micro loan service for the residents. Yet, there is no actual office of
Omo Micro Finance institution in the town.

Thus, the planner should reserve land on an appropriate area for different governmental and
non governmental financial institutions.
9.10. Micro and Small Scale Enterprises (MSSEs)
9.7.3. Assets of the municipality

There are no sufficient assets that help to give effective and efficient public services for the
town customers, except the assets listed in the table below

Table:-9.4. Assets of Holeta town municipality 2004 E.C

S.N Type of Assets Number Current condition
1 Office Building 1 Functional
2 Table 4
3 Box 1
5 Chair 8
6 Wireless telephone 1
7 Meter 1
Source;- Holeta town municipality, Office 2004 E.C

From the above illustration, it is clearly shown that the town municipality lacks basic materials
like office equipment, computers, printer and vehicle to perform its daily activities. Generally,
much is expected from the municipality and other stakeholders in facilitating and fulfilling all
necessary materials for the municipality.
9.6 General Recommendations to be considered by the planner
Having seen the above all issues, the following suggestions are recommended for planner to
consider them seriously and hence:-
1. Currently, in Holeta genet town, there in no bus terminal (bus station) yet bus station is
very important to be planned for the town. There fore the planer has to allocate separate
sufficient plot of land for bus station.
2. The town needs to have a youth center for the youth found in the town to recreate, as
there is predominant number of youth population in the town and surrounding areas.
3. There are no open spaces in the town and hence, the planner needs to allocate sufficient
plot of land for open space as per the need of the town.
4. Green areas are some times termed as the “lungs of the town” to indicate their
importance. Yet there is no green area in the town. The planner has to consider the
importance of green areas and has to allocate adequate green areas on the fair basis.
5. The abattoir service currently existing is traditional in type and done on the open
spaces. It is very dangerous for the health of the people serving it. Hence, appropriate
area and site need to be tackled.
6. There is only one primary school (1-4) in the town and this is not enough for the
residents of the projected population of the town in the planning period and hence the
planner has to think of the expansion of this school to junior secondary and adequate
land has to be allocated for school expansion.
7. Livestock market is found together with the main market and this creates problem.
Hence the planner has to search for new places for livestock market in the nearer
location to the market.
8. The inner roads and the main roads are not sufficient and well planned and hence need
to be planned in appropriate manner.
9. There is no municipal cemetery in Holeta Genet town except for Orthodox Church and
the residents serve their own tenure as a cemetery. This is very serious obstacle for the
growth of the town. There fore the planner has to search for means of solving this
problem by allocating separate and adequate land for municipal cemetery.
10. There is no health post and health center in Holeta town and the planner has to allocate
plot of land for these services in appropriate location.
 11. There is no known solid waste disposal site in Holeta Genet town. The solid waste is
being dumped on the open site and in the gardens of individuals. Hence, the planner has
to allocate known solid waste disposal site for the town considering the actual wind
direction.
CHAPTER Eleven
11. PROPOSED LAND USES
11.1 Planning Issues
11.1.1. Existing land use planning problems (issues) of the town
From the analysis of the existing land use of the town and its surrounding, current situational
analysis of spatial and socio economic challenges ,the potential and constraints for the
development of the town the following major issues have been identified :-
 The need to cater for backlogs of basic infrastructure and services as well as the
requirements of additional population which is estimated to reach 3282 at the end of the
planning period;
 Poor liquid and solid waste management system;
 Inadequacy of social services, physical infrastructure and commercial services;
 Inconvenient Physical layout of land;
 Absence of open space, recreation, green area and Public Park;
 Uneven distribution and nearness of services
 The need to conserve/control the formation of gullies by rainfall erosion;
 Poor construction control system; and
 The presence of uneconomic land use /large holdings in the centre as well as in the
periphery of town.
 Absence of planned green area
 Inadequate open market that is merged with cattle market
 Lack of bus station
 Absence of abattoir
 Absence of planned cemetery site
11.2 Intervention Area
Table: 11.1 Strategic Intervention Areas on Existing Land Use
S.N
Intervention Area Existing situation Planning option
1 Road network -Most of the road network is found to be -Preparing planned road network at
unplanned every corner of the town

2 Open market Inadequate, merged with cattle market, Proposing adequate and separated
found to be on the side of pass road land with that of cattle market
3 Cattle market - established against main livestock entry -Proposing at Western direction
direction and merged with open market

