SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND NATURAL

SCIENCES
Introduction to EE\COE

Engineering

Pre-Lab Report

Name, Surname: Aleksandr Nevzorov

Department, Student ID: EEE, 61230014

Date: 01.11.2023
Answers to Questions

Q1) The Kirchhoff’s voltage law and the Kirchhoff’s current law are used by engineers
to analyze the circuits.
Kirchhoff’s current law states, that if there’s a current flow to the node, the same
amount must go out of the node.In complex circuits KCL helps to determine unknown
currents or to verify if a current is flowing properly.
For Kirchhoff’s voltage law we have the sum of voltages around close loop in a circuit
to be equal to 0. This law is useful to analyze parallel connection and connection in
series in the circuit, it also allows engineers to calculate voltages or check the
correctness of voltage supplies.
For example, the Wheatstone bridge circuit is a commonly used circuit for measuring
unknown resistances. By applying KCL in each node and KVL in each circuit, the
bridge can be analyzed to determine the value of an unknown resistor. KVL helps in
the formulation of equations, taking into consideration the voltage drops on the
resistors, while KCL helps to find the relationship between the currents in different
branches.Another example shows us the superposition using Kirchhoff’s voltage and
current laws.It’s a method which is using to analyze circuits with multiple independent
sources. Laws are applied separately for each source.The final result is obtained by
combining the individual solutions.
Q2) The maximum voltage values for the LM358N power supply are usually in the
range from +/- 3 to +/- 32 volts. The operational amplifier itself cannot generate a
voltage exceeding the supply voltage values. It operates in a range of supply voltage
values, and its output power will also be limited to the range determined by these
voltage values.
Q3) One of the main advantages of an operational amplifier is that it consumes very
little input current (ideally zero current). This implies that the operational amplifier can
be used as a buffer, i.e., to provide isolation of circuits connected to the input and
output of the operational amplifier.There are 3 samples in which Op-Amps are used as
the buffers:
1.Voltage buffer: A common application of operational amplifiers is to use voltage
buffers, often referred to as unit gain buffers. In this scenario, the operational amplifier
gain is set to 1, which means that the output voltage perfectly repeats the input voltage.
This is especially useful when you need to connect a high-impedance source to a low-
impedance load, ensuring that the source signal is not significantly affected.
2.Instrumentation amplifies: In scenarios where precise amplification of small
differential signals is required, measurement amplifiers constructed using operational
amplifiers serve as effective buffers. These amplifiers are designed to amplify the
difference between two input signals while simultaneously suppressing common-mode
noise. They are widely used in precision measuring systems, such as strain gauges,
bioinstrumentation, and industrial applications where accurate acquisition is crucial.
3.Audio signal buffer: Operational amplifiers are widely used as audio signal buffers
to preserve the quality and integrity of audio signals in various audio systems. In audio
equipment, signals often pass through multiple components, such as potentiometers,
tone controls, or long cables, which can lead to impedance mismatch and signal loss.
By using operational amplifiers as buffers, sound engineers can ensure that the source
impedance does not significantly affect the load impedance, thus preventing signal
quality degradation. This is especially important in professional audio applications,
such as mixing consoles, preamps and sound effects pedals, where high-quality sound
reproduction is important.
Q4)
Measurements for resistor R1 from the Tinkercad:
Measurements for resistor R6 from the Tinkercad: