CHAPTER
11
Chapter Highlights
Conduction, Convection, Radiation, Newton's law of cooling, Wien's displacement law.
INTRODUCTION
Heat is energy in transit, which flows due to temperature
difference, from a body at higher temperature to a body at
lower temperature. This transfer of heat from one body to
the other takes place through three routes.
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
CONDUCTION
The process of transmission of heat energy in which heat
is transferred from one particle of the medium to the other,
but each particle of the medium stays at its own position is
called conduction; for example, if you hold an iron rod with
one of its end on a fire for some time, the handle will get hot.
The heat is transferred from the fire to the handle by conduc-
tion along the length of iron rod. The vibrational amplitude
of atoms and electrons of the iron rod at the hot end takes
on relatively higher values due to the higher temperature of
their environment. These increased vibrational amplitudes
are transferred along the rod, from atom to atom during col-
lision between adjacent atoms. In this way, a region of rising
temperature extends itself along the rod to your hand.
L For a conductor in steady state, there is no absorption
Tc
TH
Q2
Q1
O A B interval of time. Hence, Q1 = Q = Q2. Consequently, the
x dx
Heat Transfer
Consider a slab of face area A, lateral thickness L,
whose faces have temperatures TH and TC (TH > TC).
Now consider two cross-sections in the slab at posi-
tions A and B separated by a lateral distance of dx. Let tem-
perature of face A be T and that of face B be T + DT. Thus,
experiments show that Q, the amount of heat crossing the
area A of the slab at position x in time t is given by
Q dt
= − KA (11.1)
t dx
Here, K is a constant depending on the material of the slab
and is named thermal conductivity of the material, and the
⎛ dT ⎞
quantity ⎜ ⎟ is called temperature gradient. The (–) sign
⎝ dx ⎠
in Equation (11.1) shows heat flows from high to low tem-
perature (DT is a –ve quantity).
STEADY STATE
If the temperature of a cross-section at any position x in the
above slab remains constant with time (remember, it does
vary with position x), the slab is said to be in steady state.
Remember steady state is distinct from thermal equi-
librium for which temperature at any position (x) in the slab
must be same.
or emission of heat at any cross-section (as temperature at
each point remains constant with time). The left and right
face are maintained at constant temperatures TH and TC,
respectively, and all other faces must be covered with adia-
batic walls so that no heat escapes through them and same
amount of heat flows through each cross-section in a given
temperature gradient is constant throughout the slab.
11.2 Chapter 11

dT ΔT T f − Ti T − TH This is mathematically equivalent to OHM’s law, with

Hence, = = = C temperature donning the role of electric potential. Hence,
dx L L L
results derived from OHM’s law are also valid for thermal
Q ΔT conduction.
and = –KA
t L Moreover, for a slab in steady state as we have
Q ⎛ T − TC ⎞ seen earlier, the thermal current iL remains same at each
⇒ = KA Q ⎜ H
t ⎝ L ⎟⎠ cross-section. This is analogous to Kirchhoff’s current law
in electricity, which can now be very conveniently applied
Here Q is the amount of heat flowing through a cross-section to thermal conduction.
of slab at any position in a time interval of t.
SOLVED EXAMPLE
SOLVED EXAMPLE
2. Three identical rods of length 1m each, having
1. One face of an aluminium cube of edge 2 metre is cross-section area of 1 cm2 each and made of
maintained at 100°C and the other end is maintained
aluminium, copper, and steel, respectively, are main-
at 0°C. All other surfaces are covered by adiabatic
tained at temperatures of 12°C, 4°C, and 50°C, respec-
walls. Find the amount of heat flowing through the
tively, at their separate ends.
cube in 5 s. (Thermal conductivity of aluminium is
209 W/m–°C.) Find the temperature of their common junction.
50°
Solution:
Heat will flow from the end at 100°C to the end at 0°C.

l
Area of cross-section perpendicular to direction of

ee
St
heat flow,
12°C
A = 4 m2 Aluminium
Co
Q (T − TC ) pp
then = KA H er
t L
( 209W/m°C)( 4 m 2 )(100°C − 0°C)(5 s) 4°C
Q= = 209 KJ
2m [KCu = 400 W/m-K, KAl = 200 W/m-K,
Ksteel = 50 W/m-K]
THERMAL RESISTANCE TO CONDUCTION
If you are interested in insulating your house from cold Solution:
weather or for that matter keeping the meal hot in your L 1 10 4
RAl = = −4 =
tiffin box, you are more interested in poor heat conductors, KA 10 × 200 200
rather than good conductors. For this reason, the concept of 10 4 10 4
thermal resistance R has been introduced. Similarly, Rsteel = and Rcopper =
50 400
For a slab of cross-section A, lateral thickness L, and
thermal conductivity K, Let temperature of common junction be T
L 51°C
R=
KA
is
In terms of R, the amount of heat flowing though a slab in Rs
steady state (in time t) iAl
12°C
RAl T
Q (TH − TL ) RCu
= iCu
t R
Q
If we name as thermal current iT 4°C
t
T − TL Then from Kirchhoff’s current laws,
then iT = H
R iAl + isteel + iCu = 0
 Heat Transfer 11.3

T −12 T − 51 T − 4
⇒ + + =0 SOLVED EXAMPLES
RAl Rsteel RCu
⇒ (T – 12) 200 + (T – 50) 50 + (T – 4) 400 3. Figure 11.1 shows the cross-section of the outer wall
of a house built in a hill resort to keep the house insu-
⇒ 4(T – 12) + (T – 50) + 8 (T – 4) = 0
lated from the freezing temperature of outside. The
⇒ 13T = 48 + 50 + 32 = 130 wall consists of teak wood of thickness L1 and brick
of thickness (L2 = 5L1), sandwiching two layers of an
⇒ T = 10°C
unknown material with identical thermal conductivi-
ties and thickness. The thermal conductivity of teak
SLABS IN PARALLEL AND SERIES wood is K1 and that of brick is (K2 = 5K). Heat con-
duction through the wall has reached a steady state
Slabs in Series (In Steady State) with the temperature of three surfaces being known
Consider a composite slab consisting of two materials hav- (T1 = 25°C, T2 = 20°C, and T5 = –20°C). Find the inter-
ing different thickness L1 and L2 different cross-sectional face temperature T4 and T3.
areas A1 and A2 and different thermal conductivities K1 and T1 T2 T3 T4 T5
K2. The temperatures at the outer surface of the states are
maintained at TH and TC, and all lateral surfaces are covered
by an adiabatic coating.
L2 L1

