CARLETON UNIVERSITY

MIDTERM
EXAMINATION
October 2019

DURATION: 1.25 HOURS No. of Students: 30

Department Name & Course Number: Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering MECH 4006A
Instructor: Professor R. Langlois

AUTHORIZED MEMORANDA

1. Formulae sheets (2) provided with exam.

2. Drawing instruments.

3. Calculator.

Students MUST count the number of pages in this examination question paper before beginning to write,
and report any discrepancy immediately to a proctor. This question paper has 10 pages.

This examination question paper MAY NOT be taken from the examination room.

Important Notes:

a) Answer both questions.

b) Both questions have equal value.

c) Answer the questions in the space provided on the examination pages.

d) Record your Name and Student Number on this page.

Last Name: First Name:

Student ID No.

Question 1 2 Total
Mark
MECH 4006 Midterm Exam – October, 2019 Page 2

(1) Performance

Due to stringent anti-noise regulations, it has been proposed to replace the gas turbine en-
gine is the classic crime-fighting machine shown in Figure 1 with an internal combustion
engine and five-speed manual transmission. The characteristics of the candidate engine are
provided in Figure 2. Following standard design practices, determine the gear ratio of each
of the five gears as well as the ratio of the final drive, assuming direct drive in the gearbox in
the highest gear. Also calculate the speed at which the power required to overcome rolling
resistance equals the power required to overcome aerodynamic resistance in still air. Basic
vehicle characteristics are provided in Table 1. Also, note the conversions 1 ft lbf = 1.356 Nm
and 1 hp = 0.7355 kW.

Figure 1: 1966 Batmobile.

Table 1: Vehicle parameters.

Parameter Value
layout front engine / rear drive
total weight 2495 kg
wheelbase 3.2 m
tire rolling radius 0.19 m
maximum design speed 200 km/h
rolling resistance coefficient 0.017
total driveline efficiency 88%
assumed density of air 1.23 kg/m3
aerodynamic drag coefficient 0.45
MECH 4006 Midterm Exam – October, 2019 Page 3

Figure 2: Internal combustion engine characteristics.

MECH 4006 Midterm Exam – October, 2019 Page 4
MECH 4006 Midterm Exam – October, 2019 Page 5
MECH 4006 Midterm Exam – October, 2019 Page 6

(2) Short Answers

Provide concise qualitative answers to the following questions.

(a) Using a clearly annotated sketch, describe the structural elements of a radial ply tire.

(b) Define what is meant by hydroplaning; name and describe the two mechanisms that can
lead to hydroplaning; and indicate the consequence of hydroplaning on performance
and handling.
MECH 4006 Midterm Exam – October, 2019 Page 7

(c) Use appropriate sketches to explain the primary cause of rolling resistance.

(d) Define what is meant by longitudinal slip; and draw and clearly annotate a sketch of
tractive effort versus longitudinal slip.
MECH 4006 Midterm Exam – October, 2019 Page 8

(e) Discuss at least two attributes of internal combustion engines that make them well
suited for powering vehicles; and indicate two attributes that make them not ideally
suited for vehicle applications.
 Formula Sheet for MECH 4006: Vehicle Engineering I
Fall 2019, Rev. 2, Prof. R. G. Langlois

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, K1S 5B6

1. LONGITUDINAL EQUATION OF MOTION 2. DYNAMIC LOAD TRANSFER

General Longitudinal

l2 h
Wf = W − (F − Rr ) (11)
L L
l1 h
Wr = W + (F − Rr ) (12)
L L
Longitudinal and Lateral
Rear-wheel Drive

