Assignment 4

Abhinav Pradeep
Tutorial group 12
October 20, 2023

1 Question 1.
1.1 a
π  π 
n̂ = cos + φ ĝ + sin + φ k̂
2 2

ê = ĥ

û = cos (φ)ĝ + sin (φ)k̂

In matrix form,

cos π2 + φ 0 sin π2 + φ
  

  
n̂ ĝ
 ê  =  0 1 0   ĥ
û cos (φ) 0 sin (φ) k̂
To get the inverse transformation,

−1  
cos π2 + φ 0 sin π2 + φ
  

ĝ n̂
ĥ =  0 1 0   ê 
k̂ cos (φ) 0 sin (φ) û
This can geometrically be seen to be:
    
ĝ − sin (φ) 0 cos (φ) n̂
ĥ =  0 1 0   ê 
k̂ cos (φ) 0 sin (φ) û

1.2 b
Problem involves 2 refrence frames: the inertial frame K with basis vectors V = (ĝ, ĥ, k̂), and the non-
inertial frame K ′ with basis vectors V ′ = (n̂, ê, û). K and K ′ have the same origin. For an observer
in K basis vectors V are stationary where basis vectors V ′ change with time. For an observer on K ′
basis vectors V ′ are fixed whereas basis V moves as a function of time. That is:

dVi′
=0
dt K ′

1
As the non-initial frame is rotating about its shared origin with the inertial frame with an angular
velocity of ω, velocity of Vi′ would be tangential velocity.

dVi′
= ω × Vi′
dt K
Consider some vector A. This can be written as:
3
X
A= Ai Vi
i=1

3
X
A= A′i Vi′
i=1
′
Let A move along with K in addition to its own velocity. That is,
3
X dA′ (t)
dA
= i
Vi′
dt K ′
i=1
dt
However, in the inertial frame K basis vectors V ′ move as functions of time. Hence,
3
X d (A′ (t)V ′ (t))
dA i i
=
dt K i=1
dt
By the product rule,
3
dA′i ′ dV ′
 
dA X
= Vi + A′i i
dt K i=1
dt dt
3
dA′i ′
 
dA X
′ ′
= V + Ai (ω × Vi )
dt K i=1
dt i
3
dA′i ′
 
dA X
′ ′
= V + (ω × Ai Vi )
dt K i=1
dt i

X dA′ 3 3
dA i ′
X
= Vi + (ω × A′i Vi′ )
dt K i=1
dt i=1

dA dA
= +ω×A
dt K dt K ′
This the ’transport theorem’ and relates derivatives in K and K ′ .

To derive the fictitious Coriolis force, consider that for some position vector R,
dR dR
= +ω×R
dt K dt K ′
dR dR
Let vector VK = dt K
and VK ′ = dt K ′
Therefore the above equation can be written as:
 VK = VK ′ + ω × R
dVK
To find dt K
once again apply the transport theorem:
dVK dVK
= + ω × VK
dt K dt K ′
RHS of the above expression must be re-written only in terms of derivatives in K ′ . This is in an effort
express newtons first law in the inertial frame in terms of velocities observed in the non-inertial frame,
ie. find newtons frist law for the non-inertial frame.
dVK
First find expression for dt K ′
:
dVK d
= (VK ′ + ω × R)
dt K ′ dt K ′
dVK dVK ′ d
= + (ω × R)
dt K ′ dt K ′ dt K ′
By the product rule:
   
dVK dVK ′ dω dR
= + ×R + ω×
dt K ′ dt K ′ dt K ′ dt K ′
dR dVK ′
Substitute in VK ′ = dt K ′
and let AK ′ = in
dt K ′
 
dVK dω
= AK ′ + × R + (ω × VK ′ )
dt K ′ dt K ′
Next find expression for ω × VK :

ω × VK = ω × (VK ′ + ω × R)

ω × VK = (ω × VK ′ ) + (ω × (ω × R))
Therefore:
 
dVK dω
+ ω × VK = AK ′ + × R + (ω × VK ′ ) + (ω × VK ′ ) + (ω × (ω × R))
dt K ′ dt K ′
 
dVK dω
= AK ′ + × R + 2 (ω × VK ′ ) + (ω × (ω × R))
dt K dt K ′
dVK
Let AK = dt K
 
dω
AK = AK ′ + × R + 2 (ω × VK ′ ) + (ω × (ω × R))
dt K ′
Multiply in m for the mass of the object.
 