Heat Heat
Q
reservoir at reservoir
temperature TH K2 K1 at Tc

L1 L L L4
Adiabatic coating
Fig. 11.1
Let temperature at the junction be T, since steady state has
been achieved thermal current through each slab will be Solution:
equal. Then thermal current through the first slab, Let interface area be A, then thermal resistance of
Q T −T wood,
i= = H or TH – T = iR1 (11.2) L
t R1 R1 = 1
K1 A
and that of the second slab,
and that of brick wall
Q T − TC
i= = L 5 L1
t R2 R2 = 2 = = R1
K2 A 5 K1 A
or T – TC = iR2 (11.3)
Let thermal resistance of the each sandwich layer be
adding Equation (11.2) and (11.3) R. Then the above wall can be visualized as a circuit
TH – TL = (R1 + R2) i R1 R R R1
iT iT
T − TC
or i= H 25°C 20°C T3 T4 –20°C
R1 + R2
Thus, these two slabs are equivalent to a single slab of Thermal current through each wall is same.
thermal resistance R1 + R2. 25 − 20 20 − T3 T −T T + 20
If more than two slabs are joined in series and are Hence = = 3 4 = 4
R1 R R R1
allowed to attain steady state, then equivalent thermal
resistance is given by ⇒ 25 – 20 = T4 + 20
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + … ⇒ T4 = –15°C
11.4 Chapter 11

also 20 – T3 = T3 – T4 and that of slab 2

TH − TC
20 + T4 i2 =
⇒ T3 = = 2.5°C. R2
2
Net heat current from the hot to cold reservoir
4. In Example 3, K1 = 0.125 W/m–°C, K2 = 5K1
= 0.625 W/m–°C and thermal conductivity of the ⎛ 1 1⎞
i = i1 + i2 = (TH − TC ) ⎜ + ⎟
unknown material is K = 0.25 W/m°C. L1 = 4 cm, ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠
L2 = 5L1 = 20 cm, and L = 10 cm. If the house consists
Comparing with
of a single room of total wall area of 100 m2, then find
the power of the electric heater being used in the room. TH − TC
i= ,
Req
Solution: we get,
( 4 × 10 −2 m) –4 1 1 1
R1 = R2 = = 32 × 10 °C/W = +
(0.125W/m-°C)(100 m 2 ) Req R1 R2
(10 × 10 −2 m) If more than two rods are joined in parallel, the equivalent
R= = 40 × 10–4 °C/W
(0.25W/m-°C(100 m ) 2 thermal resistance is given by
The equivalent thermal resistance of the entire wall 1 1 1 1
= + + +…
= R1 + R2 + 2R Req R1 R2 R3
= 144 × 10–4 °C/W
SOLVED EXAMPLES
\ Net heat current, i.e., amount of heat flowing out
T − TC
of the house per second = H 5. Three copper rods and three steel rods each of length
R l = 10 cm and area of cross-section 1 cm2 are connected
25º C − ( −20 º C) 45 × 10 4 as shown
= = W
144 × 10 −4 º C/W 144 C

= 3.12 kW
Steel Copper
Hence, the heater must supply 3.12 kW to compensate
for the outflow of heat. Steel
Copper E(0°C)
A B
Slabs in Parallel (125°C)
L Steel Copper

Slab 1 K1 A1 Q1 D

If ends A and E are maintained at temperatures 125°C

Heat and 0°C, respectively, calculate the amount of heat
reservoir at Slab 2 K2 A2 Q2
Heat flowing per second from the hot to cold function
temperature TH reservoir at [KCu = 400 W/m-K, Ksteel = 50 W/m-K].
Adiabatic coating temperature TC
Solution:
Consider two slabs held between the same heat reser- L 10 −1 m
Rsteel = =
voirs, their thermal conductivities are K1 and K2 and KA 50( W/m-°C) × 10 −4 m 2
cross-sectional areas are A1 and A2.
1000
L L = °C/W.
then R1 = , R2 = 50
K1 A1 K 2 A2 1000
Similarly, RCu = °C/W
Thermal current through slab 1 400
T − TC Junction C and D are identical in every respect and
i1 = H
R1 both will have same temperature. Consequently, the
 Heat Transfer 11.5

