Humanities Full Referencing Guide 2020 FINAL

University of Roehampton
Humanities Referencing
Guide
For Classical Civilisation, Philosophy,
TRS, Ministerial Theology ONLY.
(History students, and Philosophy students for

some assignments only, use Chicago style,
described in a separate guide).
v.3, Last updated July 2020

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Note on use of this

document.
This refencing guide contains a comprehensive tutorial introduction to referencing in
general as well as the Humanities author-date-page system in particular. The tutorial
introduction is particularly useful for new students or anyone needing to revise the basics.
For those who just want to look up a particular reference format, please use Appendix 1
directly which contains a comprehensive specification of the many and various types of
item you may need to refer to.
Please note that this guide cannot hope to be comprehensive. Different subjects will have
special sorts of source not used elsewhere. If in doubt, please consult your tutor. Failing
that, it will almost always be fine to adapt a standard form of bibliographic entry as
appropriate. Tutors will primarily look for consistency of use.
Contents
(1) Introduction – what is referencing?............................................................1
(2) Referencing basics................................................................................1
Modern published works..............................................................................2
Basic approach – single authors..................................................................2
Two or more authors...............................................................................4
Works by large teams..............................................................................4
Ancient texts...........................................................................................4
Other historical texts and sources..................................................................6
Other exceptions......................................................................................7
(3) Referencing and transparency..................................................................7
Academic Integrity....................................................................................8
Plagiarism..............................................................................................8
Collaboration and collusion..........................................................................9
Student Disciplinary Regulations....................................................................9
Plagiarism and collusion...........................................................................9
Practical Examples................................................................................10
(4) Paraphrasing and quoting......................................................................11
Paraphrasing..........................................................................................11
Quoting................................................................................................12
Quotations and Turnitin............................................................................12
Punctuation...........................................................................................12
Paraphrasing vs. quoting...........................................................................13
Using sparingly.......................................................................................13
Examples..............................................................................................13
(5) Organising and laying out your essay.........................................................14
Overview..............................................................................................14
Structure and subheadings.........................................................................14
Numbered subheadings.............................................................................15
(6) Organising and formatting bibliographies....................................................16
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Most common types of source:....................................................................17

Book.................................................................................................17
Edited book/encyclopaedia/dictionary........................................................17
Journal article.....................................................................................18
Chapter in edited book...........................................................................18
Encyclopaedia or dictionary entry..............................................................18
Example Bibliography:..............................................................................19
Appendix 1: Bibliographic reference guide......................................................19
Books & ebooks......................................................................................20
Book with one author.............................................................................20
Book with more than one volume..............................................................20
Book with two authors...........................................................................20
Book with three authors.........................................................................20
Book with four authors or more.................................................................21
Edited book with one editor (whole book)....................................................21
Edited book with two editors (whole book)...................................................21
E–book (with traditional pagination, e.g. PDF etc.).........................................22
E–book (on device that uses “locations” e.g. Kindle, Kobi etc.)..........................22
E–book (online only)..............................................................................22
Book revised by a different author.............................................................23
Book revised by a different author with new material......................................23
Book republished with a different title........................................................23
Book reprinted in facsimile (same publisher, same page numbers).......................24
Book review (see below).........................................................................24
Articles in edited books, encyclopaedias and dictionaries....................................24
Chapter in edited book...........................................................................24
Entry in an encyclopaedia or extended technical dictionary...............................25
Word or term in a dictionary with a named editor only....................................25
Word or term in a traditional dictionary......................................................25
Word or term in an online dictionary..........................................................26
Articles in Journals, magazines, newspapers....................................................26
Journal article (from print or online journal without doi: doi-number)..................26
Journal article (online but without doi: doi-number).......................................26
Journal article (online with doi: doi-number)................................................26
Book review........................................................................................27
Article from print newspaper or magazine....................................................27
Article from online newspaper or magazine..................................................27
Theses, conference proceedings, presentations & lecture materials.......................28
Doctoral Thesis/Masters Dissertation..........................................................28
Doctoral Thesis/Masters Dissertation, online.................................................28
Conference Proceedings (complete)...........................................................28
Conference Proceedings, individual paper....................................................29
Conference or Seminar Presentation...........................................................29
Lecture/module materials.......................................................................29
Ancient and religious texts.........................................................................30
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Religious texts.....................................................................................30
Classical texts.....................................................................................30
Literary works........................................................................................31
Reprints of Literary Works.........................................................................31
Poem/play within an anthology...................................................................32
Edited play............................................................................................32
Foreign language works.............................................................................32
Translated work......................................................................................32
Works in other languages...........................................................................33
Works in other or non-roman alphabets..........................................................33
Works in dual languages............................................................................33
Webpages and Social Media........................................................................34
Website................................................................................................34
Blog....................................................................................................34
Twitter................................................................................................35
Facebook..............................................................................................35
Government publications, Acts, papers & reports..............................................35
UK Statutes (Acts of Parliament)..................................................................35
Command Papers (White & Green Papers).......................................................36
Government publications...........................................................................36
Ofsted reports........................................................................................36
Reports from other organisations.................................................................37
Publications of international organisations / Research reports..............................37
Company Annual Report............................................................................37
British Standards.....................................................................................38
Archive materials....................................................................................38
Visual sources........................................................................................38
Diagrams, tables and illustrations.................................................................38
Paintings/drawings in gallery......................................................................40
Paintings/drawings seen online....................................................................40
Photography, personal collection.................................................................40
Photography, online.................................................................................40
Posters & Pamphlets................................................................................41
Ordnance Survey Maps..............................................................................41
Audio-visual...........................................................................................41
Film, viewed at cinema/DVD......................................................................41
Film, viewed online.................................................................................41
Television programme/series......................................................................42
Extract from a television programme............................................................42
Programme or series on a streaming platform..................................................42
Programme or series on a streaming platform first shown on a terrestrial channel....43
Episode from a series on a streaming platform..............................................43
YouTube............................................................................................43
Interview, Broadcast.............................................................................44
Radio programmes................................................................................44
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Audio, CD...........................................................................................45
Audio, track from CD.............................................................................45
Audio download/streamed audio...............................................................45
Song lyrics..........................................................................................45
Classical recording................................................................................46
Music score.........................................................................................46
Podcast.............................................................................................46
Audiobook..........................................................................................46
Computer/Video games..........................................................................47
Live performances...................................................................................47
Concert.............................................................................................47
Classical Music.....................................................................................47
Play..................................................................................................47
Dance...............................................................................................48
Programme notes.................................................................................48
Public communications.............................................................................48
Press release.......................................................................................48
Television advertisement........................................................................49
Personal communications..........................................................................49
Emails/text messages/online messages.......................................................49
Interviews, in person.............................................................................49
Appendix 2: Referencing FAQs.....................................................................50
Multiple authors and ‘et al.’.......................................................................50
Multiple places of publication.....................................................................50
Reprint, copyright or published date.............................................................50
Published, printed or produced by................................................................50
No date................................................................................................50
No author.............................................................................................51
Referencing a source within another source: secondary referencing.......................51
Referencing a source with no page numbers....................................................51
Using acronyms.......................................................................................52
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(1) Introduction – what is referencing?

This guide describes a system for annotating your work with references, which show the
tutor how your work has grown out of your reading and research. This is an absolute
requirement for academic writing and everyone is expected to do this in any piece of work
they produce.
Referencing not only tells your tutor about the books and articles you have read in
general, but links all the stages of your discussion with references to exact locations in
these sources. Showing how academic ideas have developed and discussing what other
people have said are fundamental parts of the research process. An essay that does not
reference academic literature in this way will score very poorly and may not pass at all. At
every point, referencing allows your reader to look up anything you have used and find the
very words you were discussing.
There are several different ways of doing this, but one popular method helps keep your
essay reasonably uncluttered. This involves putting in only abbreviated indications of the
source locations, rather than the full details. Readers can then check up which source you
meant from a more detailed list at the end of your essay.
To use the proper terms, we distinguish between references (also called citations) which
you place in your discussion as you go along, and the bibliography – the complete listing of
your sources provided at the end of your work.
1. Reference: whenever you quote, paraphrase or discuss an idea in a source, you

must give an abbreviated indication there and then to show exactly where the
material has come from.
2. Bibliography: at the end of your essay, you give an alphabetical list of all the
sources used in your work with full publishers’ details included.
The exact way that references are signalled can vary (there are different schemes in use),
but the principle is very simple. The system described here uses the surname of the
author, the publication date and the page numbers only, e.g. “Smith (1982: 23-27)”.
Referencing, in short, really helps. In the section that follows, we describe exactly how
this is done, give some worked examples, and note various exceptions and special cases.
(2) Referencing basics

It was noted above that the basic form of reference abbreviates the information about the
cited source by means of the surname of the author, the publication date and the page
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number. This applies primarily to modern academic books and papers, which we shall deal
with first. References to ancient and historical texts, as well as certain types of modern
sources such as museum artefacts or social media posts are handled differently and will be
explained in separate sections further below.
Modern published works
Basic approach – single authors
As noted above, when you refer to someone else’s work, you should give an abbreviated
reference there and then in your essay. This usually involves specifying the author’s
surname, the date of publication and the page or pages you are referring to. This must
happen every single time the work is referred to, with different page numbers as
appropriate. The detailed bibliographic information (including title, publisher etc.) is
given in a full list at the end called a bibliography, where each source appears just once.
In the bibliography, works are listed alphabetically according to author’s surname.
Here is a very simple example to get you going.
Is Confusion Good? Discuss.

