DVORTraining Course-V4 - en - Part 1 Theory

Training Course
NORMAC VRB-53D DVOR
Navaids Training Course / April 2016
Pascal Le Hérissé & R. Torres Benito

WARNING OF CONFIDENTIALITY
Warning of Confidentiality
Indra owns the copyright of this document which is supplied confidentially and must not be used for
any purpose other than that for which it is supplied. It must not be reproduced either wholly or
partially, copied or transmitted to any person without the authorization of Indra.
NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 2

ACRONYMS
ADS Antena Distribution Unit

BITE Build-In-Test Equipment
CMU Control Management Unit
DDS Direct Digital Synthesis
DSP Digital Signal Processing
FFM Far Field Monitor
EIU External Interface Unit
FPGA Field-Programmable Gate Array
GPS Global Positioning System
HMI Human Machine Interface
HW Hardware
ICAO International Cicil Aviation Organization
IP Internet Protocol
LAN Local Area Network
LCU Local Control Unit
LED Light Emitting Diode
LMT Local Maintenance Terminal
LRU Line Replaceable Unit
MRU Monitor Receiver Unit
NFM Near Field Monitor
NM Nautical Mile (1852 m)
NMP Network Management Processor
PSU Power Supply Unit

ACRONYMS
RCSU Remote Control and Supervisory Unit

RCU Relay Change Over Unit
RF Radiofrequency
RMM Remote Maintenance Monitoring
RMT Remote Maintenance Terminal
RPA Reference Power Amplifier
RSU Remote Supervisory Unit
SGU Signal Generation Unit
SPA Sideband Power Amplifier

INDEX – BASIC CONCEPT
CHAPTER 1
01 - Basic Concept 01 - Basic Concept

02 - DVOR SUBSYSTEMS  History
03 - Control and Monitoring  VOR Concept
04 - RMM - RCS  DVOR principles
05 - Maintenance  Technics : R.F., DSP, Basis
06 - Installation
07 - Flight Inspection

BASIC CONCEPT
HISTORY
Regulatory Framework
 DVOR: Doppler Very high frequency Omnidirectional Range
 Evolution: DVOR - VRB-50D, VRB-51D, VRB-52D
 Current DVOR – VRB-53D launched in 2010
ICAO EUROCAE
EUROCONTROL CE
AENA

CHAPTER 1

06 - Installation

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Typical installations
En-route DVOR:
Co-located with
 100 Watts a DME
 160 NM
Terminal DVOR:
Co-located with a
DME
 25/Watts
 100 NM

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Bearing Measurement
 For Navigation purposes, we need to know:
 Distance (from a DME)
 Direction (from a DVOR)
 The bearing information is obtained by measuring the phase difference between a reference and a
variable 30 Hz signal in the airbone receiver.

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Bearing Measurement
 Navaid system composed of:

 Transmitter beacon.
 Airbone receiver.
 Omnidirectional transmission
 Horizontal polarization
 Line-of-sight (LOS) propagation
 Resonant aerials (L ≈ λ/2)
Receiver
Azimuth
Transmitter

Basic concept
PRINCIPES DVOR
Bearing Measurement
Magnetic
North
FROM = QDR
QDM = TO
150°
‘’Limit’’ between
TO and FROM
Magnetic
North
TO = QDM
QDR = From
330°

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Bearing Measurement. VOR Navigation

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Bearing Measurement
 Bearing in azimuth relative to the magnetic north direction.
 In case of electronic failure, the pilot can still use the

plane’s magnetic compass.
 If Magnetic bearings are always used, there is no need to

worry about correcting for Declination / Magnetic Deviation

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Bearing Measurement
 Operating in low VHF frequency band for all VOR’s:

 108.00 MHz – 118.00 MHz.
 Channel spacing: 50 kHz.
 ILS/LOC (odd) – VOR (even): 108.00MHz – 111.95MHz.
 Aeronautical services broadcasting (ATIS).
 Using the VOR receiver, the pilot is able to obtain the following information from a DVOR site:
 The azimuth indication of the aircraft’s position relative to the ground beacon, i.e. the angle
between magnetic North and the direction ground beacon to aircraft.
 The bearing which indicates whether the aircraft is flying to the left or right of the preselected
course (position line) or whether it is exactly on it.
 The From/To indication which shows whether the aircraft is flying toward the VOR beacon or
away from it.

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Transmitted Signal
 A VOR beacon transmit two 30Hz signals to provide bearing information:

 A direction independent (omnidirectional) 30 Hz reference signal.
 A direction dependent (rotating field – variable) 30 Hz signal whose phase depends on the
direction to the receiver and has a one-to-one relationship with the airbone bearing relative to
the beacon.
 The angle measurement is based on phase comparison of these two 30 Hz signals.
 A VOR also transmit:
 Identification pulses
 Beacon identification through a MORSE CODE
 1020 Hz keying tone
 Audio Signals (Voice data)

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Aircraft Receiver. OBI
i
Aircraft must be able to receive useful
signals from either a CVOR or a DVOR.
2 3 1. VOR/ILS Frequency
2. Rotating Course Card
3. TO / FROM Indicator
4. Course Deviation Indicator

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Aircraft Receiver. HSI
3 5
1. Omni Bearing Selector

2 3. Range (NM)
4. Magnetic Bearing
5. Speed (KTS)
6
6. VOR Beacon
7. Selected Radial (OBS)
1 7

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Aircraft Receiver
 Tune the VOR frequency in the navigation radio and

check the Morse ID.
 Determine which radial you are on by turning the OBS
(Omni Bearing Selector) knob until the CDI (Course
Deviation Indicator) needle is centered and you have 2
a FROM indication. (White triangle)
 With the needle centered, the pilot is ‘on course’. 3
 Things to note:
 The “TO” and “FROM” indicating flag.
 The scale either side of the needle of the CDI
1. Omni Bearing Selector
3. Radial or line of position

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Aircraft Receiver
Example: Using a DVOR
 6 degrees deviation to the course
 The pilot needs to turn the plane to the

left (port-side) until the needle is
centered.
Videos

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Aircraft Receiver
 Airbone VOR receiver is composed of:

 Omnidirectional antenna.
 AM/FM receiver
 VOR indicator (OBI - RMI - HSI).
fc = 1020Hz
Indicador VOR
Dem. AM fc = 9960Hz REF/VAR
RX Dem.FM ø HSI
BW-3dB= 1kHz
108-118MHz BW-3dB= 30Hz FM
VAR/REF
BW-3dB= 30Hz AM

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Aircraft VOR Antennas

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Conventional VOR
CVOR

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Conventional VOR
1. Carrier
2. Variable
3. Ident Code
4. Audio
5. Reference
1
Amplitude 2 5
3
BW-3dB ~ 1k f0-30 f0+30 BW-3dB ~ 1k
f (Hz)
f0- 9960 f0- 3k f0-300 f0 f0+300 f0+3k f0+9960
f0-1020 f0+1020
OMNIDIRECTIONAL DIRECTIONAL OMNIDIRECTIONAL

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Conventional VOR
1. AM modulated carrier by 30 Hz rotating pattern (variable signal).
2. AM modulated carrier by:
 9660 Hz FM modulated subcarrier by 30 Hz reference signal;
 Ident + audio signals.
30 rps
2
RECEIVER

Basic concept
PRINCIPES DVOR
Conventional VOR
Cos Antenna
Sin Antenna
Ref Antennas Var Antennas
Modèle historique de C-VOR Sin + Cos
Avec antennes tournantes
Within CVOR electronic antenna bearing, the rotation

is made by antenna pairs mechanically shifted by
90°. Their feeding signals are called ‘’Sine’’ et
‘’Cosine’’

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Conventional VOR

Basic concept
PRINCIPES DVOR
VOR Conventionnel - Portée de la Balise – Annexe 10

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Conventional VOR
Limitations
 Reflections and multipath on the variable signal, due to surrounding terrain, nearby structures and
obstructions.
 High operation and maintenance costs

 Site acquisition, preparation and access.
 Site flexibility.
 Flight calibration frequency.
 Reliability.
 Higher accuracy and performances demand.
Evolution to Doppler VOR

Basic concept
PRINCIPES DVOR
CVOR vs DVOR Comparison – Propagation  Error Curve

Basic concept
PRINCIPES DVOR
CVOR vs DVOR Comparison – Propagation  Error Curve

CHAPTER 1

06 - Installation

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Doppler VOR
DVOR

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Doppler VOR
 The DVOR beacon transmits three signals:
 A carrier (reference signal), amplitude modulated (AM) by the station Morse Ident code, a voice channel and the
reference 30 Hz signal, phase independent of the position of the aircraft.
 Two ± 9960 Hz subcarriers, FM modulated by the bearing dependent 30 Hz signal, whose phase has a one-to-
one relationship with the airbone bearing relative to the beacon.
3 5 1. Audio
4
2. Carrier
1
3. Reference
f (Hz) 4. Ident Code
5. Variable
LSB OMNIDIRECTIONAL USB

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Doppler VOR. Doppler effect

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
DVOR. Electronic rotation
Double Sideband
fc+9960Hz
i
Eight antennas are active at any one time
Four for the USB, and four for the LSB
fc
30Hz
30Hz
1 24 1 24
USB LSB
fc-9960Hz LSB USB

25 48 25 48

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Doppler VOR. Space modulation
1
1. Carrier AM modulated by 30 Hz REF signal + Ident
+ Voice channel.
2. ± 9660 Hz subcarriers FM modulated by VAR 30

signal due to Doppler effect.
1
2
30 rps
Amplitude REF VAR

BW-3dB ~ 1k f0-30 f0+30 BW-3dB ~ 1k
f (Hz)
f0- 9960 f0- 3k f0-300 f0 f0+300 f0+3k f0+9960
f0-1020 f0+1020
BLI OMNIDIRECTIONAL BLS

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Doppler VOR. Cone of Confusion

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Doppler VOR. Typical installations

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
CVOR – DVOR Comparation
Amplitude VAR REF
BW-3dB ~ 1k f0-30 f0+30 BW-3dB ~ 1k
f (Hz)
f0- 9960 f0- 3k f0-300 f0 f0+300 f0+3k f0+9960
f0-1020 f0+1020
OMNIDIRECTIONAL DIRECTIONAL OMNIDIRECTIONAL
Amplitude REF VAR

BW-3dB ~ 1k f0-30 f0+30 BW-3dB ~ 1k
f (Hz)
f0- 9960 f0- 3k f0-300 f0 f0+300 f0+3k f0+9960
f0-1020 f0+1020
BLI OMNIDIRECTIONAL BLS

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
CVOR – DVOR Comparation
Errors CVOR DVOR
30Hz FM. 30Hz AM

Reference Signal 9960Hz subcarrier. Carrier.
Omnidirectional pattern Omnidirectional pattern
30Hz FM
Variable Signal 30Hz AM. 9960Hz subcarrier.
Polar / limacom pattern. Sideband antennas.
Wide antenna system.

Characteristics Reduce antenna system. Greater inmunity against
Susceptible to reflections multipath.
Accuracy ≈ 2º. Accuracy ≈ 0.5º.

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Switching Problems :
 Discrete pulse switching between antennas would cause severe harmonic distortion.
 High levels of noise generated (48 Antennas, on & off, 2 sidebands = 192 times per rotation )
 Antennas would radiate a square wave modulated signal.
 To overcome these problems an special amplitude modulation prior to sideband antenna distribution is performed
Blending Function :
 An RF wave whose amplitude rises from zero to a maximum and then falls to zero again during the period of each
antenna select pulse.
 Antenna switching occurs when the RF signal is zero.

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Improving Blending Function :

 Each antenna transmit during a two time period.
 Antenna switching occurs when the RF signal is maximum (each time period).
 Two antennas transmitting at the same time.
 Simulate movement (Improving Blending (smoothing) by overlap)
45 47 1 3 5
1440 Hz
1 ODD
ANTENNAS
BL+
2
Blending
EVEN
25 ANTENNAS
BL-
26
i 44 46 48 2 4
Time period (TTX)= 1 / (30 Hz x 48 ANT)

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
SIDEBAND PEAK POWER

NORMALIZED AMPLITUDE
Time line  4·TTX = 4 / (30 Hz x 48 ANT) = 2777,8 us

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
SIDEBAND PEAK POWER
Even Odd
Time line  4·TTX = 4 / (30 Hz x 48 ANT) = 2777,8 us

Basic concept
F = 1440 Hz
DVOR PRINCIPLES
DVOR. Unwanted Modulation 1440 Hz
Alpha = 0°
= − /( +1)
M1140 Hz = 17%
Alpha = 90°
= − / /(1+ / )
m1140Hz = 17%

Basic concept
DVOR PRINCIPLES
DVOR. Unwanted Modulation 60 Hz
/√
√ √
/√
= − / /( +1/ )
M60 Hz = 33%