dω
mAK = mAK ′ + m × R + 2m (ω × VK ′ ) + m (ω × (ω × R))
dt K ′
Re-arranging in terms of mAK ′
  
dω
mAK ′ = mAK − m × R − 2m (ω × VK ′ ) − m (ω × (ω × R))
dt K ′
This is Newtons first law in the non-inertial frame. Of these terms the Coriolis force is:

Fc = −2m (ω × VK ′ )
In this case it is given that

VK ′ = ẋê + ẏn̂
It is Assumed that ẋ and ẏ are in S.I units of m/s.

To find ω, convert from rad/day to rad/second. That is:

2π
2πrad/day = rad/second
86400
Hence,
2π
ω=k̂
86400
By applying transformation rules from 1a., where φ is the angle P makes with ĝ
    
ĝ − sin (φ) 0 cos (φ) n̂
ĥ =  0 1 0   ê 
k̂ cos (φ) 0 sin (φ) û
That is:

k̂ = cos (φ)n̂ + sin (φ)û

2π 2π 2π
k̂ = cos (φ)n̂ + sin (φ)û
86400 86400 86400
2π 2π
ω= cos (φ)n̂ + sin (φ)û
86400 86400
Therefore,
 
n̂ û ê
2π 2π
ω × VK ′ = det  86400 cos (φ) 86400 sin (φ) 0 
ẏ 0 ẋ
     
2π 2π 2π
ω × VK ′ = sin (φ)ẋ n̂ + − cos (φ)ẋ û + − sin (φ)ẏ ê
86400 86400 86400

Fc = −2m (ω × VK ′ )
      
2π 2π 2π
Fc = −2m sin (φ)ẋ n̂ + − sin (φ)ẏ ê + − cos (φ)ẋ û
86400 86400 86400
     
4mπ 4mπ 4mπ
Fc = − sin (φ)ẋ n̂ + sin (φ)ẏ ê + cos (φ)ẋ û
86400 86400 86400
1.3 c
Define non inertial frame K ′ in similar manner to the above with point P set to be the equilibrium
position of the pendulum.

Consider Newtons first law in the non-inertial frame K ′ :

 
dω
mAK ′ = mAK − m × R − 2m (ω × VK ′ ) − m (ω × (ω × R))
dt K ′
Below is a visualisation of the forces acting on a pendulum:

Newtons first law in the inertial frame K for the pendulum can be written as

mAK = mg + T
Hence,
 
dω
mAK ′ = mg + T − m × R − 2m (ω × VK ′ ) − m (ω × (ω × R))
dt K ′
dω
= 0 (zero vector) (as ω is not time dependant). Hence,
dt K ′
mAK ′ = mg + T − 2m (ω × VK ′ ) − m (ω × (ω × R))
To neglect the centrifugal force set m (ω × (ω × R)) = 0 (zero vector). Hence,

mAK ′ = mg + T − 2m (ω × VK ′ )
To find AK ′ , let

AK ′ = ÿn̂ + ẍê + z̈ û
It can be assumed that z ≈ 0. Hence z̈ = 0 and:

AK ′ = ÿn̂ + ẍê
From 1b. the Coriolis force acting on the pendulum is:
     
4mπ 4mπ 4mπ
Fc = − sin (φ)ẋ n̂ + sin (φ)ẏ ê + cos (φ)ẋ û
86400 86400 86400
Where φ is the altitude / angle point P makes with the horizontal plane of the inertial frame K.

The gravity vector can be written as:

g = 0n̂ + 0ê − |g|û

Let,

T = Ty n̂ + Tx ê + Tz û
Consider the below diagram. WOLG the system has been simplified by setting the initial conditions
such that the equilibrium point of the pendulum is the origin of frame K ′ .

From the diagram it is evident that △ABC ∼ △AOD (approximately), △ABE ∼ △AOF (approxi-
mately), and △AOB ∼ △ABG. Using this the below can be said:

|T | l |T ||x|
≈ ⇒ Tx ≈
Tx |x| l
|T | l |T ||y|
≈ ⇒ Ty ≈
Ty |y| l
|T | l |T ||OB|
= ⇒ Tz =
Tz |OB| l
By considering the directions involved Tx and Ty can be written as,

|T |x
Tx ≈ −
l
|T |y
Ty ≈ −
l
|T ||OB|
Tz =
l
To find Tz Let θ be the angle that the rope makes with the û axis. Hence,
l
|OB| =
cos (θ)
By the small angle approximation, cos (θ) ≈ 1. Hence,
l
|OB| ≈
1
Hence, by this approximation

|T |l
Tz ≈ ⇒ Tz ≈ |T |
l
Hence,

|T |y |T |x
T ≈− n̂ − ê + |T |û
l l
Therefore the net equation can be written in column vector form as:
     −|T |y   4mπ 
mÿ 0 l
− 86400
sin (φ)ẋ
mẍ =  0  +  −|T |x  +  + 4mπ sin (φ)ẏ 
l 86400
4mπ
0 −m|g| |T | + 86400 cos (φ)ẋ
That is,

−|T |y 4mπ
mÿ = − sin (φ)ẋ
l 86400
−|T |x 4mπ
mẍ = + sin (φ)ẏ
l 86400
4mπ
0 = −m|g| + |T | + cos (φ)ẋ
86400
To calculate |T |, the third equation can be manipulated such that:
4mπ
|T | = m|g| + cos (φ)ẋ
86400
Hence, the EOM can be written as:
 
−y 4mπ 4mπ
mÿ = m|g| + cos (φ)ẋ − sin (φ)ẋ
l 86400 86400
 
−x 4mπ 4mπ
mẍ = m|g| + cos (φ)ẋ + sin (φ)ẏ
l 86400 86400
Expanding out the brackets,

−m|g|y 4mπ cos (φ) 4mπ

mÿ = − ẋy − sin (φ)ẋ
l 86400 86400
−m|g|x 4mπ cos (φ) 4mπ
mẍ = − ẋx + sin (φ)ẏ
l 86400 86400
π cos (φ) π cos (φ)
To simplify the above system, consider that the product of small numbers 86400
× ẋ × y and 86400
×
ẋ × x will be negligible compared to the other terms. Hence,

−m|g|y 4mπ
mÿ = − sin (φ)ẋ
l 86400
−m|g|x 4mπ
mẍ = + sin (φ)ẏ
l 86400
Dividing out mass,

−|g|y 4π
ÿ = − sin (φ)ẋ
l 86400
−|g|x 4π
ẍ = + sin (φ)ẏ
l 86400
49
Pendulum is at latitude φ = 180π
. Hence,


−|g|y 4π 49
ÿ = − sin ẋ
l 86400 180π
 
−|g|x 4π 49
ẍ = + sin ẏ
l 86400 180π
2π 49

p
Set a = 86400 sin 180π and Ω = |g|/l. This square root will not be imaginary because |g| will always
be positive and negative length does not make sense. With these substitutions and some rearranging:

ẍ = 2aẏ − Ω2 x

ÿ = −2aẋ − Ω2 y
1.4 d
ẍ = 2aẏ − Ω2 x

ÿ = −2aẋ − Ω2 y
Multiply the second equation by the imaginary unit i

ẍ = 2aẏ − Ω2 x

ÿi = −2aẋi − Ω2 yi
Note that 2aẏ = −2aẏi2

ẍ = −2aẏi2 − Ω2 x

ÿi = −2aẋi − Ω2 yi
Add the equations together

ẍ + ÿi = −2aẏi2 − 2aẋi − Ω2 x − Ω2 yi

ẍ + ÿi = −2ai (ẋ + ẏi) − Ω2 (x + yi)

ζ̈ = −2aiζ̇ − Ω2 ζ

ζ̈ + 2aiζ̇ + Ω2 ζ = 0
By anstaz solutions will look like ζ = eλt . To find values of λ, consider the characteristic polynomial
for the above:

λ2 + 2aiλ + Ω2 = 0
By the quadratic formula
p
−2ai ± (2ai)2 − 4Ω2
λ=
2
√
−2ai ± −4a2 − 4Ω2
λ=
2
p
−2ai ± −4(a2 + Ω2 )
λ=
2
p
−2ai ± 2 (a2 + Ω2 )i
λ=
2
p
λ = −ai ± (a2 + Ω2 )i
  p 
2 2
λ = −a ± (a + Ω ) i
r !
a2
λ= −a ± Ω +1 i
Ω2
Talk about approx later