l1 h Kφf F r
Wrr = W+ (F − fr W ) − (13)
2L 2L Kφ N t

Ff + Fr − (Ra + Rd + Rrf + Rrr + Rg ) = γm ma (1) l1 h Kφf F r

Wrl = W+ (F − fr W ) + (14)
Rolling Resistance 2L 2L Kφ N t

Rr = fr W (2) 3. TRACTIVE EFFORT

Effective radius
Radial-ply tires (up to 150 km/h) V
re = (15)
ω
−7 2
fr = 0.0136 + 0.40 × 10 V (3)
Longitudinal Slip
where V is forward speed in km/h  
Bias-ply tires (up to 150 km/h) V  re 
i= 1− ∗ 100% = 1 − ∗ 100% (16)
rω r
fr = 0.0169 + 0.19 × 10−6 V 2 (4)
Slip Efficiency
where V is forward speed in km/h ηsl = 1 − i (17)
Grade Resistance
Longitudinal Skid
Rg = W sin θs (5)
 
 rω  r
Aerodynamic Resistance, Lift, and Pitching is = 1 − ∗ 100% = 1− ∗ 100% (18)
Moment V re
General
1 Coefficients
Ra = ρAf CD Vr2 (6)
2 T.E.
1 tractive effort coefficient = (19)
RL = ρAf CL Vr2 (7) W
2
1 B.E.
Ma = ρAf LCD Vr2 (8) braking effort coefficient = (20)
2 W
Approximations for Af Hydroplaning
√
Af ≈ (0.79 to 0.84) × width × height (9) Vp = 6.34 pi (21)

Af ≈ 1.6 + 0.00056(mv − 765) (10) where

where Vp is the hydroplaning speed in km/h
2
Af is in m
pi is the tire inflation pressure in kPa
mv is in kg

1
Maximum Tractive Effort Vehicle Speed
General
Fmax = µWi (22) 2π r (1 − i) ne
V = (36)
60 ζo
Front-wheel drive
µW
Driveline Efficiency
L (l2 + hfr )
Fmax = (23)
1+ µh ηtotal = ηt (37)
L

Rear-wheel drive 8. AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION

Torque Converter
µW
L (l1 − hfr ) Speed Ratio
Fmax = µh
(24) output speed
1− L Csr = (38)
input speed
Rear-wheel drive with lateral load transfer Torque Ratio
µW
L (l1 − hfr ) output torque
Fmax = Kφf r
(25) Ctr = (39)
1 − µh input torque
L + 2µ Kφ N t
Efficiency
4. MASS FACTOR
ηc = Csr Ctr (40)
I1 N12 I2 N22
P P P
IW Torque Converter Capacity Factor
γm = 1 + + + ... (26)
mr2 mr2 mr2
input speed
Passenger car approximation Ktc = √ (41)
input torque
γm = 1.04 + 0.0025ζo2 (27) Engine Capacity Factor
5. ACCELERATION ne
Ke = √ (42)
Vehicle Acceleration Me

F = γm ma (28) Tractive Effort

Maximum Acceleration ζo ηt
F = Ctr Me (43)
P r
Fmax − R Fnet max
amax = = (29) Vehicle Speed
γm m γm m

Piecewise Acceleration Time 2π Csr r (1 − i) ne

V = (44)
Z V2 60 ζo
dV
t = γm m (30) Driveline Efficiency
V1 F net

V2 − V1 V2 − V1 ηtotal = ηt ηtc (45)

∆t = = Fnet (31)
aavg γ m 9. GEAR SELECTION
a

Piecewise Acceleration Distance Highest

2π ne1 r (1 − i)
Z V2 ζn = (46)
V dV 60 Vmax ζax
S = γm m (32)
V1 Fnet Lowest
W (sin θs max + fr ) r
V1 + V2 ζ1 = (47)
∆S = ∆t (33) ζax ηt Me max
2
Geometric Progression
6. GRADABILITY
 1
 n−1
F − Rr − Ra Fnet ζi ne1 ζn
G= = (34) Kg = = = (48)
W W ζi−1 ne2 ζ1

7. MANUAL TRANSMISSION Overdrive

Tractive Effort
ζo η t ζod
F = Me (35) % overdrive = 1 − × 100% (49)
r ζod−1