rod CD is in thermal equilibrium and no heat will 7. A container of negligible heat capacity contains 1 kg
flow through it. Hence, it can be neglected in further of water. It is connected by a steel rod of length 10
analysis. m and area of cross-section 10 cm2 to a large steam
Now rod BC and CE are in series their equivalent chamber which is maintained at 100°C. If initial tem-
resistance is R1 = RS + RCu similarly rods BD and DE are perature of water is 0°C, find the time after which it
in series with same equivalent resistance R1 = RS + RCu becomes 50°C. (Neglect heat capacity of steel rod and
These two are in parallel giving an equivalent assume no loss of heat to surroundings) (take specific
resistance of heat of water = 4180 J/kg °C)
R1 R + RCu
= S Solution:
2 2
Let temperature of water at time t be T, then thermal
This resistance is connected in series with rod AB. current at time t,
Hence, the net equivalent of the combination is ⎛ 100 − T ⎞
i= ⎜
R 3Rsteel + RCu ⎝ R ⎟⎠
R = Rsteel + 1 =
2 2 This increases the temperature of water from T to T + dT
⎛ 3 1 ⎞
= 500 ⎜ + °C/W dH dT
⎝ 50 400 ⎟⎠ ⇒ i= = ms
dt dt
TH − TC 125°C 100 − T dT
Now i= = ⇒ = ms
R ⎛ 3 1 ⎞ R dt
500 ⎜ + °C/W
⎝ 50 400 ⎟⎠ 50
dT
t
dT
=4W ⇒ ∫ 100 − T = ∫ Rms
0 0
6. Two thin concentric shells made from copper with
⎛ 1⎞ t
radius r1 and r2 (r2 > r1) have a material of thermal ⇒ –ln ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 2 ⎠ Rms
conductivity K filled between them. The inner and
outer spheres are maintained at temperatures TH and or t = Rms ln2 s
TC, respectively, by keeping a heater of power P at the L
centre of the two spheres. Find the value of P. = ms ln2 s
KA
(10 m) (1 kg)( 4180 J/kg-°C)
= ℓn2
46( W/m°C) × (10 × 10 −4 m 2 )
r1 418
r2
= (0.69) × 105
P 46
dx X
= 6.27 × 105 s
= 174.16 hours
Solution: Can you now see how the following facts can be explained
Heat flowing per second through each cross-section of by thermal conduction?
the sphere = P = i. 1. In winter, iron chairs appear to be colder than the
Thermal resistance of the spherical shell of radius wooden chairs.
x and thickness dx, 2. Ice is covered in gunny bags to prevent melting.
dx 3. Woolen clothes are warmer.
dR =
K ⋅ 4π x 2 4. We feel warmer in a fur coat.
r2 5. Two thin blankets are warmer than a single blanket of
dx 1 ⎛1 1⎞
⇒ R= ∫ 4π x 2 ⋅ K = −
4π K ⎜⎝ r1 r2 ⎟⎠
double the thickness.
6. Birds often swell their feathers in winter.
r1
7. A new quilt is warmer than an old one.
thermal current
8. Kettles are provided with wooden handles.
TH − TC 4π K (TH − TC ) r1 r2 9. Eskimos make double-walled ice houses.
i=P= = .
R ( r2 − r1 ) 10. Thermos flask is double walled.
11.6 Chapter 11
CONVECTION *(Not in JEE Syllabus)
When heat is transferred from one point to the other
through actual movement of heated particles, the process
of heat transfer is called convection. In liquids and gases,
some heat may be transported through conduction. But
most of the transfer of heat in them occurs through the
process of convection. Convection occurs through the aid
of earth’s gravity. Normally, the portion of fluid at greater
temperature is less dense, while that at lower temperature
is denser. Hence, hot fluids rises up white colder fluid sink
down, accounting for convection. In the absence of gravity,
convection would not be possible.
Also, the anomalous behaviour of water (its density
increases with temperature in the range 0–4°C) give
rise to interesting consequences vis-a-vis the process of
convection. One of these interesting consequences is the
presence of aquatic life in temperate and polar waters. The
other is the rain cycle.
Can you now see how the following facts can be explained
by thermal convection?
1. Oceans freeze top-down and not bottom-up. (This fact
is singularly responsible for presence of aquatic life is
temperate and polar waters.)
2. The temperature in the bottom of deep oceans is
invariably 4°C, whether it is winter or summer.
3. You cannot illuminate the interior of a lift in free fall or
an artificial satellite of earth with a candle.
4. You can illuminate your room with a candle.
RADIATION
The process of the transfer of heat from one place to
another without heating the intervening medium is called
radiation. The term radiation used here is another word for
electromagnetic waves. These waves are formed due to the
superposition of electric and magnetic fields perpendicular
to each other and carry energy.
Properties of Radiation
1. All objects emit radiations simply because their tem-
perature is above absolute zero, and all objects absorb
some of the radiation that falls on them from other
objects.
2. Maxwell on the basis of his electromagnetic theory
proved that all radiations are electromagnetic waves
and their sources are vibrations of charged particles in
atoms and molecules.
3. More radiations are emitted at higher temperature of a
body and lesser at lower temperature.
4. The wavelength corresponding to maximum emission
of radiations shifts from longer wavelength to shorter
wavelength as the temperature increases. Due to
which the colour of a body appears to be changing.
Radiations from a body at NTP have predominantly
infrared waves.
5. Thermal radiations travel with the speed of light and
move in a straight line.
6. Radiations are electromagnetic waves and can also
travel through vacuum.
7. Similar to light, thermal radiations can be reflected,
refracted, diffracted, and polarized.
8. Radiation from a point source obeys inverse square
1
law (intensity ∝ 2 ).
r
PREVOST THEORY OF EXCHANGE
According to this theory, all bodies radiate thermal radi-
ation at all temperatures. The amount of thermal radia-
tion radiated per unit time depends on the nature of the
emitting surface, its area, and its temperature. The rate
is faster at higher temperatures. Besides, a body also
absorbs part of the thermal radiation emitted by the sur-
rounding bodies when this radiation falls on it. If a body
radiates more then what it absorbs, its temperature falls.
If a body radiates less than what it absorbs, its tempera-
ture rises. And if the temperature of a body is equal to the
temperature of its surroundings, it radiates at the same
rate as it absorbs.
PERFECTLY BLACK BODY AND BLACK BODY
RADIATION (FERRY’S BLACK BODY)
A perfectly black body is one which absorbs all the heat
radiations of whatever wavelength, incident on it. It nei-
ther reflects nor transmits any of the incident radiation and
therefore appears black, whatever be the colour of the inci-
dent radiation.
P
O
 Heat Transfer 11.7

In actual practice, no natural object possesses strictly the (Notice that unlike absorptive power, emissive power is not
properties of a perfectly black body. But the lamp black and a dimensionless quantity.)
platinum black are good approximation of black body. They
absorb about 99% of the incident radiation. The most sim- Spectral Emissive Power (El)
ple and commonly used black body was designed by Ferry.
Emissive power per unit wavelength range at wavelength l
It consists of an enclosure with a small opening which is
is known as spectral emissive power, El. If E is the total
painted black from inside. The opening acts as a perfect
emissive power and El is spectral emissive power, they are
black body. Any radiation that falls on the opening goes
related as follows,
inside and has very little chance of escaping the enclosure ∞
before getting absorbed through multiple reflections. The E= ∫ Eλ d λ
cone opposite to the opening ensures that no radiation is 0
reflected back directly. dE
and = Eλ
dλ
ABSORPTION, REFLECTION, AND
Emissivity
EMISSION OF RADIATIONS
Emissive power of a body at temperature T
Q = Qr + Qt + Qa e=
Emissive power of a black boody at same temperature T
Qr Qt Qa E
1= + + = .
Q Q Q E0
1=r+t+a
KIRCHOFF’S LAW
where r = reflecting power
and a = absorptive power The ratio of the emissive power to the absorptive power
and t = transmission power. for the radiation of a given wavelength is same for all sub-
stances at the same temperature and is equal to the emissive
Q Qr
(Incident) (Reflected) power of a perfectly black body for the same wavelength
and temperature.
E ( body )
= E ( black body )
a ( body )
Qa Qt (Transmitted) Hence, we can conclude that good emitters are also good
(Absorbed)
absorbers.
1. r = 0, t = 0, a = 1, perfect black body
2. r = 1, t = 0, a = 0, perfect reflector NATURE OF THERMAL RADIATIONS:
3. r = 0, t = 1, a = 0, perfect transmitter (WIEN’S DISPLACEMENT LAW)
Absorptive Power From the energy distribution curve of black body radiation,
the following conclusions can be drawn:
In particular, absorptive power of a body can be defined as
the fraction of incident radiation that is absorbed by the body. 2000 k

Energy absorbed Eλ
a=
Energy incident
As all the radiations incident on a black body are absorbed,
1500 k
a = 1 for a black body.
100
0k
Emissive Power
Energy radiated per unit time per unit area along the normal
to the area is known as emissive power.
λ (in micron)
Q λ m3 λ m1
E= λ m2
ΔA Δt
11.8 Chapter 11

1. The higher the temperature of a body, the higher is the For such a body,
area under the curve, i.e., more amount of energy is
emitted by the body at higher temperature. u = e σ AT 4
2. The energy emitted by the body at different tempera-
tures is not uniform. For both long and short wave- where e = emissivity (which is equal to absorptive power)
lengths, the energy emitted is very small. which lies between 0 and 1
3. For a given temperature, there is a particular wave- With the surroundings of temperature T0, net energy
length (lm) for which the energy emitted (El) is radiated by an area A per unit time.
maximum.
Δu = u − u0 = e σ A (T 4 − T04 )
4. With an increase in the temperature of the black
body, the maxima of the curves shift toward shorter
wavelengths.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
From the study of energy distribution of black body radia-
tion, discussed as above, it was established experimentally
9. A body of emissivity (e = 0.75), surface area of
that the wavelength (lm) corresponding to maximum inten-
sity of emission decreases inversely with increase in the 300 cm2, and temperature 227°C is kept in a room at
temperature of the black body. That is, temperature 27°C. Calculate the initial value of net
power emitted by the body.
1
lm ∝ or lm T = b
T Solution:
This is called Wien’s displacement law. Using Eequation (11.4)
Here b = 0.282 cm-K is the Wien’s constant. P = rsA (T 4 – T04)
= (0.75) (5.67 × 10–8 W/m2–k4) (300 × 10–4 m2)
SOLVED EXAMPLE
× {(500 K)4 – (300 K)4}
8. Solar radiation is found to have an intensity maximum = 69.4 W
near the wavelength range of 470 nm. Assuming
10. A hot black body emits the energy at the rate of
the surface of sun to be perfectly absorbing (a = 1),
16 J m–2 s–1 and its most intense radiation corresponds
calculate the temperature of solar surface.
to 20,000 Å. When the temperature of this body is
Solution: further increased and its most intense radiation cor-
Since a = 1, sun can be assumed to be emitting as a responds to 10,000 Å, then find the value of energy
black body from Wien’s law for a black body radiated in J m–2 s–1.

lm . T = b Solution:
b 0.282 (cm-K ) Wien’s displacement law is:
⇒ T= =
λm ( 470 × 10 −7 cm) lm . T = b
 6125 K. 1
i.e., T∝
λm
STEFAN-BOLTZMANN’S LAW Here, lm becomes half.
\ temperature doubles.
According to this law, the amount of radiation emitted per
unit time from an area A of a black body at absolute tem- Also e = sT 4
perature T is directly proportional to the fourth power of 4
e1 ⎛ T1 ⎞
the temperature. ⇒ =
e2 ⎜⎝ T2 ⎟⎠
u = sAT 4 (11.4)
4
–8 2 4 ⎛T ⎞
where s is Stefan’s constant = 5.67 × 10 W/m k ⇒ e2 = ⎜ 1 ⎟ . e1 = (2)4 ⋅ 16
A body which in not a black body absorbs and hence ⎝T ⎠2
emits less radiation then that given is by Equation (11.4).
= 16.16 = 256 J m–2 s–1
 Heat Transfer 11.9

NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING Approximate Method for Applying

For small temperature difference between a body and its
Newton’s Law of Cooling
surrounding, the rate of cooling of the body is directly pro- Sometime when we need only approximate values from
portional to the temperature difference and the surface area Newton’s law, we can assume a constant rate of cooling,
exposed. which is equal to the rate of cooling corresponding to the
dQ average temperature of the body during the interval.
∝ (θ − θ0 ) ,
dt dθ
where q and q0 are temperatures corresponding to object = –k(<q> – q0) (11.6)
dt
and surroundings.
From above expression, If qi and qf are initial and final temperature of the body
then,
dθ θi + θ f
= − k (θ − θ0 )
dt <q> = (11.7)
2
This expression represents Newton’s law of cooling. It can Remember Equation (11.7) is only an approximation and
be derived directly from Stefan’s law, which gives, Equation (11.6) must be used for exact values.
4 e σ θ03
k= A
mc SOLVED EXAMPLE
dθ
Now = − k [θ − θ0 ] 11. A body at temperature 40°C is kept in a surrounding of
dt
constant temperature 20°C. It is observed that its tem-
θf t
dθ perature falls to 35°C in 10 min. Find how much more
⇒ ∫ (θ − θ0 ) = ∫ −k dt time will it take for the body to attain a temperature of
θi 0
30°C.
where qi = initial temperature of object
Solution:
qf = final temperature of object
From Equation (11.5)
θ1
Dqf = Dqi e–kt

θ For the interval in which temperature falls from 40 to

35°C,
θ0
(35 – 20) = (40 – 20) e–k. 10
t (Time)
3
⇒ e–10 k =
(θ f − θ0 ) 4
⇒ ℓn = –kt 4
(θi − θ0 ) ℓn
⇒ K= 3
⇒ (qf - q0) = (qi – q0) e–kt 10
⇒ qf = q0 + (qi – q0) e–kt (11.5) For the next interval,

(30 – 20) = (35 – 20)e–kt

Limitations of Newton’s Law of
Cooling 2
⇒ e–10k =
3
1. The difference in temperature between the body and
3
surroundings must be small. ⇒ kt = ln
2. The loss of heat from the body should be by radiation 2
only. ⎛ 4⎞
⎜⎝ ℓn ⎟⎠ t
3. The temperature of surroundings must remain constant 3 3
⇒ = ln
during the cooling of the body. 10 2
11.10 Chapter 11

⎛ 3⎞ (35°C − 40°C)
⇒ = –K(37.5°C – 20°C)
⎜⎝ ℓn ⎟ 10(min)
2⎠
⇒ t = 10 min 1
⎛ 4⎞ ⇒ K= (min −1 )
⎜⎝ ℓn ⎟⎠ 35
3
For the interval in which temperature falls from 35°C
= 14.096 min to 30°C,
Aliter: (by approximate method) 35 + 30
<q> = = 32.5°C
For the interval in which temperature falls from 40 to 2
35°C, From Equation (11.6),
40 + 35
<q> = = 37.5°C (30°C − 35°C)
2 = –(32.5°C – 20°C)
t
From Equation (11.6),
⇒ required time,
⎛ dθ ⎞ 5
⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ = –k(<q> – q0) t= × 35 min = 14 min
dt 12.5

BRAIN MAP

1. Rate of Heat flow through conduction in

steady state
∆Q KA (T1 – T2)
=
∆t l

2. Net rate of loss of energy by radiation

per unit area per second = eσ (T 41 – T 42)
Newton’s law of cooling
dT
= −bA (T – T0)
dt

3. Weins displacement law:

λ mT = b (constant)
 Heat Transfer 11.11

EXERCISES

Single Option Correct Type

1. The ends of a uniform metre stick of iron are (A) 20 min

maintained at 80°C and 30°C. One end of another rod (B) less than 20 min
is maintained at 50°C, where its other end should be (C) greater than 40 min
touched on the metre stick so that there is no heat cur- (D) less than 40 min and greater than 20 min
rent in the rod in steady state?
8. A diatomic molecule having atoms of masses m1 and
(A) 40 cm from hot end m2 has its potential energy function about the equilib-
(B) 40 cm from cold end rium position r0 as given by U ( r ) = − A + B( r − r0 ) 2 ,
(C) 50 cm from cold end where A and B are constants. When the atom vibrate
(D) 70 cm from cold end at high temperature condition, the square of angular
2. A body cools from 60°C to 50°C in 10 min. If the frequency of vibration will be
room temperature is 25°C and assuming Newton’s law 2B 2B
of cooling to hold good, the temperature of the body at (A) (B)
m1 m2
the end of the next 10 min will be
2 B( m1 + m2 ) B( m1 + m2 )
(A) 38.5°C (B) 40°C (C) (D)
(C) 42.85°C (D) 45°C m1m2 2m1m2

3. Two rods of equal length and area of cross-section are 9. It is known that the temperature in the room is +20ºC
kept parallel and lagged between temperature 20°C when the outdoor temperature is –20ºC and +10ºC
and 80°C. The ratio of the effective thermal conductiv- when the outdoor temperature is –40ºC. Then what is
ity to that of the first rod is (K1/K2) = 3 : 4 the temperature T of the radiator heating the room?
(Assuming that radiated by the heater is proportional
(A) 7 : 4 (B) 7 : 6 (C) 4 : 7 (D) 7 : 8
to the temperature difference with the room.)
4. If the temperature of the sun is increased from T to 2T (A) 40ºC (B) 60ºC (C) 30ºC (D) 20ºC
and its radius from R to 2R, then the ratio of the radiant
energy received on earth to what it was previously will be 10. One mole of an ideal gas with heat capacity at constant
pressure CP undergoes the process T = T0 + αV , where
(A) 4 (B) 16 (C) 32 (D) 64
T0 and a are constants. If its volume increases from V1
5. A hot body is being cooled in air according to Newton’s to V2, the amount of heat transferred to the gas is
law of cooling, the rate of fall of temperature being k
⎛V ⎞
times the difference of its temperature with respect to (A) C P RT0 ln ⎜ 2 ⎟
that of surroundings. The time, after which the body ⎝ V1 ⎠
will lose half the maximum heat it can lose, is (V2 − V1 ) ⎛ V2 ⎞
1 ln 2 ln 3 2 (B) α C P ln ⎜ ⎟
(A) (B) (C) (D) RT0 ⎝ V1 ⎠
k k k k
⎛V ⎞
6. A block body is at a temperature 2880 K. The energy (C) α C P (V2 − V1 ) + RT0 ln ⎜ 2 ⎟
radiation emitted by this object with wavelength ⎝ V1 ⎠
between 499 nm and 500 nm is U1, between 999 mm ⎛V ⎞
and 1000 nm is U2, and between 1499 nm and 1500 nm (D) RT0 ln ⎜ 2 ⎟ + α C P (V1 − V2 )
⎝ V1 ⎠
is U3, then (Wien’s constant b = 2.88 × 106 nm-K)
(A) U1 > U 2 (B) U 2 > U1 11. Two bodies each having a heat capacity of C = 500 J/K
are joined together by a rod of length L = 40.0 cm,
(C) U1 = 0 (D) U 3 = 0
thermal conductivity 20 W/mK, and cross-sectional
7. On the surface of lake when the atmospheric tempera- area of S = 3.00 cm2. The bodies are joined with the
ture is –15ºC, 1.5 cm thick layer of ice is formed in help of a thermally insulated rod. The time after which
20 min, time taken to change its thickness from 1.5 cm temperature difference diminishes h = 2 times is
to 3 cm will be (Disregard the heat capacity of the rod.)
11.12 Chapter 11

C C a02 R 2 t02 a02 Rt03

(A) (B)
1 l 2 2mg 2mg

a02 Rt03 a02 Rt02

(C) (D)
(A) 193 min (B) 240 min 3mg 3mg
(C) 77 min (D) 144 min
15. In a composite rod, when two rods of different lengths
12. A rod of length l (laterally thermally insulated) of and of the same area of cross-section are joined end
uniform cross-sectional area A consists of a material to end, then if K is the effective coefficient of thermal
whose thermal conductivity varies with temperature as l +l
Ko conductivity, 1 2 is equal to
K= , where K0, a and b are constants. T1 and K
a + bT l1 l2 l l
T2 (< T1) are the temperature of two ends of rod. Then (A) − (B) 1 − 2
K1 K 2 K 2 K1
rate of flow of heat across the rod is
l1 l l1 l
AK 0 ⎛ a + bT1 ⎞ (C) + 2 (D) + 2
(A) ⎜⎝ a + bT ⎟⎠ K1 K 2 K 2 K1
bl 2
16. The SI unit of thermal conductivity is
AK 0 ⎛ a + bT2 ⎞
(B) (A) Js–1 m K–1 (B) Jsm–1 K–1
b l ⎜⎝ a + bT1 ⎟⎠ –1
(C) Jsm K (D) Js–1 m–1 K–1
AK 0 ⎡ a + bT1 ⎤ 17. According to Wien’s displacement law,
(C) ln ⎢ ⎥
bl ⎣ a + bT2 ⎦ (A) lm = constant
AK 0 ⎡ a + bT2 ⎤ (B) lmT = constant
(D) ln ⎢ ⎥
al ⎣ a + bT1 ⎦ (C) lm T2 = constant

13. A copper sphere is suspended in an evacuated chamber (D) λ m2 T = constant

maintained at 300 K. The sphere is maintained at con- 18. A bucket full of hot water is kept in a room and it cool
stant temperature of 900 K by heating electrically. A from 75°C to 70°C in T1 min, from 70°C to 65°C in T2
total of 300 W electric power is needed to do this. When min and from 65°C to 60°C in T3 min. Then
half of the surface of the copper sphere is completely (A) T1 = T2 = T3
blackened, 600 W is needed to maintain the same tem-
(B) T1 < T2 < T3
perature of sphere. The emissivity of copper is
(C) T1 > T2 > T3
(A) 1/4 (B) 1/3
(D) T1 < T2 > T3
(C) 1/2 (D) 1
19. Three rods made of the same material and having
14. A coil of resistance R connected to an external battery
the same cross-section have been joined as shown in
is placed inside an adiabatic cylinder fitted with a fric-
Fig. 11.2. Each rod is of the same length. The left and
tionless piston and containing an ideal gas. A current
right ends are kept at 0°C and 90°C, respectively. The
I = a0t flows through the coil (a0 is a +ve constant).
temperature of the junction of the three rods will be
For time interval t = 0 to t = t0, the piston goes up to a
height of (Assume DU = 0) (A) 45°C (B) 60°C
(C) 30°C (D) 20°C
90°C
m