λ ≈ (−a ± Ω) i

λ1 = (−a + Ω) i , λ1 = (−a − Ω) i
Therefore, the general solution takes the form:

ζ = C 1 e λ1 t + C 2 e λ2 t
Where C1 , C2 ∈ C

ζ = C1 e(−a+Ω)it + C2 e(−a−Ω)it

ζ = C1 (cos (Ωt − at) + sin (Ωt − at)i) + C2 (cos (−at − Ωt) + sin (−at − Ωt)i)
As cos is an even function and sin is an odd function,

ζ = C1 (cos (Ωt − at) + sin (Ωt − at)i) + C2 (cos (Ωt + at) − sin (Ωt + at)i)
In terms of real and complex components,

ζ = (ℜ(C1 ) + ℑ(C1 )i) (cos (Ωt − at) + sin (Ωt − at)i)+(ℜ(C2 ) + ℑ(C2 )i) (cos (Ωt + at) − sin (Ωt + at)i)

ζ = ℜ(C1 ) cos (Ωt − at) + ℜ(C1 ) sin (Ωt − at)i + ℑ(C1 ) cos (Ωt − at)i − ℑ(C1 ) sin (Ωt − at)+
ℜ(C2 ) cos (Ωt + at) − ℜ(C2 ) sin (Ωt + at)i + ℑ(C2 ) cos (Ωt + at)i + ℑ(C2 ) sin (Ωt + at) (1)

ζ = (ℜ(C1 ) cos (Ωt − at) − ℑ(C1 ) sin (Ωt − at) + ℜ(C2 ) cos (Ωt + at) + ℑ(C2 ) sin (Ωt + at)) +
(ℜ(C1 ) sin (Ωt − at) + ℑ(C1 ) cos (Ωt − at) − ℜ(C2 ) sin (Ωt + at) + ℑ(C2 ) cos (Ωt + at)) i (2)

As,

ζ = x + yi

x = ℜ(C1 ) cos (Ωt − at) − ℑ(C1 ) sin (Ωt − at) + ℜ(C2 ) cos (Ωt + at) + ℑ(C2 ) sin (Ωt + at)

y = ℜ(C1 ) sin (Ωt − at) + ℑ(C1 ) cos (Ωt − at) − ℜ(C2 ) sin (Ωt + at) + ℑ(C2 ) cos (Ωt + at)
1.5 e
x = ℜ(C1 ) cos (Ωt − at) − ℑ(C1 ) sin (Ωt − at) + ℜ(C2 ) cos (Ωt + at) + ℑ(C2 ) sin (Ωt + at)

y = ℜ(C1 ) sin (Ωt − at) + ℑ(C1 ) cos (Ωt − at) − ℜ(C2 ) sin (Ωt + at) + ℑ(C2 ) cos (Ωt + at)

x(0) = 0

0 = ℜ(C1 ) + ℜ(C2 )

ℜ(C1 ) = −ℜ(C2 )

y(0) = 0

0 = ℑ(C1 ) + ℑ(C2 )

−ℑ(C2 ) = ℑ(C1 )

ẋ = −ℜ(C1 )(Ω − a) sin (Ωt − at) − ℑ(C1 )(Ω − a) cos (Ωt − at) −
ℜ(C2 )(Ω + a) sin (Ωt + at) + ℑ(C2 )(Ω + a) cos (Ωt + at) (3)

ẏ = ℜ(C1 )(Ω − a) cos (Ωt − at) − ℑ(C1 )(Ω − a) sin (Ωt − at) −
ℜ(C2 )(Ω + a) cos (Ωt + at) − ℑ(C2 )(Ω + a) sin (Ωt + at) (4)

ẋ(0) = 0

0 = −ℑ(C1 )(Ω − a) + ℑ(C2 )(Ω + a)

As ℑ(C2 ) = −ℑ(C1 )

0 = ℑ(C2 )(Ω − a) + ℑ(C2 )(Ω + a)

0 = ((Ω − a) + (Ω + a)) ℑ(C2 )

0 = (2Ω)ℑ(C2 )
As (2Ω) ̸= 0,

ℑ(C2 ) = 0
Hence,

ℑ(C1 ) = 0

ẏ(0) = v

v = ℜ(C1 )(Ω − a) − ℜ(C2 )(Ω + a)