Introduction
According to Matthews (1999: 1), perplexity is central to Philosophy and every significant
philosopher from Socrates to Descartes and beyond has experienced it. Indeed, if perplexity can
be seen as a cousin to curiosity, then it could be said to be a sine qua non for successful inquiry
(Manguel, 2015: 13–30).
[Rest of your essay here]
Bibliography
Manguel, A. (2015) Curiosity. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Matthews, G. B. (1999) Socratic Perplexity and the Nature of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
[other texts here]
Note that in the simple example above, there are two styles of quotation, one where you
wish to draw attention to the author’s name in a more direct way (as used for Matthews on
line 1) and a second, where the name is more incidental (as used for Manguel on line 4).
Both of these styles of reference involve parentheses, but do so in a slightly different way.
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Style 1 uses the author’s name directly in your text and follows it with the date of the
publication and the page number or numbers
Matthews (1999: 1)
It is most often used before the idea that you are going to discuss. Thus you can use such a
reference in a statement about what an author thinks instead of their name, e.g.
“Matthews (1991: 1) says …”.
Style 2 is used for more of a passing comment about where an idea came from and places
the authors name, date and pages within the parentheses separated by commas.
(Matthews, 1991: 1)
This is likely to occur after you have mentioned the idea. E.g. “Curiosity is always
important in the humanities (Manguel, 2015: 13–30)”.
Note that if you find yourself referring to numerous page numbers in an extended
discussion of one book or article, you can use an even more compact abbreviation “ibid.”,
meaning “the same”. Thus, if we wished to note further points from Manguel, we might
signal them thus “(ibid., 33, 39-40)”. As soon as the author’s name changes, you have to
go back to a full reference.
Finally, as you can see, the sources you refer to are listed in the bibliography, placed at
the end of the essay. Each source is mentioned once, even if you refer to it many times in
the essay. You do not need to put the page numbers you have referred to in your essay in
the bibliography, this is simply the full description of the book or paper so other people
can find it in a library. It covers all the different references you made to it in your essay.
There may be page numbers involved, but these would always be intrinsic to the source
itself, e.g. an essay or a journal article, page ranges are an integral part of the
bibliographic entry, showing where item occurs within an edited collection or an issue of a
journal. Thus, you may see entries like:
Agosto, E. (2004) Patronage and Commendation, Imperial and anti–imperial, in Horsley

(ed.) Paul and the Roman Imperial Order. Richard A. Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press
International, pp. 103–123.
Wiersma, S. (1990) The Ancient Greek Novel and its Heroines: A Female Paradox,
Mnemosyne 43(1–2), pp. 109–123.
Note that in these full bibliographic entries, “p.” is used for a single page (very rare –
sometimes seen with very short book reviews or letters) and “pp.” for multiple pages
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(much more common). These abbreviations are not used for particular pages you refer to
in citations, where a simple numerical range is given after the date, e.g. Wiersma (1990:
2223).
Two or more authors
Where two authors are involved, all of the above still applies, but now you should mention
both authors in the reference, e.g. “Pears and Shields (2008) suggest helpfully that …”.
Where there are three authors, you should mention all three authors, e.g. “Levy, Ranjibar
and Dean (2006) discussed this extensively”.
Where there are four or more authors, you should use first author’s name with “et al.” to
mean “and the others”, e.g. Smith et al. (2015: 45).
The same rules apply in your bibliography. Where there are two authors, you should
include both of them; for four or more, you can use the first author plus “et al.”, as shown
in the example below.
Ciulla, J. et al. (2018) Philosophical contributions to leadership ethics, Business Ethics

Quarterly, 28(1), pp. 1-14.
Works by large teams
When every single chapter of a book (or entry in an encyclopaedia or dictionary) is written
by a different author, we do not use the “et al.” formalism. One person usually acts as the
“editor”, i.e. who coordinates the work. To reference the whole book, we cite the editor’s
name and the date in the usual way, e.g. Annus (2010), but in the bibliography, we add
“(ed.)” after their name. Further details about this format, and how to refer to a
particular chapter or section written by a member of the team are given in section 6,
below.
Ancient texts
An “ancient” text usually means any work composed before the era of printing and
publishing. The way you refer to ancient texts differs from that used for modern works and
different corpuses and texts can require distinct approaches. Because, for the most part,
exact dates are not known, we use the following three indicators:
Author abbreviation Text abbreviation Location in text
Note that the text name abbreviation is in italics.

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Author abbreviations can be found in dictionaries such as LSJ and other standard reference
works, e.g. Ap. Rhod. for Apollonius Rhodius, Ar. for Aristophanes, Callim. for Callimachus
etc. Where a text is very well known, or only mythically linked to an author, such as the
Odyssey, then we usually omit this. You can also miss such abbreviations out if it’s clear
what author you are talking about, e.g. in a discussion of Plutarch, you could just refer to
Per. 3:2, Dem. 29:2–7 for his lives of Pericles and Demosthenes. But if you need to mention
works by different authors at the same time, it’s best to include them, e.g. Pl. Phd. 60e–
61c., Aristid. Or. 47:71, Eurip. Bacc. 794–795 etc.
Text abbreviations are also listed in standard reference works. As with the full text names,
it is traditional to give these in italics, e.g. Eth. Eud. For Aristotle’s Ethica Eudemia and
Inv. Ret. for Cicero’s De inventione rhetorica and Aet. for Philo's De Aeternitate Mundi.
Note that, as above, abbreviations are often based on the Latin names for texts, even for
Greek works. Abbreviations based on the English names are, however, increasingly seen.
The main thing is to be consistent in your usage.
Location abbreviations vary. Some works are traditionally divided into “books” (volumes),
chapters or columns, paragraphs, verses or line numbers, and can be referenced
accordingly. Here, the largest division is followed by a colon, and finer ones by periods,
e.g. Od. 20:22–55 – Homer’s Odyssey, book 20, lines 22–55, Vit. Ap. 2:37 – Philostratus’
Life of Apollonius, book 2, paragraph 37, Insomn. 458b.1–9 – Aristotle’s On Dreams,
paragraph 458b, lines 1–9.
For other texts, such schemes do not exist and passages must be identified by a page
number in a particular printed edition, often identified via a capital letter e.g. “Def. Med.
XIX 462 K” means a passage in Galen’s Definitiones medicae found in Vol 19, page 462 of
Kühn's edition of 1821–1833.
Canonical and early religious works: Note for these, it is not traditional either to cite or
abbreviate authors (even if known) and abbreviations for books or tractates are not usually
italicised, e.g.
Rom 8:1 – Paul’s letter to the Romans, chapter 8, verse 1.

1QM 4:8 – Qumran Cave 1, War Scroll, column 4, line 8.
Al-Baqarah 66–72 – Quranic Surah Al-Baqarah, verses 66–72.
Mbh. 1:2.70 – Mahabharata, book 1 (Adi Parva), sub-book 2 (Sangraha), chapter 70.
B.Ber 55a – Babylonian Talmud, tractate Berakoth, Vilna edition, page 55 Recto.
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For each subject specialism, tutors will be able to point you to a definitive guide for your
discipline.
When you come to list ancient sources in your bibliography, these are traditionally placed
in a separate section before the modern sources. Since there was no official “publication”
of the original, you should provide the full modern bibliographic data for the critical
original– language edition or translation you are using, e.g.
Bibliography
Ancient Texts
Murray, A. T. et al. (1984) The Iliad. 2nd edn. (2 vols.) Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Edlow, R. B. (1977) Galen on Language and Ambiguity: An English Translation of Galenʼs “De
Captionibus (on Fallacies)” with Introduction, Text, and Commentary, Leiden: Brill.
Elliger, K., Rüger, H. P. (1984) Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. 2.Aufl. Stuttgart: Deutsche
Bibelgesellschaft.
Lauterbach, J. Z., Ishmael ben, E. (2004) Mekhilta de–Rabbi Ishmael: A Critical Edition. 2nd edn.
Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Society.
Secondary Literature
University Press.
... etc.
Other historical texts and sources

There are numerous older historical texts, which although printed, and the author and
indeed the date might be known, they still need handling in a special way. This is because
we may need to indicate exactly which translation or critical edition we are using. Only if
this is known would a page number be meaningful. In such situations, the version being
used is often indicated by a special abbreviation. Thus, for instance, Luther’s Heidelberg
Disputation was written in 1518, but we never find references to this work in the form
“Luther (1518: 12)”; rather, we find “Luther (LW, 31:42)” or “Luther (WA 1:364). Here,
LW and WA indicate particular editions. LW is a widely used American English translation,
Luther’s Works in 55 volumes, and WA is the German critical “Weimar” edition in 73
volumes. When using such references, you should give full information about the edition
used in your bibliography, e.g.
7
Bibliography
Ancient Texts …. etc.
Other historical sources

Pelikan, J., Lehmann, H. T. and Boyd Brown, C. (eds.) Luther’s Works. (75 vols.) Philadelphia:
Fortress Press, 1955-
Böhlaus, H. (ed.) Martin Luthers Werke. Kritische Gesamtausgabe. (73 vols.) Weimar:
Nachfolger, 1883-2009.
…. etc.
Secondary Literature
…. etc.
Important historical works often have their own distinct referencing style and you should
always consult your tutor if you need to refer to material of this sort.
Other exceptions
There are other exceptions to the author-date-page formalism, such as museum artefacts,
newspaper articles, plays, films, TV and radio programmes and social media posts. You can
see examples of how to cite these more exotic sources in Appendix 1.
Note that from here on worked examples will use only references for modern works via the
standard author-date-page formalism.
Having set out above a working guide to doing references correctly, we next discuss why
referencing is not merely useful, but also fundamentally necessary.
(3) Referencing and transparency