4 Bus station - merged with open market Relocating and providing appropriate
place at the entrance of the town
5 Excessive land holding - Reduce permeability and accessibility - Develop standard for
system and large - Uneconomical land uses land allocation
blocks - Rectify the existing
large holding based
on the standards
8 Inadequate open - Deceases city attractiveness - Reserving, protecting and
spaces, recreational - reduce permeability developing adequate number
areas, green and public of green area, open space
parks and public park
9 Narrow width of road - unsafe for traffic movement - keep the consistence of
network - cause traffic accident the road width
- provide access roads where
large blocks exist

11.3. Conceptual Frame Work

The Concept of plan is the result of:-
 Public participation in planning process;
 Standards and norms;
 a different sect oral analysis and incorporate findings that have spatial dimension; and
  Government policy and strategies
Accordingly, a conceptual framework that has served a guiding principle in elaborating the
proposal plan has been derived based on a rough analysis and synthesis of the various sect oral
issues identified by the various sect oral studies.
The basic principles which are envisaged to establish the fundamental concepts that will guide
more detailed planning activities are:-
 Selecting area suitable for the town’s future expansion with a view of achieving a
compact urban form;
 Developing a system of sub centre with a view of achieving an equitable distribution
of infrastructure, service and facilities;
 Creating a well structured town with a view of achieving a harmonious development
between the existing and future proposed settlement; and
 Establishing a flexible zoning system for each land use class in general appropriate
location for those environmentally, economically and socially sensitive functions.
Some of the specific proposals that have emanated from the conceptual framework
include:-
 Integrating all parts of the town by introducing newly proposal roads;
 Ensuring a balanced distribution of activities within the town by creating sub centre that
has already developed in the centre of the existing built up area and envisaging other
sub-centers within the proposed expansion area; and
 Resolving the problems associated with incompatible activities by way of relocating
some of the activities or providing for buffer zones.

11.4 Growth trend and planning Boundary

The expansion of urban settlement on the adjacent agricultural land is a major problem and still
continuous in the attempt to meet limitless demand of population. The growth rate of the
regional urban population is 2.96% per annum. Accordingly, each year, the increasing
population has no other means but settle on agricultural land. Considering this, on the prepared
Basic Plan of a Gulgula town, because of existing planning boundary sufficient, no additional
land is proposed for the coming 10 planning years. The demand of land for housing,
infrastructure, social service and other construction works; agricultural land is claimed mainly
in all direction of the town.
11.5 Selection of area suitable for the town’s future expansion
The major criteria employed in selecting the town’s future expansions are:-
 Availability of sites with reasonable slope ranges;
 Impact of topographic characteristic on the cost of infrastructure (mountain side, ridges
stream, gorges and gullies);
 People’s preference;
 Existing natural &man made constraints;
 Existing opportunities;
 Existing land use types;
 Proximity and/or access for physical infrastructure; and
 Proximity and/or access for social and other urban facilities.
In consideration of the above mentioned criteria, the potential growth direction is therefore
possible in all direction; however, for the next 10 years of planning period no additional land is
required.
11.6 PROPOSED LAND USES
The future land use is proposed based on detail investigation of relevant socioeconomic, spatial
factors, public discussion, and current growth trend of the town and functional compatibility of
various activities (see the proposed land use map of 1:5000 and 1:2000 scale dawning).

Total area (ha)

S.N Land use categories
Mixed 13
Pure 96.4
Sub total 109.4
2 Commerce 6.1
3 Administration 1.3
4 Service 16.3
5 Manufacturing and Storage 2.1
 6 Transport and Road
-Transport 0.9
-Road net-work 71
Sub total 72
7 Recreation 13.7
Built up 220.9
8 Urban Agriculture 7.8
9 Forest 17.7