As ℜ(C1 ) = −ℜ(C2 ),

v = ℜ(C1 )(Ω − a) + ℜ(C1 )(Ω + a)

v = ((Ω − a) + (Ω + a)) ℜ(C1 )

v = 2Ωℜ(C1 )

v
ℜ(C1 ) =
2Ω
−v
ℜ(C2 ) =
2Ω
Hence, the initial conditions are:
v
C1 =
2Ω
−v
C2 =
2Ω
Hence the EOM are:
v v
x= cos (Ωt − at) − cos (Ωt + at)
2Ω 2Ω
v v
y= sin (Ωt − at) + sin (Ωt + at)
2Ω 2Ω
By applying the sum to product trigonometric identities,
v
x=− (sin (Ωt) sin (−at))
Ω
v
y= (sin (Ωt) cos (−at))
Ω
As sin is odd and cos is even,
v
x= (sin (Ωt) sin (at))
Ω
 v
y= (sin (Ωt) cos (at))
Ω
In vector form, this solution can be seen as:
v  v 
s(t) = (sin (Ωt) cos (at)) n̂ + (sin (Ωt) sin (at)) ê
Ω Ω
v
s(t) = sin (Ωt) (cos (at)n̂ + sin(at)ê)
Ω
This solution is that of a pendulum that is nudged from its equillibrium position with some velocity
v in the north direction. The Ωv sin (Ωt) term describes the motion of a pendulum with amplitude Ωv
and frequency Ω. The second is a unit vector that rotates in the n̂-ê plane with frequency a. Hence,
the pendulum not only oscillates but also rotates.

Continued on next page

2 Question 2.
2.1 a
% Define parameters
Omega = sqrt(9.83/67); % Angular frequency
a = 2 * pi * sin(49/180*pi) / 86400; % Latitude-related parameter
v = 1; % Initial velocity
% Define the system of ODEs
System = @(t, Y) [Y(2); 2 * a * Y(4) - Omega^2 * Y(1); Y(4);
-2 * a * Y(2) - Omega^2 * Y(3)];
% Initial conditions
initialConditions = [0; 0; 0; v];
% Time intervals
timeSpan = [0, 1200];
[t1, Y1] = ode45(System , timeSpan, initialConditions);
% Analytical solution
TimeArray = linspace(0, 1200, 1000);
xAnalytic = (v/(2*Omega)) * cos(Omega * TimeArray - a * TimeArray) -
(v/(2*Omega)) * cos(Omega * TimeArray + a * TimeArray);
yAnalytic = (v/(2*Omega)) * sin(Omega * TimeArray - a * TimeArray) +
1(v/(2*Omega)) * sin(Omega * TimeArray + a * TimeArray);
% Plot the trajectory
figure;
plot(Y1(:,1), Y1(:,3), ’b’, xAnalytic, yAnalytic, ’r’);
xlabel(’x’);
ylabel(’y’);
title(’Pendulum Motion (0-1200 seconds)’);
legend(’ODE45’, ’Analytical Solution’);

As can be seen from the figure, the analytic and computational solution agree to a very high degree.
This can be attributed to the relatively short timespan.
2.2 b
% Define parameters
Omega = sqrt(9.83/67); % Angular frequency
a = 2 * pi * sin(49/180*pi) / 86400; % Latitude-related parameter
v = 1; % Initial velocity
% Define the system of ODEs
System = @(t, Y) [Y(2); 2 * a * Y(4) - Omega^2 * Y(1); Y(4);
-2 * a * Y(2) - Omega^2 * Y(3)];
% Initial conditions
initialConditions = [0; 0; 0; v];
% Time intervals
timeSpan = [0, 86400];
[t1, Y1] = ode45(System , timeSpan, initialConditions);
% Analytical solution
TimeArray = linspace(0, 86400, 1000);
xAnalytic = (v/(2*Omega)) * cos(Omega * TimeArray - a * TimeArray) -
(v/(2*Omega)) * cos(Omega * TimeArray + a * TimeArray);
yAnalytic = (v/(2*Omega)) * sin(Omega * TimeArray - a * TimeArray) +
(v/(2*Omega)) * sin(Omega * TimeArray + a * TimeArray);
% Plot the trajectory
figure;
plot(Y1(:,1), Y1(:,3), ’b’, xAnalytic, yAnalytic, ’r’);
xlabel(’x’);
ylabel(’y’);
title(’Pendulum Motion (0-86400 seconds)’);
legend(’ODE45’, ’Analytical Solution’);