Basic concept
DVOR PRINCIPLES
DVOR. Radiating Pattern  Space Mod Depth
Step1 : Principle
d θ d
d
A48 A1 A2 A3
Niv =1

Basic concept
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Step 2 : Virtual Rotating Antenna
d θ d
d
A48 A1 A2 A3
Niv =0,5 Niv =0,5

Basic concept
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Step 3 : Virtual Rotating Antenna  Compensation
d θ d
d
A48 A1 A2 A3
Niv =-0,115 Niv =-0,115
Niv =0,5 Niv =0,5

Basic concept
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Step 4 : Coupling
d θ d
A47 d
A48 A1 A2 A3
Niv =-0,141 Niv =-0,141
Niv =1
Niv =0,012 Niv =0,012

Basic concept
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Step 5 : Coupling Compensation
d θ d
A47 d
A48 A1 A2 A3
Niv =1
Niv =0,012 Niv =0,012
Niv =-0,141 Niv =-0,141

Basic concept
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Step 5 : Blending Function Summary
Blending : Blending :
Principal & basics Indra Solution
Diag ( Ampl) = F( t) Mutual Coupling

Compensated
Diag ( Phi) = F( t)

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Indra Blending Function :

 Each antenna transmit during a four time period.
 Antenna switching occurs each time period.
 Two extra periods included to compensate de maximum distortion.
 Four antennas transmitting at the same time
 Two are driven with the broadcast signal
 The neighboring elements are driven with a Compensating signal that cancels unwanted coupling.
SIDEBAND POWER AMPLIFIER (SPA)
Compensation Pulses
NORMALIZED
AMPLITUDE
δ = 180º δ = 180º

DVOR SUBSYSTEMS
SIGNAL GENERATION SUBSYSTEM

SGU. VRB series Blending d θ d
d
L ML MR R
SIDEBAND POWER AMPLIFIER (SPA)

δ = 180º
δ = 180º
Time line  4·TTX = 4 / (30 Hz x 48 ANT) = 2777,8 us rtb44

Diapositive 54
rtb44 le quito la primera diapositiva??

4·TTX = 4 / (30 Hz x 48 ANT) = 2777,8 us
o es 2·TTX = 2 / (30 Hz x 48 ANT) = 1388,9 μs
rtbenito; 14/05/2015
BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
DVOR. Antenna Subsystem
Typical Alford Loop pattern over a ground counterpoise
 Counterpoise diameter : 30m
 Counterpoise high : 4-6m

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Effect of counterpoise

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
1
1. Radius: 6.75 m
 Df = 2··R·fR·(f0/c) = 480 Hz
 R = 6.75m

BASIC CONCEPT
DVOR PRINCIPLES
Max/Min sideband antenna number
 Distance between antennas: D = 2·r·sin(/N)

 D= /4 (antenna size)
 N <  / (arcsin(/8·r)
 N < 55 antennas
 D= /2 (continuos transition)

 N >  / (arcsin(/4·r)
 N > 34 antennas
 Number of sideband antennas: 48

CHAPTER 1

06 - Installation

Basic concept
TECHNICS : RF, DSP, BASIS

Math Reminder  SB/Carrier Phasing, AM and FM Modulation/Demodulation
DC +
30Hz
F0
FI
F1
F0

Basic concept

Math Reminder  SB/Carrier Phasing, AM and FM Modulation/Demodulation
a) Sinusoïde  ‘’Real’’
b) Exponentiel  ‘’Complex’’
c) Euler Equation
d) Décomposition

Basic concept

Math Reminder  Statistics measurement accuracy, error curve
a) Mean value
b) Standard Deviation
c) Distribution
d) Sample

Basic concept

Intermodulation Product – IP2 & IP3
F1
F2
F1
Coupling
F2

Basic concept

Isolator / Circulator - 1/3

Basic concept

Isolator / Circulator – 2/3

Basic concept

Isolator / Circulator - 3/3
Ref Power + M30
Carrier Ratio Adjust ( dB)
48
M9960 %

Basic concept Q
TECHNICS : RF, DSP, BASIS Ωt

Digital FM Demodulation – Principle 1/2
Z-1
I
F1
Q
Atan( Q/I) - FM
Ωt
90° Q
Ωt
F2
I

Basic concept

Digital FM Demodulation – Principle 2/2
Z-1
I
F1
Atan( Q/I) - FM
90°
F2

Basic concept

Parallaxe effect vs receiving distance – FM Impact - 1/2
fc+9960Hz
Phase Front
t1 for a farfield receiver
t2
R
fc Alpha tn
fc-9960Hz
Tx = Dist – R cos Alpha / C
Dist >> R