10 Special Function

Reserved 9.7

Sub total 9.7

Non-built up 35.2
Total 256
Source: - Calculated from the proposed land use map of the town
11.6.1 Residence
Residential area often account the largest share of total built up area budget in the urban
context .This encompass housing units, access roads and facilities required to support the basic
requirement of residential activities. Thus, such areas are arranged by logical structuring of
roads conditions for dwelling and in harmony with other urban functions.
According to the results of demographic projection made as part of the present study, the total
number of housing units that need to be constructed in the planning period is estimated at
338.In the region urban land lease rules and regulation currently in the place, the maximum
size of residential plots eligible per household are determined at and 250m 2. The total area that
would be required to construct the above mentioned housing units are therefore, estimated to
be around 8.45 hectare. This means, an average of 34 farmers that are expected to be relocated
due to the town’s infill. Urban land lease rules and regulation of the region has determined a
maximum of 500m2. Taking 500m2 plot sizes, the total area to be allotted for the above
mentioned households with in the proposed town boundary is therefore, estimated to be 1.7
hectare. Therefore, the total area that would be required for residential purpose is about 10.15
hectares. Considering an allowance of 10 percent of this figure to accommodate road access as
well as neighborhoods level residential services, it is estimated that a total of 11.17 hectares
(this figure is considering in mixed and pure proposed ones) will be required for residential
development which is to be accommodated in the infill area. The major portion of residential
area to be proposed during the planning period is envisaged to be infill. The types of residential
areas development for seen are:-
 Private housing development where detached, duplex or row types houses shall be
developed and
 Co-operative housing development where buildings of different duplex and rows
types should be encouraged.
Residential areas could be categorized under pure residential and those that are mixed with
other compatible activities in this regard, a major portion of the existing residential area is
proposed to remain as it is and some of them are changed to commercial and mixed land uses.
Accordingly, mixed residential land uses are proposed near or back to newly proposed sub-
centers and along main roads. Moreover, areas under the residential land use category include
subsidiary activities that constitute neighborhood level service. Accordingly, neighborhood
centers are envisaged to provide daily services for a given neighborhood .The service to be
catered by such centers are low order services that include among other social service (such as
kindergarten and health post), play ground and/or green area, commercial services (such
as ,bakery, butchery ,flourmill, and small kiosks) envisaged in this upgrading scheme are
redressing the infrastructure and related deficiencies that characterized these areas although the
details are to be worked out by the local authority. The total area allocated for residence is
about 109.4 hectares which are about 43 % of the total built up area.
11.6.2 Administration
Area already occupied by administrative function is maintained in the proposed Basic plan.
Moreover, additional sites for administrative uses are proposed in different location in the
town. The total land covered by this function is about 1.3 hectares which are about 0.6 % of
built up area.
11.6.3 Commerce
The commercial function consists of commercial activities, market place, and financial
intuition. The existing commercial activities are located along main roads and existed open
market area. The existed ones are maintained and the newly ones are proposed along the main
roads. In addition to this the existing open market is relocated and the newly one proposed as
indicated on the map at the left side of the town at the interface. The total area which will be
covered by commerce and trade activities are about 6.1 hectares which is about 2.4% of the
total area to be built up during the planning period.

11.6.4 Service
Services which have been taken under consideration; pre-school education, primary school,
health post, health center, youth center, Christian (Orthodox) church, non-Orthodox Christian
churches, EEPCO, postal service, cemetery, slaughter house, waste disposal site are the major
ones. The total area allocated for this function is 16.3 which is 24% of the total area of the
town.
A. Education

Four pre-school education sites are proposed at different corridor of the town by taking an area
of 6246m2 of land. Based on the socio-data analysis and recommendation the existing primary
first cycle school is updated to primary second cycle school without requiring another site to
propose and hence there one primary second cycle school on 24842m 2 of land. Based on
socio-data analysis and recommendation the existing primary first cycle school without
requiring another site to propose and hence there is one primary second cycle school on
24842m2 of land.
B. Health

Regarding to health service one health center is proposed around the central part of the town
and two health posts are proposed on two corridor of the town. These services have taken
725m2 of land.
C. Youth center

Youth center is proposed on1600m2 of land independently with that of any green, open, play
field, sport field.
D. Religious

In the case of religious, based on socio-data there are Christian (orthodox) church and non-
Orthodox Christian churches. The lands (7 hectares) occupied by these churches are preserved
as they are.
 E. EEPCO

There is no EEPCO office in the town and hence one site is proposed for this service on an area
1137m2 of land.
F. Postal service

There is no existing post office and hence one site is proposed for this service on an area
1579m2 of land.
G. Cemetery

As the socio economic data analysis in the town there is no cemetery except for Orthodox
Church in their site and the residents serve on their own tenure. So in this proposal it is
assigned to be proposed on two sites one on East and one on West direction of the town. The
area of these two sites is 31886m2.
H. Slaughter house

According to socio-analysis the abattoir service is currently taking place on the open space
anywhere. So, in this plan it is included to be proposed on 6804m2 of land.
I. Waste disposal site