As can be seen from the figure, the analytic and computational solution do not agree to a very high
degree. This can be attributed to the relatively long timespan. This would compound the inherent
numerical errors in the ode45 solver.
3 Question 3.
p(t)y ′′ + q(t)y ′ + r(t)y = 0

3.1 a
y(t) = c1 y1 (t) + c2 y2 (t)

3.2 b
y(t0 ) = y0

y(t0 ) = c1 y1 (t0 ) + c2 y2 (t0 )

c1 y1 (t0 ) + c2 y2 (t0 ) = y0

y ′ (t0 ) = y0′

y ′ (t0 ) = c1 y1′ (t0 ) + c2 y2′ (t0 )

c1 y1′ (t0 ) + c2 y2′ (t0 ) = y0′

To solve for c1 and c2 , solve:

c1 y1 (t0 ) + c2 y2 (t0 ) = y0

c1 y1′ (t0 ) + c2 y2′ (t0 ) = y0′

In matrix form,
    
y1 (t0 ) y2 (t0 ) c1 y
′ ′ = 0′
y1 (t0 ) y2 (t0 ) c2 y0
By Cramer’s rule,
 
y0 y2 (t0 )
det ′
y y ′ (t0 )
c1 =  0 2 
y1 (t0 ) y2 (t0 )
det ′
y1 (t0 ) y2′ (t0 )
y0 y2′ (t0 ) − y2 (t0 )y0′
c1 =
y1 (t0 )y2′ (t0 ) − y2 (t0 )y1′ (t0 )
 
y1 (t0 ) y0
det ′
y1 (t0 ) y0′
c2 =  
y1 (t0 ) y2 (t0 )
det ′
y1 (t0 ) y2′ (t0 )
y1 (t0 )y0′ − y0 y1′ (t)
c2 =
y1 (t0 )y2′ (t0 ) − y2 (t0 )y1′ (t0 )
3.3 c
The Wronskian W (y1 , y2 )(t) is defined as
 
y1 (t) y2 (t)
W (y1 , y2 )(t) = det ′
y1 (t) y2′ (t)

W (y1 , y2 )(t) = y1 (t)y2′ (t) − y2 (t)y1′ (t)

For the initial value problem

p(t)y ′′ + q(t)y ′ + r(t)y = 0

With conditions

y(t0 ) = y0

y ′ (t0 ) = y0′
Given two solutions y1 and y2 its solvability can be defined by the existence of c1 and c2 such that
some superposition of solutions y1 and y2 is a solution of the IVP. If such c1 and c2 do not exist, the
system must be unsolvable for the provided initial conditions.

From the above derivations,

y0 y2′ (t0 ) − y2 (t0 )y0′

c1 =
y1 (t0 )y2′ (t0 ) − y2 (t0 )y1′ (t0 )
y1 (t0 )y0′ − y0 y1′ (t)
c2 =
y1 (t0 )y2′ (t0 ) − y2 (t0 )y1′ (t0 )
It is evident that the denominators of c1 and c2 are the Wronskian of solutions y1 and y2 . That is:

y0 y2′ (t0 ) − y2 (t0 )y0′

c1 =
W (y1 , y2 )(t0 )
y1 (t0 )y0′ − y0 y1′ (t)
c2 =
W (y1 , y2 )(t0 )
Hence a necessary condition for c1 and c2 to exist is that W (y1 , y2 )(t0 ) ̸= 0. Hence, given the initial
conditions (t0 , y0 , y0′ ) and solutions y1 and y2 , the IVP is only solvable iff the Wronskian of solutions y1
and y2 are non-zero at t0 . The general set of solutions would require y1 and y2 such that the Wronskian
is non-zero for any set of initial conditions (ti , yi , yi′ ). That is:

W (y1 , y2 )(ti ) ̸= 0 ∀ti ∈ t

3.4 d
2t2 y ′′ + ty ′ − 3y = 0

y1 (t) = t−1
Let y2 (t) = y1 (t)v(t) be a solution of the differential equation.