Basic concept

Parallaxe effect vs receiving distance – FM Impact - 2/2
FIS : M9960
Farfield Ant Dist

Basic concept

How to differentiante SB- vs SB+ into 9960Hz FM signal
+f0 -f0
-f0 +f0 -f0 -f0 +f0 +f0
A cos( w0t) A sin( w0t) A cos( -w0t) A sin( -w0t)

Basic concept

Sampling 1/3 – Sample/Hold : Nyquist Criteria
Sample/Hold

Basic concept

Sampling 2/3 – Fin < Fs/2 : Nyquist Criteria

Basic concept

Sampling 3/3 : Under sampling Fin > Fs
Sample/Hold
Fs goes from
280 Mhz down to 56 Mhz
Gain = 5

Basic concept

dB use for Power and Voltage measurement
Power Voltage
P1 Gain P2 V1 Gain V2
= ( ) = ( (V22/R2)/(V12/R1))
If R2 = R1
= =
= 3,01 dB = -3,01 dB = = ( )
= ( ) = ( )

Basic concept

Radio Link Budget 1/2
Propagation
Tx Rx
 4 d 
Att  20 log  
  
P out Cable Loss Cable Loss P in
dBm dB dB dBm
Tx Ant Gain Free Space Att Rx Ant Gain

dBi dB en dBi
Surf Equiv Surf. Equiv

dbV dbV
e2 4 p r e2 4 p r
s  s 
s : puissance surfacique (W/m2) 120 2 120  2
e : valeur efficace du champ (V/m)
pr : puissance (W) captée par une antenne isotrope placée en ce point
 : longueur d'onde (m)

Basic concept

Radio Link Budget 2/2 – Annex 10 Supplement C

Basic concept

Baluns and Transformer - 1/2 - Basic circuits
a) Schematic diagram, b) transmission line form a) 4:1  L/2 transmission line balun, b) 1:1  strip line
a) transmission line form, b) low-frequency circuit c) Schematic diagram

Basic concept

Baluns and Transformer 2/2 - Potential Use : RF Amplifier and Antennas
RPA – Reference Power

Amplifier - Final Stage
SB Antennas

DVORTraining Course-V4 - en - Part 1 Theory

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Training Course

NORMAC VRB-53D DVOR

Navaids Training Course / April 2016

Pascal Le Hérissé & R. Torres Benito

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 2

ADS Antena Distribution Unit

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 3

RCSU Remote Control and Supervisory Unit

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 4

01 - Basic Concept 01 - Basic Concept

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 5

 DVOR: Doppler Very high frequency Omnidirectional Range

 Evolution: DVOR - VRB-50D, VRB-51D, VRB-52D

 Current DVOR – VRB-53D launched in 2010

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 6

01 - Basic Concept 01 - Basic Concept

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 7

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 8

 For Navigation purposes, we need to know:

 Distance (from a DME)

 Direction (from a DVOR)

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 9

 Navaid system composed of:

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 10

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 11

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 12

 Bearing in azimuth relative to the magnetic north direction.

 In case of electronic failure, the pilot can still use the

 If Magnetic bearings are always used, there is no need to

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 13

 Operating in low VHF frequency band for all VOR’s:

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 14

 A VOR beacon transmit two 30Hz signals to provide bearing information:

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 15

2. Rotating Course Card

4. Course Deviation Indicator

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 16

1. Omni Bearing Selector

2. Course Deviation Indicator

7. Selected Radial (OBS)

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 17

 Tune the VOR frequency in the navigation radio and

1. Omni Bearing Selector

2. Course Deviation Indicator

3. Radial or line of position

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 18

Example: Using a DVOR

 6 degrees deviation to the course

 The pilot needs to turn the plane to the

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 19

 Airbone VOR receiver is composed of:

Dem. AM fc = 9960Hz REF/VAR

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 20

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 21

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 22

OMNIDIRECTIONAL DIRECTIONAL OMNIDIRECTIONAL

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 23

1. AM modulated carrier by 30 Hz rotating pattern (variable signal).

2. AM modulated carrier by:

 9660 Hz FM modulated subcarrier by 30 Hz reference signal;

 Ident + audio signals.

NORMARC VRB-53D DVOR | 24

Ref Antennas Var Antennas