0°C θ

90°C
Fig. 11.2
R I
 Heat Transfer 11.13

More than One Option Correct Type

20. When a hollow and a solid sphere of same material Inner Outer
with same outer radius and identical surface finish are layer layer
heated to the same temperature 1000ºC 100ºC
(A) In the beginning, both will emit equal amount of
radiation per unit time
θ
(B) In the beginning, both will absorb equal amount
of radiation per unit time 23. If the temperature of the sun is increased from T to 2T
(C) Both spheres will have same rate of fall of and its radius from R to 2R, then the ratio of the radiant
⎛ dT ⎞ energy received on earth to what it was previously will be
temperature ⎜ ⎟
⎝ dt ⎠ (A) 4 (B) 16 (C) 32 (D) 64
(D) Both spheres will have equal temperatures at any
moment 24. The curved surface of uniform rod is thermally iso-
lated from surrounding. Its ends are maintained at
21. A 10 g body is kept in an enclosure of 27°C. For body’s temperature T1 and T2 (T1 > T2 ) . If in steady state,
temperature 127°C, the specific heat 0.1 K cal/kg°C temperature gradient at a distance x from hot end is
and surface area 10–3m2. The (s = 5.67 × 10–8 W/m2k4] dT
equal to , then which one of the following graphs
(A) Rate of cooling is 0.227 ks–1 dx
(B) Rate of cooling will be zero at 400 K enclosure is correct?
(C) Cooling does not take place (A) dT/dx (B) dT/dx
(D) Cooling will be faster at 127°C enclosure
22. The temperature drop through a two-layered fur- x x
nace wall is 900ºC. Each layer is of equal area of
cross-section. Which of the following actions will
result in lowering the temperature θ of the interface?
(C) dT/dx (D) dT/dx
(A) By increasing the thermal conductivity of outer
layer
(B) By increasing the thermal conductivity of inner x x
layer
(C) By increasing thickness of outer layer
(D) By increasing thickness of inner layer

Passage Based Questions

The rate of flow of thermal current depends on the nature l
of thermal current are I1 and I2. The temperatures at
of material (thermal conductivity), cross-sectional area A, l 5
and temperature gradient. More the temperature differ- and are q1 and q2 then
3
ence, higher the thermal current flow. This fact identifies
the thermal resistance offered by the material while con- (A) I1 = I 2 , 2θ1 = 3θ 2
ducting heat. One can find by equivalent resistance in heat (B) 5θ1 − 3θ 2 = 200
flow using the same principles as for current. A body may (C) I1 = I 2 , 5θ1 − 3θ 2 = 200
transfer energy better by radiation. The nature of radiating (D) I1 ≠ I 2 , 5θ 2 = 3θ1
surfaces play a role in the power radiated from it. On cov-
ering a surface by non-conducting/radiating media, the loss 26. Two spheres with emissive powers 0.6 and 0.8 of radii
of the heat energy can be controlled. 2 cm and 4 cm are heated to temperatures of 27°C and
157°C and placed in a room at absolute temperature
25. A rod of length l and conductivity k is placed between 0 K. The ratio of heat radiated per second is
two reservoirs maintained at 0°C and 100°C. At a dis-
l l (A) 0.187 (B) 1.6 × 10–4
tance and from 100°C reservoir the rate of flow (C) 0.079 (D) 0.831
3 5
11.14 Chapter 11
27. Two rods of material X and two rods of material Y are
placed with a rod of material Z as shown with the junc-
tions A and D at 100°C and 60°C. Then all rods have
equal length
C
X X
A B
100°C 60°C
Y Y
Assertion-Reason Type
28. Assertion: Water can be boiled inside satellite by
convection.
Reason: Convection is the process in which heat is
transmitted from a place of higher temperature to a
place of lower temperature by means of particles with
their migrations from one place to another.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
Integer Type
30. Heat energy is transferred from a heat source main-
tained at temperature T1 = 300°C to two lower tem-
perature heat reservoirs maintained at temperatures
T2 = 50°C and T3 = 100°C. Three identical solid steel
rods, each of length L = 1 m and cross-sectional area
0.01 m2, are used to pipe the heat, as shown. Find the
ratio of power in watts delivered by the source to each
of the lower temperature reservoirs and also find the
temperature of the junction O. Consider only axial
heat flow. Thermal conductivity of each of the rod is
46 SI units.
T1 = 300°C
L
T2 = 50°C O T3 = 100°C
L L
31. A liquid cools from 70°C to 60°C in 5 min. Calculate
the time taken by the liquid to cool from 60°C to 50°C,
if the temperature of the surrounding is constant at
30°C.
(A) Thermal current in AC and CB are equal
(B) Thermal current in AC and AD are equal
(C) Temperature of C and D are unequal
(D) Thermal current in AC and BD is same
29. Assertion: If liquid in a container is heated at top
rather than at the bottom. The main process by which
the rest of the liquid becomes hot is conduction.
Reason: Two spheres of the same material have radii a
and 2a, temperature 2T and T, respectively. The energy
radiated per second by the first sphere is greater than
that of the second.
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) D
32. Inner surface of a cylindrical shell of length l and of
material of thermal conductivity k is kept at constant
temperature T1 and outer surface of the cylinder is
kept at constant temperature T2 such that T1 > T2 as
shown in Fig. 11.3. Heat flows from inner surface to
outer surface radially outward. Inner and outer radii
of the shell are R and 2R, respectively. Due to lack
of space, this cylinder has to be replaced by a smaller
l R
cylinder of length , inner and outer radii and R,
2 4
respectively, and thermal conductivity of material nk.
If rate of radial outward heat flow remains same for
same temperatures of inner and outer surface, i.e., T1
and T2, then find the value of n.
T1 T2
R l
2R
Fig. 11.3
 Heat Transfer 11.15

Previous Years’ Questions

33. Which of the following is more close to a black body?

[2004]
(A) Black board paint r1 T1
(B) Green leaves
r2
(C) Black holes T2
(D) Red roses
Fig. 11.4
34. Infrared radiations are detected by [2002] ( r2 − r1 ) ⎛r ⎞
(A) spectrometer (B) pyrometer (A) (B) In ⎜ 2 ⎟
( r1r2 ) ⎝ r1 ⎠
(C) nanometer (D) photometer
r1r2
35. Two spheres of the same material have radii 1 m and (C) (D) ( r2 − r1 )
( r2 − r1 )
4 m and temperatures 4000 K and 2000 K, respectively.
The ratio of the energy radiated per second by the first 40. Assuming the sun to be a spherical body of radius R at
sphere to that by the second is [2002] a temperature of T K. Evaluate the total radiant power,
(A) 1:1 (B) 16:1 (C) 4:1 (D) 1:9 incident on earth, at a distance r from the sun
[2006]
36. According to Newton’s law of cooling, the rate of
4π r02 R 2σ T 4 π r02 R 2σ T 4
cooling of a body is proportional to ( Δθ ) n where Δθ (A) (B)
is the difference between the temperature of the body r2 r2
and the surrounding. Then n is equal to r02 R 2σ T 4 R σT 4 2
(C) 2
(D)
[2003] 4π r r2
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 1 where r0 is the radius of the earth and s is Stefan’s
37. If the temperature of the sun was to increase from T constant.
to 2T and its radius from R to 2R, then the ratio of the 41. One end of a thermally insulated rod is kept at a
radiant energy received on earth to what it was previ- temperature T1 and the other end at T2. The rod is com-
ously will be [2004] posed of two sections of length l1 and l2 and thermal
(A) 4 (B) 16 (C) 32 (D) 64 conductivities K1 and K2, respectively. The tempera-
38. The temperatures of the two outer surfaces of a ture at the interface of the two sections is
composite slab, consisting of two materials hav- [2007]
ing coefficients of thermal conductivity K and 2K l1 l2
T1 T2
and thickness x and 4x, respectively, are T2 and T1
(T2 > T1). The rate of heat transfer through the slab in
K1 K2
⎡ A(T2 − T1 ) K ⎤
a steady state is ⎢ ⎥ f with f equal to (A) ( K 2 l2T1 + K1l1T2 ) / ( K1l1 + K 2 l2 )
⎣ x ⎦
[2004] (B) ( K 2 l1T1 + K1l2T2 ) / ( K 2 l1 + K1l2 )
(C) ( K1l2T1 + K 2 l1T2 ) / ( K1l2 + K 2 l1 )
A 4x
(D) ( K1l1T1 + K 2 l2T2 ) / ( K1l1 + K 2 l2 )
T2 K 2K T1 42. A liquid in a beaker has temperature q(t) at time t,
and if q0 is the temperature of the surrounding, then
according to Newton’s law of cooling, the correct
(A) 1 (B) 1/2 (C) 2/3 (D) 1/3 graph between loge (q – q0) and t is [2012]
(A) (B)
loge(θ – θ 0)