As noted above, referencing links all the stages of your discussion to exact locations in the
sources you have read. In this sense, it not only tells the tutor you have been doing your
course reading, but also shows the quality of your thought as you engage critically with
what authors are saying. Referencing is thus completely fundamental to scoring well in a
humanities essay, indeed, to passing at all.
If losing marks for failing to show how you are interacting with your reading isn’t bad
enough, there are even worse consequences that must be spelled out. Finding things out
from sources but not referencing them is an academic offence that can have very serious
consequences. This issue falls under the general area of academic integrity, which is
briefly described below.
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Academic Integrity
Academic integrity consists of five core values essential for learning at university level:
▪ Accuracy – ensuring your work is free from errors (e.g. when transcribing details
from a source)
▪ Honesty – about which ideas are your own and which are derived from others
▪ Fairness – not trying to gain an advantage by unfair means (e.g. contract cheating)
and not taking credit for other people’s work or ideas
▪ Responsibility – taking an active role in your learning, seeking out information that
you need in order to perform a task (e.g. finding out the original author of an
image/photograph you got from Google search)
▪ Respect – for the work of other people (including your peers, tutors and other
scholars)
Academic integrity and honesty are fundamental to the academic work you produce at the
University of Roehampton. You are expected to complete coursework which is your own
and which is referenced appropriately. The university has in place measures to detect
academic dishonesty in all its forms. If you are found to be cheating or attempting to gain
an unfair advantage over other students in any way, this is considered academic
misconduct and you will be penalised accordingly. Two of the key offenses of this kind are
plagiarism and collusion, which are described below.
Plagiarism
Plagiarism occurs when you attempt to present another person’s work as your own. When
you include the arguments, ideas, or theories of someone else without referencing them,
or use the exact words they have used, and present them as your own, then this is called
plagiarism. Plagiarism can involve anything from words or ideas, artefacts, musical
compositions, film, choreography, images, PowerPoints or web pages, whether or not the
source has been formally published.
Besides particular points or matters of substance, this can include using someone else’s
outline, headings, general line of argument or sequence of points. Any such dependence
would always need acknowledging.
Finally, just to underline the complete universality here, unacknowledged notes, material,
structures or ideas from friends, relatives or other students also constitute plagiarism,
however they have been communicated.
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The term plagiarism is derived from the Latin Plagiarius, which means kidnapper. If done
deliberately, plagiarism is dishonest and in certain public or professional circumstances
involving copyright or patents, may be a criminal act liable to prosecution. If you simply
forget to cite a source, a tutor may not be able to tell that it is an accident. In such cases,
you may be penalised just as if it had been deliberate.
There are two main ways of plagiarising:
(1) Failing to reference something altogether

(2) Referencing something properly, but not indicating that you have used the author’s
exact words. This fails to distinguish between paraphrasing and quoting (see
section 3, below) and creates the impression that the words are yours.
Both of these are academic offenses. A lack of awareness of the rules of referencing is not
an acceptable excuse for plagiarism so please double check everything you say.
Collaboration and collusion

Sometimes you will be asked to work with others to display team–working skills. This is
called collaboration. When you submit collaborative work, it will usually bear all the
names of your team. Sometimes you will be asked to clarify the distinct contributions of
each member.
Asking another student to provide material help with your work when it is supposed to be
done by you alone, is called “collusion” and is an offense on the part of both students. The
tutor will always make it clear whether work should be done in a team or done alone.
Whilst all students are encouraged to share and discuss their subject area in general,
“material help” here means something more concrete than this, such as providing essay
outlines, solutions to problems, rough notes, old essays etc.
Students suspected of collusion will be dealt with under the same disciplinary code used
for plagiarism. All such practices are referred to as “academic misconduct”.
Student Disciplinary Regulations

The University of Roehampton takes plagiarism and collusion very seriously. The rules are
set out in a document called Student Code of Conduct, section 3.
Plagiarism and collusion
a) Students must not use ideas from another person’s work in any quantity without
adequately identifying and citing it as a source.
10
b) No student shall assist or be assisted by another student them in such a way as to

gain an unfair advantage in an assessment.
The university has a number of systems in place to find plagiarism in student’s work
including software such as ‘Turnitin’ which compares your work against published and
internet-based sources, as well as previous student essays from the UK and around the
world. If you are found to have plagiarised, you will face disciplinary proceedings. This can
lead to failing your module, your year of study, or in extreme cases, being expelled from
university. You should always ensure that you reference your work properly and carefully.
To find out more about Turnitin go to the eLearning website.
Practical Examples
a) Using sentences, parts of sentences, or larger pieces of text without attributing

them. This includes cutting and pasting sections from websites.
b) Citing the name of an author but not making clear which words are the author's and
which are yours.
c) Mixing and matching parts of sentences to create new ones: if you use recognisable
phrases that are not your own then you are plagiarising, unless the phrases need to
be there to retain the meaning (e.g. jargon words from your discipline).
d) Using unattributed sentences with sporadic words changed.
e) Quoting inaccurately. If you cite the author and source and put a quote in inverted
commas but do not reproduce the quote faithfully (word for word), then this is
malpractice and potentially very misleading for readers.
f) Failing to list all of the sources used in your essay in your bibliography. All websites
visited, radio/television programmes watched as well as books and journals read,
should be included.
g) Writing a piece of work with another student (unless this is group work).
h) Submitting a piece of work written in whole or in part by someone else.

i) Paying to have a piece of work written by someone else.
j) Resubmitting part of or a whole assignment you have previously submitted. Even if
this is your own work, the university considers this to be plagiarism as each piece
of work you submit must be original.
Quoting very long passages (unless the point being made is particularly complex and needs
an extensive quotation) is not exactly plagiarism but it is poor practice. Roehampton does
not accept any of the reasons below as excuses for plagiarism:
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a) Lack of time/poor time management.

b) Not understanding the nature of plagiarism. First, if you do any of the things listed
above you have plagiarised. Second, if you are in any doubt consult your tutor
before submitting an essay: they will be happy to offer you advice.
c) Not being able to complete or not understanding a piece of work.
d) Muddled notes leading to confusion between original material and quotes.
(4) Paraphrasing and quoting

A reference is used whenever you wish to refer your reader to a specific idea or discussion
in a source. This can occur in two contexts (1) when simply describing an idea that comes
from an author in your own words (paraphrasing) or (2) when you wish to reproduce
exactly what an author says in their words (a quotation). Both of these are referenced in
exactly the same way using the appropriate approach for modern or ancient works as
noted above.
Before giving further examples (which will presuppose use of modern sources), we will
explore further these two contexts, paraphrasing and quoting.
Paraphrasing
When you include the arguments, ideas, or theories of anyone other than yourself in your
assignment and put them into your own words, this is called paraphrasing. Paraphrasing
can be used in a number of situations in your essays:
• Referring to a school of thought.

• Summarising the argument of a chapter or a book.
• Summarising an idea.
• Presenting the gist of a few specific sentences.
Whenever you paraphrase, you will need to acknowledge the source you originally
obtained the information from. If you do not include an acknowledgement then this is
plagiarism. Thus for example: “Pandora, curious to know what was in the jar, took off its
lid (Manguel, 2015: 39)”.
Note that if the idea appears within a few lines on a particular page, then you will have a
single page number in your reference. If the idea re-appears at several different points,
then you may wish to list a sequence of pages, e.g. Matthews (1999: 6, 8, 21); if you are
referring to an extended argument, summarising a chapter or part of a paper, then you
12
will need a page range, e.g. Matthews (1999: 19–30); finally, if you are referring to the
overall findings of an entire work, you don’t need a page number at all e.g. just Matthews
(1999), for instance.
Quoting
When you include the exact words of someone else’s work in your essay you are quoting.
You must indicate that the words you are using are not your own.
We handle short quotations and longer quotations differently.
Short quotations: for quotations less than one line of text, just include the words within
your text between speech marks with an appropriate introduction and a standard
reference, either before or after the words, e.g. ‘Matthews (1999: 3) says “Socrates offers
no solution to his … question” …’.
Longer quotations: these should be set out in a new paragraph, enclosed in speech marks
(see below), indented from the main text on both sides and given in a smaller point size.
Such a quotation must still be introduced, and must still have a reference attached, e.g.
Matthews concludes:
“Aristotle's solution to the puzzle of the non-vanishing universe is that the passing-away of
one thing is a coming-to-be of something else, just as the coming-to-be of one thing is a
passing away of something else ... Coming to be and passing away are thus what we might
call 'recycling operations'” (Matthews, 1999: 16).
Quotations and Turnitin

