BIOPHARMACEUTICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS

Name: ________________________ Date: __________________

Section: _______________________ Score: _________________

Exercise No. 6
DRUG ELIMINATION

Drug excretion is the removal of the in drug from the body. Nonvolatile drugs are
excreted mainly by renal excretion, a process in which the drug passes through the kidney to
the bladder and ultimately into the urine. Other pathways for drug excretion may include the
excretion of drug into bile, sweat, saliva, milk (via lactation), or other body fluids. Volatile drugs
such as gaseous anesthetics, or drugs with high volatility, are excreted via the lungs into
expired air.
Drug elimination in the body involves many complex rate processes. It is described in
terms of clearance. The term clearance describes the process of drug elimination from the body
or from a single organ without identifying the individual processes involved.

1. Differentiate clearance and excretion

2. What are factors that affect elimination half-life. First pass effect and bioavailability.
Explain each.

Factors involved Explanation

3. What is creatinine and hepatic clearance? Give the formulas used and importance of
each.
Clearance Importance Formulas used

Creatinine clearance
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Hepatic clearance

4. Calculate the creatinine clearance of a 37 year old male patient weighing 150 pounds
with a serum creatinine of 429mcg/dl.
Jellife equation

Cockroft and Gault equation

5. Calculate the creatinine clearance rate for a 63-yo female patient weighing 107 lbs and
having a serum creatinine of 13 mg/mL.
Jellife equation

Cockroft and Gault equation

6. A 67 year old male is found to have the following creatinine values:

Serum creatinine - 8.912 mg/dl
Urine creatinine - 4.574 mg/dl
Calculate the creatinine clearance of this patient. The urine output of the patient is 158
ml, 4.12 dl and 598 ml during the 7th, 14th and 24th hour respectively.
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7. What are some conditions and diseases that affects the metabolism and excretion of the drug
product. Explain.
Disease Explanation
Metabolism

Excretion

8. Calculate for the hepatic clearance for a drug with an intrinsic clearance of 29 ml/min in
a normal adult patient whose hepatic blood flow is 1.2 ml/min.

a. If the patient develops CHF and the hepatic blood flow to 2.0 L/min and the intrinsic
clearance is 1.3 ml/min, what is the hepatic clearance of the patient?

b. Calculate for the extraction ratio for the liver in the patient before and after CHF