loge(θ – θ 0)

39. The Figure 11.4 shows a system of two concentric

spheres of radii r1 and r2 kept at temperature T1 and T2.
The radial rate of flow of heat in a substance between
the two concentric spheres is proportional to
[2005] t t
11.16 Chapter 11

(C) (D) (A) (B)

loge(θ – θ 0)
loge(θ – θ 0)
T T
θ0 θ0

O t O t
t t
(C) (D)
T T
43. If a piece of metal is heated to temperature q and then
θ0
allowed to cool in a room, which is at temperature q0,
then the graph between the temperature T of the metal O t O t
and time t will be closed to

ANSWER KEYS

Single Option Correct Type

1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (B) 7. (C) 8. (C) 9. (B) 10. (C)
11. (A) 12. (C) 13. (B) 14. (C) 15. (C) 16. (D) 17. (B) 18. (B) 19. (B)

More than One Option Correct Type

20. (A) and (B) 21. (A) and (B) 22. (A) and (D) 23. (D) 24. (D)

Passage Based Questions

25. (C) 26. (A) 27. (A)

Assertion-Reason Type
28. (D) 29. (B)

Integer Type
30. 46 W 31. 7 min 32. n = 4

Previous Years’ Questions

33. (A) 34. (B) 35. (A) 36. (D) 37. (D) 38. (D) 39. (C) 40. (B) 41. (C) 42. (D)
43. (B)

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

Single Option Correct Type
1. If there is no heat current, temperature at both end of rod are Solving we get,
equal and temperature at a distance 60 cm from hot end of T = 42.85°C
the rod is 50°C. The correct option is (C)
The correct option is (B) 3. For parallel combination of two rods of equal length and
2. According to Newton’s law of cooling, rate of cooling equal area of cross-section,
∝ (T – T0), where T is the average temperature in the given 4 K1
time interval. Hence K1 + K 2 K1 + 3 7 K1
K= = =
(60 − 50) ⎛ 60 + 50 ⎞ 2 2 6
∝⎜ − 25⎟
10 ⎝ 2 ⎠ K 7
Hence =
(50 − T ) ⎛ 50 + T ⎞ K1 6
and ∝⎜ − 25⎟
10 ⎝ 2 ⎠ The correct option is (B)
 Heat Transfer 11.17

4. P ∝ AT 4 and A ∝ r 2 10. ΔQ = dU + ΔW
2 4 V2
\ P ∝r T = nCV dT + ∫ PdV = αC P (V2 − V1 ) + RT0
V1
Now, T ′ = 2T , r ′ = 2r
The correct option is (C)
Hence, P ′ = 4 × 16 P = 64 P dT1 ′ KA
The correct option is (D) 11. − mc = (T1 ′ − T2 ′ ) (1)
dt l
5. The correct option is (B)
dT2 ′ KA
2.88 × 106 nmK mc = (T1′ − T2 ′ ) (2)
6. λ mT = constant λ m = = 1000 nm dt l
2880
From (1) and (2)
U2 is maximum also U1 ≠ 0, U 3 ≠ 0
The correct option is (B) mcl ln 2
t= = 193 min
2kA
⎛ dm ⎞ kAθ
7. ⎜ ⎟ L= The correct option is (A)
⎝ dt ⎠ x
dQ dT
dx kA[0 − ( −15)] 12. = − KA
Aρ L= dt dx
dt x
t 15kA
dQ K A dT
x =− 0
∫x x dx = ∫ 0 AρL dt
2

1
dt a + bT dx
L l T2
t= [ x22 − x12 ] dQ dT
dt ∫0
30 k dx = − K 0 A ∫
a + bT
t 2 [3.0 2 − 1.52 ] T 1

=
t1 [1.52 − 0 2 ] dQ AK 0 ⎡ a + bT1 ⎤
= ln ⎢ ⎥
⇒ t 2 = 20 × 3 = 60 min dt bl ⎣ a + bT2 ⎦
The correct option is (C) The correct option is (C)
dU
8. F = −
dr
= −2 B( r − r0 ) (
13. 300 = eσ A 900 4 − 300 4 ) (1)

2B σA eσ A
ω2 =
K
=
mreduced m1m2
( m1 + m2 ) 600 =
2
(900 4
− 300 ) +
4
2
(900 4
− 300 4 ) (2)

1
The correct option is (C) e=
3
9. We must take into account here that the heat transferred per
unit time is proportional to the difference in temperature. Let The correct option is (B)
t h
us introduce the following notation: Tout1 , Tout2 and Tr1 and
14. I2 R dt = mg dx, ∫ ( a0t ) 2 Rdt = ∫ mg dx ,
Tr2 are the temperatures outdoors and in the room in the first o o
and second cases, respectively. The thermal power dissipated to
a 2 Rt 3 a 2 Rt 3
by the radiator in the room is k1(T − Tr ), where k1 is a cer- ao2 R ∫ dt t 2 = mgh , o o = mgh , h = 0 0
3 3mg
tain coefficient. The thermal power dissipated from the room o

is k2 (Tr − Tout ), where k2 is another coefficient. In thermal The correct option is (C)
equilibrium, the power dissipated by the radiator is equal to 15. H = H1 (1)
the power dissipated from the room. Therefore, we can write Also (q1 – q2) = (q1 – q) + (q – q2) (2)
k1(T − Tr1 ) = k2 (Tr1 − Tout1 )
KA (θ1 − θ 2 )
Similarly, in the second case, As H=
l1 + l2
k1(T − Tr 2 ) = k2 (Tr 2 − Tout2 )
Dividing the first equation by the second, we obtain (l1 + l2 ) H
\ (q1 – q2) = (3)
T − Tr1 Tr1 − Tout1 KA
= K1 A (θ1 − θ )
T − Tr 2 Tr 2 − Tout2 Also H1 =
Hence, we can determine T: l1
Tr 2Tout1 − Tr1Tout2 l1H1
T= = 60 º C \ q1 – q = (4)
Tr 2 + Tout1 − Tout2 − Tr1 K1 A
l2 H 2
The correct option is (B) Similarly, q – q2 = (5)
K2 A
11.18 Chapter 11