Although many books do not require speech marks for these longer quotations (they always
do for shorter ones), the submission system, Turnitin, does need them if it is to recognise
these as quotations and not as examples of plagiarism (unacknowledged copying). Thus,
for a student essay it is best to include speech marks as shown above.
Punctuation
It is important to punctuate your sentences correctly when you are quoting or
paraphrasing. For a paraphrase, everything you say is your own and therefore must be
punctuated accordingly. For a quotation, the text between the within the speech marks is
viewed as “outside” your text and is thus punctuated as by the original author. The only
exception here is that if the quote ends your own sentence, then you don’t give two full
13
stops. You miss out the author’s one and include your own after the closing speech marks,
e.g.
Correct: Smith (2008: 43) argues that “it is essential to punctuate your sentences
correctly”.
Incorrect: Smith (2008: 43) argues that “it is essential to punctuate your sentences
correctly.”
Paraphrasing vs. quoting

In general, you will use paraphrasing far more often than quoting. You only need to quote
if the actual wording (as opposed to the general idea), is so interesting it must be
included. This is very rare. If you don’t need to do it, just don’t. If you do need to do it,
prefer short quotes to long ones.
Please remember, changing the wording of copied text does not mean it becomes your
own work and it needs to be referenced in exactly the same way as a quotation. If you are
suspected of having done this deliberately in order to disguise copied text, then you are
likely to be penalised even more heavily.
Using sparingly
Finally, even if quotes or paraphrases are properly referenced, you should not use them so
extensively that you are essentially providing someone else’s answer to your essay
question. You may win some credit for knowing who the significant authors are and for
referencing your work in great detail, but most of the marks are given for your analysis of
the issues.
Examples
Short quotation without Play is “essentially impossible for a child under three”
author’s name in sentence (Vygotsky, 1980: 96).
Short quotation with Vygotsky argued against the definition of play as “an
author’s name in sentence activity that gives pleasure to the child” (1980: 92).
14
Long quotation Play helps children to transition to the stage where

perception - what they directly see - can be separated
from meaning.
“The child cannot yet detach thought from object.

The child’s weakness is that in order to imagine a
horse, he need to define his action by means of
using ‘the-horse-in-the-stick’ as the pivot”.
(Vygotsky, 1980: 97-98)
Paraphrase without author’s Play should not be defined as an activity that gives
name in sentence children pleasure, but as one that meets a child’s
developmental needs. (Vygotsky, 1980: 92).
Paraphrase with author’s Vygotsky (1980: 92) believed that play should not be
name in sentence defined as an activity that gives children pleasure, but as
one that meets a child’s developmental needs.
(5) Organising and laying out your essay
Overview
Tutors will always want a clear, easy to follow essay. This will involve a bold title in larger
type (the full essay question is best), logical sections marked by subheadings, 11-12pt
default size text, 1½ line spacing and good margins (e.g. 2.5 cm either side). Of course,
your argument needs to be clear and engaging too, but visible structuring of your work can
often help you keep track of where you are going. With longer pieces of work, particularly
dissertations, you may wish to use footnotes for supplementary references and points of
clarification. The only aspect of layout touched on below is the formatting of long
quotations. Otherwise, your tutors will be able to advise.
Structure and subheadings

As mentioned above, highlighting the structure of your work is a really good way of making
sure you tutor can see the structure you are using. A simple way of doing this is to use an
ordinary plain font and point size for your main text and two larger bolder styles. The
largest of these can be used for the essay title, and towards the end, the heading for the
bibliography. The smaller special style (that is still larger than the ordinary text) is used
for sub-headings to indicate which section is coming next. These sections should be named
15
in some short but appropriate way. It is never good to be too cryptic – just go for a simple,
transparent statement of what the next section is about. It is always useful, however, for
the first such section to be called “Introduction”, and the last section “Conclusion”. In the
introduction, you should give a brief account of the line of attack in your essay. In the
conclusion, you should round up your findings and summarise them as clearly as possible.
As an example of how to do these headings, I elaborate the sample outline used earlier:
16
Is Confusion Good? Discuss.

Introduction
According to Matthews (1999: 1), perplexity is central to Philosophy and every significant
philosopher from Socrates to Descartes and beyond has experienced it. Indeed, if perplexity can
be seen as a cousin to curiosity, then it could be said to be a sine qua non for successful inquiry
(Manguel, 2015: 13–30).
[Rest of introduction goes here]
Confusion in Ancient Philosophy

[Text of this section goes here in your ordinary font]
Confusion in Modern Philosophy

[other sections as appropriate]
Conclusion
Bibliography
University Press.
[other texts here]
Numbered subheadings
The simple subheadings shown in the above example should be fine for any normal
undergraduate essay. For longer projects such as the third year Special Essay or
Dissertation, you may need a smaller type of sub-heading in addition to the basic one, and
at that point you may need to think about numbering these.
This is done in the following way:
1 . Introduction
1.1 Sub-heading
17
1.2 Sub-heading
2 . Main section
2.1 Sub-heading
2.2 Sub-heading
3 . Main section etc.
Microsoft word has some special facilities for generating these numbered headings
automatically, and for dissertations, can use these to create a table of contents for your
work. Please consult your MSWord documentation for details on how to do this.
(6) Organising and formatting bibliographies

In-text references or citations are just a way of indicating the sources you are using as you
go along. At the end of every essay or dissertation, you must list all the works you have
referred to in full. As noted above, if you refer to ancient texts, or other historical sources
it may be useful to list these in a separate section. However, the bulk of your list will
always concern secondary literature or modern academic studies. The bibliography
provides full details of each source in alphabetical order of author or editor’s surname.
The details you need to provide will vary depending on the type of sources you have used,
but may include information such as the place of publication and publisher, the full web
address or URL, an original broadcast date or the date an online source was accessed.
Besides sources you have referenced, some tutors may also ask you to note material that
you have read or consulted in general but not cited specifically. Given that it is important
that tutors can check your formal references, it is best to put additional works in a
separate section and label them as “also consulted” or similar.
Your bibliography should be laid out as neatly as possible so it is easy for your tutor to find
the full details of each source you are referring to. Choose a clear font in an easy to read
size (at least size 12). Space out each entry with a line in between each one and sort the
list alphabetically by authors’ surnames. Those from a non-English speaking background
maybe more used to ordering names differently, so it is important to get clear as to which
of the author’s names is their surname. For some longer projects, tutors may ask you to
18
arrange the entries into separate sections, e.g. books, articles, websites etc. but a simple
list ordered by surname should be your working default.
Most common types of source:

In a bibliography, different kinds of source are specified in slightly different ways. The
most common kinds you will need are detailed below. Note that in each case, the way you
lay out the full bibliographic entry for the bibliography is given first, and then the in-text
citation format, both with examples.
Book
Bibliographic format: Author (Year) Title of Book. Edition - if reqd. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Examples: Cottrell, S. (2015) Skills for Success: Personal Development and Employability.
3rd edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Citation format: Surname (date: pages) OR (Surname, date: pages)
Example: (Cottrell, 2015: 28-34)
Note: in their life-times, some books go through multiple revisions or “editions”. If no

edition information is given, this means the first, usually printed version. Later revisions
are signalled “2nd edn.”, “3rd edn.” etc. Where this has involved a change of format, e.g.
to electronic text, possibly with different page numbering, you may see “Kubo edn.”, “2 nd,
Kindle edn.” or similar.
Edited book/encyclopaedia/dictionary
Bibliographic format: Editor (ed.) (Year) Title of Book. Edition – if reqd. Place of
Publication: Publisher.
Example: Race, R. and Lander, V. (eds.) (2014). Advancing Race and Ethnicity in
Education.
London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Citation format: Surname (date) OR (Surname, date)
Example: (Race and Lander, 2014)
Note: page numbers are not included in this citation example as it is a reference to the
whole edited volume. A page range will place you within the article of one of the
19
contributors and this must be cited by the author’s name, not the editors. This is a much
more likely thing to need to do. For details, please see “Chapter in edited book” below.
Journal article
In this and the next two bibliographic entries, an article or essay in a collection is
additionally identified by a page range. “p.” is used for a single page (very rare –
sometimes seen with very short book reviews or letters) and “pp.” for multiple pages
(much more common). These abbreviations are not used for the pages you refer to in the
citations (which indicate what bits you read), where a simple numerical range is given
after the date, e.g. Wiersma (1990: 22-23).
Bibliographic format: Author (Year) Title of article, Title of Journal, Volume (Issue), p. or
pp. Pages.
Example: Ciulla, J. et al. (2018) Philosophical contributions to leadership ethics, Business

Ethics Quarterly, 28(1), pp. 1-14.
Example: (Ciulla et al., 2018: 12-13)
Chapter in edited book
Bibliographic format: Author (Year) Title of chapter, in Editor (ed.) Title of Book.
Edition - if reqd. Place of Publication: Publisher, p. or pp. Pages.
Example: Hall, J., Peat, J. and Craig, S. (2014) Journeys to success: an appreciative
inquiry into the academic attainment of black and minority ethnic students at a post-1992
London university, in Race, R. and Lander, V. (eds.) Advancing Race and Ethnicity in
Education.
London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 82-92.
Example: (Hall, Peat and Craig, 2014: 84-85)
Encyclopaedia or dictionary entry
Bibliographic format: Author of entry (Year) Title of entry, in Editor (ed.) Title of the
Book. (Volume). Place of publication: Publisher, p. or pp. Pages.
Example: Summer, M. (2013) Reparation, in McLaughlin, K. and Muncie, J. (eds.) The Sage
Dictionary of Criminology. 2nd edn. London: Sage, pp. 470-477.
20
Example: use surname of author of entry, e.g. (Summer, 2015: 472)
There are many other kinds of item, such as articles from the web, radio or TV reports,
book reviews etc. A large selection is given in Appendix 1, and a selection of the most
frequent queries concerning these is given in Appendix 2.
Example Bibliography:
Works consulted but not referenced
Cooper, H. (2002) History in the Early Years. 2nd edn. London: Routledge.
Works cited
British Dyslexia Association (no date) Train the Trainer: Teaching for Neurodiversity.
Available at: https://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/about/projects/dyslexia-spld-support-
project-2016-17 (Accessed: 24 September 2018).
Cottrell, S. (2015) Skills for Success: Personal Development and Employability. 3rd edn.
Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Levy, F.J., Ranjbar, A. and Dean, C.H. (2006) Dance movement as a way to help children
affected by war, Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 77(5), pp.6-12.
doi: 10.1080/07303084.2006.10597870
Linton, S. et al. (2017) Harnessing the power of film to combat mental health stigma: a
University College London psychiatry society event, Psychiatria Danubina, 29(s3), pp.
300-306.
Tan, A. (2018) WhatsApp conversation with Andrew Wong, 1 June.
Note: where there is no author/editor/corporate author etc., the entry is listed by title of
the work and ordered alphabetically within the list. For other exceptions to the normal
patterns, see the FAQs in Appendix 2.
Appendix 1: Bibliographic reference guide

This appendix gives a full listing of as many kinds of bibliographic entry as you are likely to
meet, including the briefer selection of examples given above. If you can’t find what you
want here, then the chances are that it will be perfectly fine to adapt something that is
close to what you need.
Note in the following that the edition is needed only if you are not listing the first edition
e.g. (2nd edn., 5th edn. et sim.), or if you need to specify a special format such as Kindle
(just say Kindle edn.).
21
Books & ebooks
Book with one author
Bibliographic format: Surname, Initials (Year) Title of Book. Edition - if reqd. Place of
Example: Cottrell, S. (2015) Skills for Success: Personal Development and Employability.
3rd edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Example: Cottrell (2015: 22-23) OR (Cottrell, 2015: 22-23)
Book with more than one volume
Bibliographic format: Surname, Initials (Year) Title of Book. Edition - if reqd. (Vols.
number of volumes) Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Witherington, B. (2009) The Indelible Image: The Theological and Ethical
Thought World of the New Testament. (2 Vols.) Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic.
Citation format: Surname (date: volume:pages) OR (Surname, date: volume:pages)
Example: Witherington (2009: 1:22-23) OR (Witherington, 2009: 1: 22-23)
Book with two authors
Bibliographic format: Surname1, Initials1, Surname2, Initials2 (Year) Title of Book. Edition
- if reqd. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Johal, P. and Vickerstaff, B. (2012) Financial Accounting. London: Hodder

Education.
Citation format: Surname1 and Surname2 (date: pages) OR (Surname1 and Surname2,
date: pages)
Example: Johal and Vickerstaff (2012: 22-23) OR (Johal and Vickerstaff, 2012: 22-23)
Book with three authors
Bibliographic format: Surname1, Initials1, Surname2, Initials2, Surname3, Initials3 (Year)

Title of Book. Edition - if reqd. Place of Publication: Publisher.
22
Example: Goepel, J., Childerhouse, H. and Sharpe, S. (2015) Inclusive Primary Teaching: A
Critical Approach to Equality and Special Educational Needs. 2nd edn. St Albans: Critical
Publishing.
Citation format: Surname1, Surname2 and Surname3 (date: pages) OR (Surname1,

Surname2 and Surname3, date: pages)
Example: Goepel, Childerhouse and Sharpe (2015: 22-23) OR (Goepel, Childerhouse and
Sharpe, 2015: 22-23)
Book with four authors or more
Bibliographic format: Surname1, Initials1 et al. (Year) Title of Book. Edition - if reqd.
Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Timbury, M.C. et al. (2002) Notes on Medical Microbiology. Edinburgh: Churchill
Livingstone.
Citation format: Surname1 et al. (date: pages) OR (Surname1 et al., date: pages)
Example: Timbury et al. (2002: 22-23) OR (Timbury et al., 2002: 22-23)
Edited book with one editor (whole book)
Bibliographic format: Editor’s surname (ed.) (Year) Title of Book. Edition - if reqd. Place
of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Alesse, F. (ed.) (2008) Philo of Alexandria and Post-Aristotelian Philosophy.

Leiden: Brill.
Citation format: Surname (date) OR (Surname, date)
Example: Alesse (2008) OR (Alesse, 2008)
Edited book with two editors (whole book)
Bibliographic format: Surname1, Initials1, Surname2, Initials2 (eds.) (Year) Title of Book.
Edition - if reqd. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Ahbel–Rappe, S., Kamtekar, R. (eds.) (2006) A Companion to Socrates. Oxford:

Blackwell.
Note: Edited books with three or more editors follows the pattern for authors above.
Citation format: Surname1 and Surname2 (date) OR (Surname1 and Surname2, date)
23
Example: Ahbel–Rappe and Kamtekar (2006) OR (Ahbel–Rappe and Kamtekar, 2006)
E–book (with traditional pagination, e.g. PDF etc.)
Bibliographic format: Surname (Year) Title of Book. e-edition - if different from print.
Example: Mitra, R. (2015) Akram Khan: Dancing New Interculturalism. Adobe eReader
edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Note: Page numbering on stand–alone e-books may vary from the hardcopy, hence the
importance of specifying exactly which edition you are talking about.
Example: Mitra (2015: 22-23) OR (Mitra, 2015: 22-23)
E–book (on device that uses “locations” e.g. Kindle, Kobi etc.)
Bibliographic format: Surname (Year) Title of Book. e–reader edn. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Example: Hooks, B. (2015) Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism. 2nd Kindle edn.
Abingdon: Routledge.
Note: in the case of Kindle and other e–readers, pages are often replaced by “location
numbers”, of which there tends to be considerably more. For references, you should use
the system used by the edition itself, e.g. (Hooks, 2015: locn. 1032).
Citation format: Surname (date: “locn.” location-range) OR (Surname, date: “locn.”

location-range)
Example: Hooks (2015: locn. 1102-1110) OR (Hooks, 2015: locn. 1102-1110)
E–book (online only)
Bibliographic format: Surname (Year) Title of Book. Online edn. Place of Publication:
Publisher. Available at URL (Accessed: dd Month yyyy).
Example: Mitra, R. (2015) Akram Khan: Dancing New Interculturalism. Basingstoke:

Palgrave Macmillan. Available at:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/roehamptonebooks/detail.action?docID=4000861
(Accessed: 28 August 2018).
24
Note: In a purely online book, there may be no page numbers, so you may have to refer to
numbered sections in the work itself, e.g. “Jones (2018: Section 1.3)”, as noted above.
Citation format: Surname (date: page or section no. as appropriate) OR (Surname, page or
section no. as appropriate)
Example: Mitra (2015: locn. 1102-1110) OR (Mitra, 2015: locn. 1102-1110)
Book revised by a different author
Bibliographic format: Original Author’s Surname, Initials (date of revised edition) Title of
Book. Edition - if reqd. Revised by Reviser’s Surname, Initials Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Example: Docking, J. W. (2002) Managing Behaviour in the Primary School. 3rd edn.
Revised and updated by MacGrath, M. London: David Fulton.
Citation format: Original Author’s Surname (date of revised edition: pages) OR (Original
Author’s Surname, date of revised edition: pages)
Example: Docking (2002: 22-23) OR (Docking, 2002: 22-23)
Book revised by a different author with new material
Bibliographic format: Original Author’s Surname, Initials, Editor/Contributor’s Surname,

Initials (date of revised edition) Title of Book. Edition - if reqd. Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Example: Docking, J. W., MacGrath, M. (2002) Managing Behaviour in the Primary School.
3rd revised and augmented edn. London: David Fulton.
Citation format: Original Author’s Surname and Editor/Contributor’s Surname (date of

revised edition: pages) OR (Original Author’s Surname and Editor/Contributor’s Surname,
date of revised edition: pages)
Example: Docking and MacGrath (2002: 22-23) OR (Docking and MacGrath, 2002: 22-23)
Book republished with a different title
Bibliographic format: Surname (Year) Current Title of Book. Place of Publication:

Publisher (Originally published as: Original Title of Book. First published: Date).
Example: Horowitz, A. (2003) Return to Groosham Grange. London: Walker Books

(Originally published as: The Unholy Grail. First published: 1999).
25
Example: Horowitz (2003: 22-23) OR (Horowitz, 2003: 22-23)
Book reprinted in facsimile (same publisher, same page numbers)
Bibliographic format: Surname (Year) Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher (Repr:
date of reprinting).
Example: Horowitz, A. (2003) Return to Groosham Grange. London: Walker Books (Repr:
2013).
Note: If the page numbering has altered, this must be noted as a new and distinct edition,
e.g. Horowitz, A. (2013) Return to Groosham Grange. (10th anniversary edn.) London:
Walker Books.
Example: Horowitz (2003: 22-23) OR (Horowitz, 2003: 22-23)
Book review (see below)
Note: A book review is usually published as a journal or magazine article. See appropriate
section below.
Articles in edited books, encyclopaedias and dictionaries
The following examples show how to deal with cases where an author has contributed a
section of a book, encyclopaedia or dictionary entry. Here you need both the author of the
article or entry and the full details of the overall text.
Chapter in edited book
Bibliographic format: Author’s Surname, Initials (Year) Title of chapter in Editor’s

Surname, Initials (ed.) Title of Book. Edition - if reqd. Place of Publication: Publisher, p.
or pp. pages.
Example – one author: Butroyd, R. (2008) Relationships with children and young people, in
Denby, N. (ed.) How to Achieve your QTS: A Guide for Students. London: Sage, pp. 25-46.
Example – three authors: Hall, J., Peat, J. and Craig, S. (2014) Journeys to Success: An
Appreciative Inquiry into the Academic Attainment of Black and Minority Ethnic Students
at a Post-1992 London University’, in Race, R. and Lander, V. (eds.) Advancing Race and
Ethnicity in Education. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 82-92.
26
Citation format: Author’s Surname (date: pages) OR (Author’s Surname, date: pages)
Example: Butroyd (2008: 27) OR (Butroyd, 2008: 27)
Entry in an encyclopaedia or extended technical dictionary
Bibliographic format: Author’s Surname, Initials (Year) Title of Article or Entry, in Editor’s
Surname, Initials Name of Encyclopaedia or Dictionary. Edition - if reqd. (Vols. number of
volumes) Place of Publication: Publisher, Vol. Volume – if reqd., p. or pp. Pages.
Example: Baumgarten, J. M. (2000) Judicial Procedures, in Schiffman, L. H. and

VanderKam, J. C. (eds.) Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. (2 Vols.) New York, NY:
OUP, Vol.1, pp.
455–460.
Citation format: Author’s Surname (date: volume:pages) OR (Author’s Surname, date:

volume:pages)
Example: Baumgarten (2000: 1:458) OR (Baumgarten, 2000: 1:458)
Word or term in a dictionary with a named editor only
Bibliographic format: Editor’s Surname, Initials (ed.) (Year) Title of Entry, in Name of
Encyclopaedia or Dictionary. Edition - if reqd. (Vols. number of volumes) Place of
Publication: Publisher, Vol. Volume – if reqd., p. or pp. Pages.
Example: McLaughlin, K. and Muncie, J. (eds.) (2013) Reparation, in The Sage Dictionary
of Criminology. 2nd edn. London: Sage, pp. 470-477.
Example with doi: Linkenauger, S., Hopkins, B., and Geangu, E. (eds.) (2017) Learning
theories, in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Child Development. 2nd edn. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, pp. 50–59. doi: 10.1017/9781316216491.008
Citation format: Editor’s Surname (date: volume:pages) OR (Editor’s Surname, date:

volume:pages)
Example: McLaughlin and Muncie (2013: 53) OR (2013: 53)
Word or term in a traditional dictionary
Bibliographic format: [leave author blank] (Year) ‘Title of Entry’, in Name of Dictionary.
Edition - if reqd. Place of Publication: Publisher.
27
Example: ……… (2004) Orwellian, in Oxford English Dictionary. 28th edn. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Citation format: (Dictionary Name, Date)
Example: (Oxford English Dictionary, 2004)
Word or term in an online dictionary
Bibliographic format: [leave author blank] (Year) Title of Entry, in Name of Dictionary
Online. Edition - if reqd. Available at URL (Accessed: dd Month yyyy)
Example: ……… (2016) Orwellian, in Oxford English Dictionary Online. Available at:
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/orwellian (Accessed: 25 September 2018).
Citation format: Dictionary Name [add ‘Online’], Date of last update of entry if known)
Example: (Oxford English Dictionary Online, 2016)
Articles in Journals, magazines, newspapers
Journal article (from print or online journal without doi: doi-number)
Bibliographic format: Author (Year) Title of article, Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), p. or

pp. Pages.
Example: Ciulla, J. et al. (2018) Philosophical contributions to leadership ethics, Business

Ethics Quarterly, 28(1), 1-14.
Example: Linton, S. et al. (2017) Harnessing the power of film to combat mental health
stigma: a University College London Psychiatry Society event, Psychiatria Danubina,
29(s3), pp. 300-306.
Note: Rules for 1, 2, 3, 4 or more authors as per books.
Example: Linton (2017: 304-305) OR (Linton, 2017: 304-305)
Journal article (online but without doi: doi-number)
Follow the standard journal article format above

28
Journal article (online with doi: doi-number)
Bibliographic format: Author (Year) Title of article, Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), p. or

pp. Pages. doi: doi-number
Example: Brisman, A. (2017) ‘Tensions in green criminology’, Critical Criminology, 25(2),

pp. 311-323. doi:10.1007/s10612-017-9365-8
Example: Brisman (2017: 320-321) OR (Brisman, 2017: 320-321)
Book review
Bibliographic format: Author of the review (Year) Title of the Book Being Reviewed by
Author of book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of Book, in Title of journal,
Volume(Issue), p. or pp. Pages.
If online add: Available at: URL (Accessed: dd Month, yyyy).
Example: Smith, J. (2004), Review of Beegu by A. Deacon. New York: Doubleday, 2003,
Reviewed in: Publisher’s Weekly. 250 (36), pp. 74-75.
Example: Smith (2004: 75) OR (Smith, 2004: 75)
Article from print newspaper or magazine
Bibliographic format: Author (Year) Title of article. Title of Newspaper or magazine, Day
Month, p. or pp. Pages.
Example: Else, H. (2016) Success rates data may mask gender bias. Times Higher
Education, 20 October, pp. 6-7.
Citation format: Surname (Year: pages) OR (Surname, Year: pages)
Example: Else (2016: 6) OR (Else, 2016: 6)
Article from online newspaper or magazine
Bibliographic format: Author (Year) Title of article. Title of Online Newspaper or

Magazine, Day Month, Available at: URL (Accessed: dd Month, yyyy).
Example: Chakrabortty, A. (2016) This NHS crisis is not economic. It’s political. The
Guardian, 8 February. Available at:
29
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/feb/08/this-nhs-crisis-is-not-economic-
itspolitical (Accessed: 3 May 2018).
Citation format: Surname (date: paragraph) OR (date: paragraph)
Example: Chakrabortty (2016: para. 4) OR (Chakrabortty, 2016: para. 4)
Note: page numbers are usually not given for an online article. If there are section
numbers, then you can use those.
Theses, conference proceedings, presentations & lecture materials
Doctoral Thesis/Masters Dissertation
Bibliographic format: Author (Year) Title of Work. Type of Thesis. Name of Institution.
Example: Thompson, M. (2006) The Focolare Movement. MA Thesis. University of Wales.
Example: Thompson (2006: 22-23) OR (Thompson, 2006: 22-23)
Doctoral Thesis/Masters Dissertation, online
Bibliographic format: Author (Year of submission) Title of Thesis/Dissertation. Type of

Degree. Degree-awarding body. Available at: URL (Accessed: dd Month yyyy) or doi:
doinumber.
Example: Bramwell, R. (2011) The Aesthetics and Ethics of London Based Rap: A Sociology
of UK Hip-hop and Grime. PhD Thesis. The London School of Economics and Political
Science (LSE). Available at: http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/189/ (Accessed: 4 September 2018).
Example: Bramwell (2011: 22-23) OR (Bramwell, 2011: 22-23)
Conference Proceedings (complete)
Bibliographic format: Editor surname, Initials (ed.) (Year) Title of Conference

Proceedings, Place of Publication: Publisher. p. or pp. Pages.
Example: Smith, A. (ed.) (2008) Making Connections – Bringing Together Research on

ELearning. London: University of Middlesex.
Note: If online add “Available at: URL (Accessed: dd Month, yyyy)”.

30
Citation format: Title of Conference Proceedings [possibly abbreviated] (date) OR (Title

of Conference Proceedings [possibly abbreviated], date)
Example: Proceedings of the International Classical Association (1976) OR (Proc. ICA,
1976)
Conference Proceedings, individual paper
Bibliographic format: Author (Year) Title of paper, Title of Conference, Dates of

Conference. Place of Publication: Publisher, p. or pp. Pages. Available at: URL (Accessed:
dd Month yyyy).
Example: McKie, A. (2008) Mapping the territory, Making Connections – Bringing Together
Research on e-Learning. November. London: University of Middlesex, pp.10-14.
Note: If online add “Available at: URL (Accessed: dd Month, yyyy)”.

Example: McKie (2008: 12) OR (McKie, 2008: 12)
Conference or Seminar Presentation
Bibliographic format: Author (Year) Title of Presentation. Presented at: Name of

conference, Location of conference.
Example: Hayes, D. (2009) From Flagellation to Therapy: What are Students Learning
Today? Presented at: ALDinHE Conference, Bournemouth University.
Note: If slides or handout are available online add “Available at: URL (Accessed: dd Month,
yyyy)”.
Citation format: Surname (date: slides/pages) OR (Surname, date: slides/pages)
Example: Hayes (2009: slides 3-5) OR (Hayes, 2009: slides 3-5)
Lecture/module materials
Bibliographic format: Author/Tutor (Year) Title of online presentation/handout/resource

[Item type] Module code: Module Title. Institution. Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: dd
Month yyyy).
Example: Riley, M. (2013) Surveillance and Social Control [PowerPoint] PHT020C105A:

Surveillance and Society. University of Roehampton.
31
Note: If online add “Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: dd Month, yyyy)”.
Citation format: Surname (date: slides/pages) OR (Surname, date: slides/pages)
Example: Riley (2013: slide 4) OR (Riley, 2013: slide 4)
Ancient and religious texts
Religious texts
Referring to a section of the religious text itself:
If you are referring to a place in the religious text itself, you do not need to cite the
edition or translation. Citations are usually done with an abbreviation of the text name
followed by a book, chapter, column or other division number, optionally followed by a
colon and then a section, verse, or line number (as appropriate – systems differ depending
on the text. See section 2 above for further details).
A full bibliographic entry for the edition or translation should, however, appear in the
bibliography, preferably in a separate section named “Texts and translations” or similar.
Citation format: text abbreviation book/chapter/column [:section/verse/line]
Example: Rom 8:1, 1QM 4:8, Al-Baqarah 66–72, Mbh. 1:2.70, B.Ber 55a
Referring to the editorial preface or a footnote:
If you are referring to a passage within an editorial preface or an explanatory footnote or

other study material, then you need to cite the edition or translation via its editors (or
editorial organisation) in the usual way.
A full bibliographic entry for the edition or translation should now appear in your
“Secondary Sources” list as well as in your “Texts and Translations” section.
Bibliographic format: General Editor (ed.) (Year) Title of Book/Version with full edition
info, Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Carrol, R. and Prickett S. (eds.) (1997) The Bible: Authorised King James Version
with Apocrypha. (Anglicised version) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Citation format: Editor’s Surname (date: pages) OR (Editor’s Surname, date: pages)
Example: Carrol and Prickett (1997: xxi) OR (Carrol and Prickett, 1997: xxi)
32
Classical texts
Referring to section of the ancient text itself:
If you are referring to a place in the ancient text itself, you do not need to cite the edition
or translation. Citations are usually done with an abbreviation of the author, followed by
an abbreviation of the text name followed by a book, chapter, column or other division
number, optionally followed by a colon and then a section or line number (as appropriate –
systems differ depending on the text. See section 2 above for further details). Note, that if
in context, the author you are talking about is clearly understood, you may omit the
author designation from the citation.
A full bibliographic entry for the edition or translation should, however, appear in the
bibliography, preferably in a separate section named “Texts and translations” or similar.
Citation format: author-abbreviation text-abbreviation book/chapter [:section/line]
Example – various authors: Eurip. Bacc. 794–795, Plut. Per. 3:2
Example – single author assumed (e.g. Aristotle): Insomn. 458b.1–9, Eth. Eud. 275d
Referring to editorial preface or footnote:
If you are referring to a passage within an editorial preface or an explanatory footnote or

other study material, then you need to cite the edition or translation via its editors (or
editorial organisation) in the usual way.
A full bibliographic entry for the edition or translation should now appear in your
“Secondary Sources” list as well as in your “Texts and Translations” section.
Bibliographic format: Surname, Initials (ed.) (Year) Title of Book. Edition - if reqd. (Vols.
number of volumes) Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Edlow, R. B. (1977) Galen on Language and Ambiguity: An English Translation of

Galenʼs “De Captionibus (on Fallacies)” with Introduction, Text, and Commentary, Leiden:
Brill.
Citation format: Editor’s Surname (date: pages) OR (Editor’s Surname, date: pages)
Example: Edlow (1990: 21) OR (Edlow, 1990: 21).

33
Literary works
Reprints of Literary Works
Bibliographic format: Author (Date of reprint). Title of Work. Place of Publication:

Publisher.
Example: Austin, J. (1975) Pride and Prejudice. London: Folio.
Citation format: Surname (reprint date: pages) OR (Surname, reprint date: pages)
Example: Austin (1975: 22-23) OR (Austin, 1975: 22-23)
Note: You can, if indicating he original historical period is important, include both the
original and reprint dates, as in Austin (1813 repr. 1975). Alternatively, you can just refer
to the original year of publication in your own text, e.g. Pride and Prejudice (Austin,1975),
published in 1813, is a very thought-provoking novel etc.
Poem/play within an anthology
Bibliographic format: Author (Year) Title of individual play/short story/poem, in Editor’s

Surname, Initials (ed.) Title of Anthology. Edition -if reqd.). Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Example: Wong, E. (1993) Letters to a student revolutionary, in Lamont, R.C. (ed.)

Women on the Verge: 7 Avant-garde American Plays. New York: Applause Theatre Books,
pp. 277324.
Example: Wong (1993: 278) OR (Wong, 1993: 278)
Edited play
Bibliographic format: Author (Year of edited text) Title of Play. Edited by Editor (ed.)
Example: Shakespeare, W. (1967) All’s Well that Ends Well. Edited by Edwards, P.
London: Routledge.
Note: If appropriate for contextualisation, you may refer to the original year of production
or publication in your own text, e.g. All’s Well that Ends Well (Shakespeare,1967), written
between 1598-1608 and published in 1623, is one of Shakespeare’s best-known comedies.
34
Example: Shakespeare (1967: 22-23) OR (Shakespeare, 1967: 22-23)
Foreign language works
Translated work
Bibliographic format: Author (Year of translated version [Year of original work]) Title of
Book. Translated by Translator, Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example 1: Piaget, J. (2001 [1926]) The Language and Thought of the Child. Translated
from the French by M. Gabain and R. Gabain. London: Routledge Classics.
Example 2: Cixous, H. (2004 [1976]) Portrait of Dora. Translated from the French by A.
Liddle, in Prenowitz, E. (ed.) Selected Plays of Hélène Cixous. Abingdon: Routledge. pp.
35-59.
Citation format: Surname (date of translation: pages) OR (Surname, date of translation:

pages)
Example: Cixous (2004: 42) OR (Cixous, 2004: 42)
Works in other languages
Bibliographic format: Author (Year) Title in Original Language [English translation of title,
if required], Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Esquivel, L. (2003) Como agua para chocolate [Like Water for Chocolate].
Barcelona: Debolsillo.
Example: Esquivel (2003: 22-23) OR (Esquivel, 2003: 22-23)
Note: for works is in a foreign language, give the title as exactly shown. For the above
example, as the work is in Spanish, we follow the original title, which is in sentence case
‘Como agua para chocolate’, rather than use title case.
Works in other or non-roman alphabets
Bibliographic format: as appropriate for nature of work, but we recommend you provide a
translation of the title in brackets. Check with your tutor if you are unsure.
35
Example 1: Cao, X. (1994) 红楼梦 [Dream of Red Mansions]. Beijing: Huayan jiaoxue

chubanshe.
Example: Cao (1994: 22-23) OR (Cao, 1994: 22-23)
Works in dual languages
Bibliographic format: Editor (eds.) (Year) Title in English: Title in Other Language. Place
of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Lawaetz, G. (ed.) (1972) Spanish Short Stories 2: Cuentos Hispanicos 2. London:
Penguin.
Example: Lawaetz (1972: 22-23) OR (Lawaetz, 1972: 22-23)
Webpages and Social Media
Website
Bibliographic format: Author/Corporate author (Year) Title of Webpage. Available at: URL
(Accessed: dd Month yyyy).
Example 1: NSPCC (2009: para. 3) Signs of Safety® in England. Available at:

http://www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/research/findings/signs-of-safety-pdf_wdf94939.pdf
(Accessed: 14th August 2014).
Example 2: British Dyslexia Association (no date: para. 3) Train the Trainer: Teaching for
Neurodiversity. Available at:
https://www.bdadyslexia.org.uk/about/projects/dyslexiaspld-support-project-2016-17
(Accessed: 24 September 2018)
Citation format: Surname/corporate author (date – if known: paragraph number) OR

(Surname/corporate author, date- if known: paragraph number)
Example: NSPCC (2009) OR (NSPCC, 2009: para. 3); BDA (no date: para. 2) OR (BDA, no
date: para. 5)
36
Blog
Bibliographic format: Author surname, Initials (Year last updated) Title of post. Title of
Website. Day Month. Available at: URL (Accessed: dd Month, yyyy).
Example: Coates, T. (2016) Wakanda and the Black Aesthetic. Notes: First Drafts,
Conversations, Stories in Progress. 7 June. Available at:
http://www.theatlantic.com/notes/2016/06/wakanda-and-the-black-aesthetic/489290/
(Accessed: 20 June 2018).
Citation format: Author surname (date: paragraph number) OR (Author surname, date:
paragraph number)
Example: Coates (2016: para. 5-8) OR (Coates, 2016: para. 5-8)
Twitter
Bibliographic format: Author name [Twitter handle] (Year) [Twitter]. Day Month of tweet.
Available at: URL (Accessed: dd Month yyyy).
Example: Roehampton Business [@roehamptonbiz] (2018) [Twitter]. 4 May. Available at:

https://twitter.com/roehamptonbiz/status/992320027998212096 (Accessed: 7 May 2018).
Citation format: Surname/Corporate author (date) OR (Surname/Corporate author, date)
Example: Roehampton Business (2018) OR (Roehampton Business, 2018)
Facebook
Bibliographic format: Author surname, Initials/Corporate author (Year) Title of Page

[Facebook].Day Month posted. Available at: URL (Accessed: 20 August 2013).
Example: University of Roehampton (2013) Roehampton Postgraduate [Facebook]. 19th

August 2013. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/RoehamptonPostgraduate
(Accessed: 20 Aug 2013).
Citation format: Surname/Corporate author (date) OR (Surname/Corporate author, date)
Example: University of Roehampton (2013) OR (University of Roehampton, 2013)
Government publications, Acts, papers & reports
Note: Government departments often have a well-known acronym. If you wish to refer to a
department by an acronym, you must first introduce the acronym along with the full title
37
of the department. Once the name has been established, you can use the acronym for any
further references to the same source or department.
First citation: (Department for Education [DfE], 2009)

