1.

How to teach reading

-Reading is a search for meaning which requires children to be active participants in the
construction of meaning.
-Readers learn about reading by reading. Children become readers by being fully involved in
books, in comics and magazines, in text on a computer screen, with texts of all kinds - and
by getting joy and satisfaction from reading
-Both independent and shared reading are vital for the development of children as readers.
-Children need to be exposed to many kinds of writing. However, an active involvement in
literature is essential. Literature has social and emotional value.

→ How can we teach reading?

We can read a book, do questions about it, explain the aim characters before and
talk about the book. It’s important use topics with childrens like. We can create
reading corners to promote autonomous reading, do a game after reading a book or
use songs.

We can’t use questions of yes or not, we have to do questions to students become

openminded (like what do you think will happen?)

We teach vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation… you can teach grammar before
and after

→ Teaching reading to YLs (P3 - 7 ANYS)

-Students do not need to have fully developed skills from the very beginning.
-We can start with simple and short reading activities (match spoken and written
words, complete short texts, reading short words and mime...) -and/or readings that
are familiar to them.
-Using posters and visual aids that children can read in class (e.g., come here, sit
down...)
-Move gradually from word level to sentence level. -Combine reading with more
dynamic activities (e.g., body movement, crafts, painting...)
If they have problems with reading: make questions (correct, incorrect or what will
happen next), use visual aims, simplify language,

→ Teaching reading to older learners

-Teach them strategies to become successful readers.

-Ask them analyse what they are reading by using concept questions.
-Use books and stories that are familiar to them.
-Use visual aids.
-You can use digital platforms (https://www.storybird.com) and/or games
(https://detective-stories.com) to engage them with reading.

2. How to teach listening

We can teach listening with songs, series, videos, films, talking to each other… And listening
involve understand and can explain what we listened before.
To develop the listening skills we have to do tasks, games, active practice and active
listening.

→ What makes listening in an L2 difficult?

-You listen once

-It happens in real time
-Limited exposure
-Pronunciation/accent difficulties
-Dialect/colloquial language/idioms
-Emotions/stress
-It’s ‘messier’ - hesitations, stops and stats
-Fillers (e.g., like)
- Different letters
- We try to translate it to L1
- You need previous knowledge

→ Listening subskills

Top-down: using own’s knowledge to fill in the gaps and/or understand

something(e.g., unknown word). Adults can use it more than children because they
less know about the world and, therefore, they have more difficulty guessing and
infering meaning. We don’t have to understand every single word, because we have
strategies. Adults can do it better than children because children don’t have the
strategies. (Running dictation)

Bottom up: relying on their knowledge, learners segment the speech they hear and
make sense of it. An example would be a dictogloss to practise the division between
the words in speech (connected speech). You need to segment every single part to
understand all.

→ Listening lesson stages

1.Pre listening: motivation, contextualisation and preparation. You can’t say “now we
are going to do a listening”, we have to introduce the vocabulary and the topic

2. While listening: 3 or 4 times; different tasks each time (e.g,gist task followed by
detail task followed by checking answers).

3. Post listening: personal reaction; analysis of language.