y2′ = y1 (t)′ v(t) + y1 (t)v(t)′

y2′′ = y1 (t)′′ v(t) + 2y1 (t)′ v(t)′ + y1 (t)v(t)′′

As y2 is a solution,

2t2 y2′′ + ty2′ − 3y2 = 0

Sub y2 (t) = y1 (t)v(t)

2t2 (y1 (t)′′ v(t) + 2y1 (t)′ v(t)′ + y1 (t)v(t)′′ ) + t(y1 (t)′ v(t) + y1 (t)v(t)′ ) − 3y1 (t)v(t) = 0

2t2 y1 (t)′′ v(t) + 4t2 y1 (t)′ v(t)′ + 2t2 y1 (t)v(t)′′ + ty1 (t)′ v(t) + ty1 (t)v(t)′ − 3y1 (t)v(t) = 0

2t2 y1 (t)′′ v(t) + ty1 (t)′ v(t) − 3y1 (t)v(t) + 4t2 y1 (t)′ v(t)′ + 2t2 y1 (t)v(t)′′ + ty1 (t)v(t)′ = 0

(2t2 y1 (t)′′ + ty1 (t)′ − 3y1 (t))v(t) + 4t2 y1 (t)′ v(t)′ + 2t2 y1 (t)v(t)′′ + ty1 (t)v(t)′ = 0

As y1 is a solution, 2t2 y1 (t)′′ + ty1 (t)′ − 3y1 (t) = 0. Hence,

4t2 y1 (t)′ v(t)′ + 2t2 y1 (t)v(t)′′ + ty1 (t)v(t)′ = 0

2t2 y1 (t)v(t)′′ + 4t2 y1 (t)′ + ty1 (t) v(t)′ = 0

Let u(t) = v ′ (t)

2t2 y1 (t)u(t)′ + 4t2 y1 (t)′ + ty1 (t) u(t) = 0

2t2 t−1 u(t)′ + 4t2 (−t−2 ) + tt−1 u(t) = 0

2t2 t−1 u(t)′ + (−4 + 1) u(t) = 0

2tu(t)′ − 3u(t) = 0

2tu(t)′ = 3u(t)

du
2t = 3u
dt
 1 1
du = dt
3u 2t
Z Z
1 1
du = dt
3u 2t
ln |u| ln |t|
= +C
3 2
 
ln |t|
ln |u| = 3 +C
2
ln |t|
u = e3( 2
+C )
Let C1 = 3C
3
u = e( 2 ln |t|+C1 )
 3 
ln |t 2 |+C1
u=e
3
u = eC1 eln |t 2 |
Let C2 = eC1
3
u = C2 eln |t 2 |

3
u(t) = C2 t 2
As u(t) = v ′ (t)
dv
= u(t)
dt
dv 3
= C2 t 2
dt
Z
3
v = C2 t 2 dt
 
2 5
v = C2 t 2 + C3
5
Let K1 = 52 C2 and K2 = C2 C3
5
v = K1 t 2 + K2
Hence, as y2 (t) = y1 (t)v(t)
5
y2 (t) = K1 y1 (t)t 2 + K2 y1 (t)

5
y2 (t) = K1 t−1 t 2 + K2 t−1

3
y2 (t) = K1 t 2 + K2 t−1
3.5 e
Consider the Wronskian of y1 and y2 ,

W (y1 , y2 )(t) = y1 (t)y2′ (t) − y2 (t)y1′ (t)

y1′ (t) = −t−2

3K1 1
y2′ (t) = t 2 − K2 t−2
2
  
−1 3K1 1 −2 3

W (y1 , y2 )(t) = t t 2 − K2 t − K1 t 2 + K2 t−1 (−t−2 )
2
  
−1 3K1 1 −2 3

W (y1 , y2 )(t) = t t 2 − K2 t + K1 t 2 + K2 t−1 (t−2 )
2
3K1 1 −1 3
W (y1 , y2 )(t) = t 2 − K2 t−2−1 + K1 t 2 −2 + K2 t−1−2
2
3K1 − 1 1
W (y1 , y2 )(t) = t 2 − K2 t−3 + K1 t− 2 + K2 t−3
2
5K1 − 1
W (y1 , y2 )(t) = t 2
2
∀K1 ̸= 0, W (y1 , y2 )(t) ̸= 0 ∀t. Hence y1 and y2 form a fundamental set of solutions. K1 = 0 would
yield the trivial solution.