There is no waste disposal site for the town. And hence, in this plan it is proposed on the
periphery of the town on West direction by considering the prevailing wind direction. The site
is located in planning boundary surrounded by adequate buffer on 5539m2 of land.
11.6.4 .3 Cultural and Social welfare Services
Cultural and Social welfare services are expected to comprise public worship, cemeteries,
social and cultural services, and social and welfare center and office for civic organization. The
existing cultural and social welfare services are maintained. Additional ones are envisaged and
appropriate sites are selected at equitable level in the expansion and in fill area. All of the
currently existing religion institutions are maintained in the basic plan but the present land
holding system is very wide and underutilized. Thus, the institutions themselves should
propose partly for compatible urban functions.
11.6.4 .4 Municipal Service
Municipal services like abattoir, waste disposal site, municipal cemetery are proposed in
different parts of the town.
11.6.5 Manufacturing and Storage
There is no formally planned and comfortable manufacturing and storage site in the town. But
in this plan it is tried to incorporate in this plan.
The total area which will be covered by manufacturing and storage is about 2.1 hectare which
is about 0.8 % of the total area to be built up during the planning period.
11.6.6 Transport and Road Network
Transportation system Planning is vital for promoting efficient traffic movement within the
urban centre. In Gulgula town, there is no bus station. It is necessary to propose for the future
planning period. There for, bus station is proposed on the new accessible site. To establish a
hierarchical set of road system;
 To locate traffic generating and attracting activities in the central accessible area of the
town or along the main roads;
 To resolve the existing road network challenge; and
11.6.7. Out let and inlet roads
 The road which links Holota to Sodo vie Shone.
 The other inlet and outlet roads are made to be 20m width
11.6.8. Inner roads
 The road which connects main activated areas(currently or in the future which are
expected to high traffic congestions) areas such as from main roads to newly proposed
bus station, open market areas other commercially and socially active areas is proposed
16m &16m meters width;
 The width of other inner roads (10m,12m) as collector and local roads
 Pedestrian roads are investigated on this basic plan based on topographic features of
land to access for traffic movements.
The total land covered by this function is about 71 hectare which accounts 27% of built up
area.
11.6.10. Urban Agriculture
Urban agriculture plays vital roles as a viable productive means to manage the urban
environment. On the other hand, it can help a town to become self sufficiency with food,
provide employment opportunity, liquid and solid waste absorption, greenery and create livable
and safe environment. This function cover areas in different parts of town are envisaged for
urban agriculture that include goat production, animal husbandry, horticulture, crop
production, and poultry farm. Moreover the existed urban agriculture activities are maintained
and the incompatible areas should be relocated administratively by local authority..
The total area covered by this function is about 7.8 hectares which is 3% of the total non- built up area.
11.6.12 Special Function
The activities which are categorized under this function are areas for unforeseen projects. Its
function decided administratively by public participation, local authorities and other
Governmental bodies in considering compatible of other nearby activities. The total land
covered by this activity is about 9.7 hectares which are about 3.7% of the total urbanized area.
(See proposal land use map).
11.6.13 Forest and informal green

Forest and informal green are another consideration are; as the town is surrounded by the river
at North, North East and North West. Moreover the huge mountain is locating at the South of
the town which exposes the town for hazardous storm water. Having this all in mind the terrain
feature of the town additionally environmental attention is mandatory to save the town. In this
regard protective forest (buffer zone) and naturally (environmentally) exposed are under
consideration. So, in the town slope >20% and the periphery of the town near to the river bank
are protected to being informal green. The area devoted for this is 177253m 2. On the other
hand environmentally very important matter is the mountain at the Southern part of the town.
The mountain is covered by grassland and consists of quarry site.
Even though, the mountain is located out the planning boundary of the town it is recommended
that:
 It should be covered by forest and grass to avoid storm water to the town.
 The quarry should not be intensively used, even; it should be protected if there are any
other options.
 To do these, it is better if the mountain is under the control of the town with the
responsibility.

11.7 The implementation of Spatial Development Framework (SDF)

The Basic plan incorporates almost all the necessary social, physical and economic facilities
for the town. Finally the following points are suggested to facilitate the implementation
process:-
 To translate (implement) the Basic Plan of the town in to locality, detail plan should be
prepared by local authority integrate with Regional/Zonal Urban Organization Plan
Preparation and Monitoring Process or the consultancy office.
 Public participation should be consider during plan or designing project for
implementation
 The area currently occupied by the Peasant Association located adjacent to the town and
which are proposed for urban expansion should be studied in detail.
 Municipality should be indicate on site lay out tree planting area when legalized property
ownership for each households;
 Urban upgrading and renewals activities to be under taken in areas designated for such
types of interventions should taken in to account the availability and conditions of
infrastructure service and physical conditions of the existing structure.
 Road net-work proposals should be implementing based on detail studies to be carried
out by local authorities. In particular the widening of existed roads should be executed
with the main intent of improving traffic circulation in a given area.
 Property lines of existing functions that could not be readily identified during the
physical survey of the town need to be clearly consider during implementations.
 Local authority should be encouraging the residents to construct standards housing units.
 Open spaces which are reserved with residential neighborhood to accommodate play
ground and other community level functions should be used for their designated
purposes.
 The movement of cattle with in the town should be restricted to main roads. More over if
deemed necessary a pedestrian lane is to be considered during the design and
implementation