Putting Equations (3), (4), and (5) in Equation (2), 18. The rate of cooling decreases with the decrease in tempera-
(l1 + l2 ) H l1 l ture difference between the body and surroundings.
= + 2 The correct option is (B)
K K1 K 2
The correct option is (C) 19. Let q be the temperature of the junction
16. The correct option is (D) 2 KA KAθ
(90 − θ ) =
17. The correct option is (B) l l
\ q = 60°
The correct option is (B)

More than One Option Correct Type

20. E = eσ A[T 4 ] ⎡ ⎤
⎢ 900 ⎥ l 900
Both have same surface area and temperature so both will
or θ = 1000 − ⎢ ⎥ i = 1000 −
initially emit same radiation in unit time. Both have same ⎢ li + l0 ⎥ K i A l K
⎢ K A K A⎥ 1+ 0 i
nature of surface so they will absorb equal radiation. ⎣ i 0 ⎦ K 0 li
dT eAσ 4 dT 1
= [T − T04 ] ∝ Now, we can see that θ can be decreased by increasing ther-
dt mc dt m
mal conductivity of outer layer ( K 0 ) and thickness of inner
Spheres have different mass so rate of fall of temperature is dif- layer ( li ) .
ferent and obviously has different temperature at any moment.
The correct option is (A) and (D)
The correct option is (A) and (B)
23. P ∝ AT 4 and A ∝ r 2
21. Rate of cooling is given by
4
(
dT σ T − Ts A
=
4
)
can be \ P ∝ r 2T 4
dt ms
calculated to be 0.227 k/s–1 Now, T ′ = 2T , r ′ = 2r
Cooling will not happen, if temperatures are same. Hence, P ′ = 4 × 16 P = 64 P
The correct option is (A) and (B) The correct option is (D)
900 dT
22. H = rate of heat flow = (1) 24. H = − KA
li l dx
+ 0
Ki A K 0 A dT H
Hli =−
Now, 1000 − θ = (2) dx KA
Ki A The correct option is (D)

Passage Based Questions

25. The correct option is (C) 27. The correct option is (A)
26. The correct option is (A)

Assertion-Reason Type
28. The correct option is (D) 29. The correct option is (B)

Integer Type
30. Let q be the temperature of the junction KA KA KA
or (300 – q)
= (θ −100) + (θ − 50)
we have, H1 = H2 + H3 L L L
300 + 100 + 50
⇒ q= = 150° C
T1 = 300°C 3
H1 KA (θ − 100) 46 × .01 × 50
H2 = = = 23 W
L 1
H2 H3 KA[θ − 50] 46 × .01×100
H3 = = = 46 W
T2 = 50°C T3 = 100°C L 1
θ Ratio = 2
 Heat Transfer 11.19

dθ ⎛θ +θ ⎞ 32. Since rate of heat flow remains same in both the cases, so
31. In the first case, − = k ⎜ 1 2 − θ0 ⎟
dt ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2R
dx
R
dx
10 2 ∫ k 2π x l = ∫ l
⇒ nk = 4 k
− = k(65 − 30), , k = − R R nk ( 2π x )
5 35 4 2
In the second case ⇒ n=4
10 2 35 × 10
− = − (55 − 30) , t = = 7 min
t 35 2 × 25

Previous Years’ Questions

33. A black body has maximum ability to absorb and emit 1
Thus, f =
radiation. However, black hole only absorbs radiation, hence 3
black hole is not a black body. The correct option is (D)
The correct option is (A) 39. For hollow shell, resistance R is given by
34. Spectrometer is an instrument which is used to split white r −r
light into component colours. Pyrometer is used to detect = 2 1
4π K ( r1r2 )
infrared radiations. Nanometer is a small unit of distance and
dQ
is not a device. Thus, the rate of heat flow =
dt
Photometer is used to measure photometric quantities such
as luminous intensity, luminance, and so on. T1 − T2
=
The correct option is (B) R
35. Energy radiated per second by a body that has surface area A T1 − T2 rr
= × 4π K ( r1r2 ) ∝ 1 2
at temperature T is given by Stefan’s law, E = esAT 4 r2 − r1 r2 − r1
Therefore, The correct option is (C)
2 4 2 4
E1 ⎛ r1 ⎞ ⎛ T1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 4000 ⎞ 40. From Stefan’s law, the rate of energy radiated by sun is
= =⎜ ⎟ ⎜
E2 ⎜⎝ r2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ T2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 40 ⎠ ⎝ 2000 ⎟⎠ P = σ 4π R 2 × T 4
r0
(Since bodies are of same material, so e1 = e2) At earth TK r
E 16 1 Earth
⇒ 1 = = = 1:1 P ⎛ Energy ⎞
E2 16 1 I= ⎜I = ⎟ R
4π r 2 ⎝ Area ⎠
The correct option is (A)
Sun
36. According to Newton’s law of cooling σ × 4π R 2T 4 σ R 2T 4
= =
dQ 4π r 2 r2
∝ Δθ
dt \ Total radiant power as received by earth = π r02 × I (π r02
∴ n =1 is the area that receives energy on earth.)
The correct option is (D)
π r02 R 2σ T 4
37. From Stefan’s law, the energy radiated by sun is given by
r2
P = σ eAT 4 The correct option is (B)
In 1st case, P1 = σ e × 4π R 2 × T 4 41. Let temperature at the interface be T. For part AB,
In 2nd case, P2 = σ e × 4π ( 2 R 2 ) × ( 2T ) 4
Q1 (T1 − T ) K1
= σ e × 4π R 2 × T 4 × 64 = 64 P1 = A
t l1
Since the energy radiated by sun increases 64 times, therefore,
the radiant energy received on earth also increases 64 times. For part BC,
The correct option is (D) Q2 (T − T2 ) K 2
= A
38. The two slabs are in series t l2
x 4x 3x Q Q
Thus, Req = R1 + R2 = + = At equilibrium, 1 = 2
KA 2 KA KA t t
dθ T2 + T1 KA(T2 + T1 ) (T1 − T ) K1 A (T − T2 ) K 2 A
Rate of heat flow, = = ⇒ =
dt Req 3x l1 l2
11.20 Chapter 11

T1K1l2 + T2 K 2l1 In (θ − θ 0 ) = kt + C
or T=
K1l2 + K 2l1 The correct option is (D)
The correct option is (C) 43. Newton’s law of cooling
42. According to Newton’s law of cooling. dθ
= − k (θ − θ 0 )
dθ dt
− = k (θ − θ 0 )
dt dθ
∫ θ − θ0 = − k ∫ dt
dθ
⇒ ∫ θ − θ0 = ∫ −k dt The correct option is (B)