Subsequent citations: (DfE, 2009)
You should always use the full name for the bibliography.
UK Statutes (Acts of Parliament)
Bibliographic format: Title of Act, year, statute chapter number. Country or jurisdiction
if referencing more than one country’s legislation.
Example: The Equality Act 2010, c. 15. Available at:

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/contents (Accessed: 31 August 2018).
Citation format: Name of Act (date: part/section as appropriate) OR (Name of Act, date:
part/section as appropriate)
Example: The Equality Act 2010, 2:1.6
Command Papers (White & Green Papers)
Bibliographic format: Government Department (Year) Title of Report or Consultation

Paper (Command paper number). Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Department for Business, Innovation & Skills (2016) Success as a Knowledge
Economy: Teaching Excellence, Social Mobility and Student Choice (Cm 9258). Available at:
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/higher-education-success-as-a-
knowledgeeconomy-white-paper (Accessed: 31 August 2018).
Citation format: Name of Committee or Official Body (date: section/page) OR (Name of

Committee or Official Body, date: section/page)
Example: Department for Business, Innovation & Skills (2016: 22-23) OR (Department for
Business, Innovation & Skills, 2016: 22-23)
Government publications
Bibliographic format: Government Department (Year) Title of Report. Place of Publication:

Publisher *or* Available at: URL (Accessed: dd Month yyyy).
38
Example: Office for National Statistics (2015), Focus on property crime, 2014 to 2015.
Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_425348.pdf (Accessed:
08/12/15)
Citation format: Department (date: section/page) OR (Department, date: section/page)
Example: Office for National Statistics (2015: 7) OR (Office for National Statistics,
2015: 7)
Ofsted reports
Bibliographic format: Author/Name of organisation or company (Year) Title of Document

and Dates Inspection Took Place. Place of Publication: Publisher. *or* Available at: URL
Example: Ofsted (2010) Inspection Report: Oak Academy 1-2 November 2018. Available
at:
https://files.api.ofsted.gov.uk/v1/file/50041070 (Accessed: 16 August 2012).
Example: Ofsted (2010) Rye Oak School Inspection Report 13-14th May 2010. Manchester:
Ofsted. Available at: https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/provider/files/968103/urn/134903.pdf
(Accessed: 31 August 2018).
Citation format: Ofsted (date: section/page) OR (Ofsted, date: section/page)
Example: Ofsted (2010: 12-13) OR (Ofsted, 2010: 12-13)
Reports from other organisations
Publications of international organisations / Research reports
Bibliographic format: Author/Name of organisation or company (Year) Title of Report.

Place of Publication: Publisher *or* Available at: URL (Accessed: dd Month yyyy).
Example 1: United Nations (2015) Human Development Report 2015. New York: United
Nations Development Programme.
Example 2: Kalathil, J. (2011) Recovery and Resilience: African, African-Caribbean and

South Asian women’s narratives of recovering from mental distress. Available at:
https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/file/1154 (Accessed: 31 August 2018).
Citation format: Author/Corporate author (date: section/page) OR (Author/Corporate

author, date: section/page)
39
Example: United Nations (2015: 12-13) OR (Kalathil, 2011: 12-13)
Company Annual Report
Bibliographic format: Author/Corporate author (Year) Title of Annual Report. Place of

Example 1: Nationwide Building Society (2018) Annual Report and Accounts 2018.
Swindon:
Nationwide Building Society.
Example 2: BBC (2018) BBC Annual Report and Accounts 2017-18. Available at:
https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/insidethebbc/howwework/reports/ara (Accessed: 3
September 2018)
Citation format: Author/Corporate author (date: section/page) OR (Author/Corporate

author, date: section/page)
Example: BBC (2018: 12-13) OR (Nationwide Building Society, 2018: 18)
British Standards
Bibliographic format: British Standards Institute, (Year) Number and Title of Standard,
Example: British Standards Institute (2008) BS EN ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management

Systems Requirements, London: British Standards Institute.
Citation format: BSI (date: section/page) OR (BSI, date: section/page)
Example: British Standards Institute (2008: 12-13) OR (British Standards Institute, 2018:
Section 2.5)
Archive materials
The majority of materials found in archives, that are not books, are housed in some sort of
container and within the container the various items are separated in files. Archival
references should include the following information (where available):
Bibliographic format: Creator/Author. Title of Document. Page, Section, Date (if

available). Box/File Number. Name of Collection. Name of Repository. Name of Institution.
40
Example: Collingwood, M. Margot Fonteyn scrapbook. No.1., c. 1949. Box 1. MC 1/3.

Monica Collingwood Collection. Archives and Special Collections. University of
Roehampton.
Citation format: Title of Document (date: box/item, section/page) OR (Title of

Document, date: box/item, section/page)
Example: Margot Fonteyn scrapbook (1949: 1, MC 1/3) OR (Margot Fonteyn scrapbook,

1949: 1, MC 1/3)
Visual sources
Diagrams, tables and illustrations
Bibliographic format: Author of book (Year) Title of Book, Place of Publication: Publisher,
page reference of item [type of item e.g. illus./fig./table].
Example: Wisker, G. (2008) The Postgraduate Research Handbook. 2nd edn. London:
Palgrave Macmillan. [Diagram].
Citation format:
• replicate the whole diagram/table/illus.

• add a caption and citation centred below the diagram/table/illus.
Diagram for the four elements of research conclusions (Wisker, 2008: 323)
Note: if the diagram/table/illus. is from different source than the book that you found it in,
treat the citation as a secondary reference. See example on the next page.
Secondary Reference Bibliographic format: Sloman, J., Garrett, D. and Hunt, A. (2013)
Economics for Business. 6th edn. Harlow: Pearson. [Diagram].
Citation:
41
(Econsumer.gov, 2011 cited in Sloman, Garrett and Hunt, 2013: 91)
Note: If the author created the diagram/table/illustration just cite the author, year and page
number.
Paintings/drawings in gallery
Bibliographic format: Artist (Year) Title of Work of Art [Type of Work]. Gallery or
museum name, City where gallery or museum is located. (Viewed: dd Month yyyy)
Example: Mucha, A.M. (1911) Princess Hyacinth [Painting], Prague: Mucha Museum.
Citation format: name of Artist (date) OR (name of artist, date)
Example: Mucha (1911) OR (Mucha, 1911)
Paintings/drawings seen online
Bibliographic format: Artist (Year) Title of Work of Art [Type of Work]. Gallery or
museum name, City where gallery or museum is located. Available at: URL (Accessed: dd
Month yyyy)
Example: Himid, L. (1985) The Carrot Piece [Painting]. Tate Britain, London. Available at:
https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/himid-the-carrot-piece-t14192 (Accessed: 3
August 2019).
Citation format: name of Artist (date) OR (name of artist, date)
Example: Himid (1985) OR (Himid, 1985)

42
Photography, personal collection
Bibliographic format: Photographer (Year) Title of Photo [Photograph], Unpublished

Personal Photograph.
Example: Stowar, J. (2012) London Parks [Photograph]. Unpublished Personal Photograph.
Citation format: name of Photographer (date) OR (name of Photographer, date)
Example: Stowar (2012) OR (Stowar, 2012)
Photography, online
Bibliographic format: Photographer/Username (Year) Title of Photo. Available at: URL

Example: Chuan, A. (2017) Richmond Park. Available at:

https://www.flickr.com/photos/yevon/38021144386 (Accessed: 30 August 2018).
Citation format: name of Photographer (date) OR (name of Photographer, date)
Example: Chuan (2017) OR (Chuan, 2017)
Posters & Pamphlets
Bibliographic format: Corporate Author (Year) Title of Poster [Poster/Pamphlet], Place of

Example: Roehampton University (2011) Be a Student Mentor [Poster], London:

Roehampton University.
Citation format: name of Corporate Author (date) OR (name of Corporate Author, date)
Example: Roehampton University (2011) OR (Roehampton University, 2011)
Ordnance Survey Maps
Bibliographic format: Corporate Author (Year) Title of Map. Scale, Series Title and/or
number, Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Ordnance Survey (2006) East London. 1:50 000,177. London: H.M.S.O.
Citation format: name of Corporate Author (date) OR (name of Corporate Author, date)
Example: Ordnance Survey (2006) OR (Ordnance Survey, 2006)

43
Audio-visual
Film, viewed at cinema/DVD
Bibliographic format: Title of Film (Year of distribution) Directed by Name of Director.

[Feature film or DVD]. Place of Production: Production Company.
Example: Black Panther (2018) Directed by R. Coogler. [Feature film]. Burbank, CA: Walt
Disney Studios Motion Pictures.
Citation format: title of Film (date) OR (title of Film, date)
Example: Black Panther (2018) OR (Black Panther, 2018)
Film, viewed online
Bibliographic format: Title of Film (Year of distribution) Directed by Name of Director.

doi: doi-number or Available at: Name of service (Accessed: dd Month yyyy).
Example: Black Panther (2018) Directed by R. Coogler. Available at: Netflix (Accessed: 10
May 2019).
Citation format: title of Film (date) OR (title of Film, date)
Example: Black Panther (2018) OR (Black Panther, 2018)
Television programme/series
Bibliographic format: Title of Programme/Series (Year of transmission) Transmission

channel. Date and time of transmission if available.
Example: Horizon (2014) BBC Two. 20 October, 21:00.
Citation format: title of Programme/Series (date) OR (title of Programme/Series, date)
Example: Horizon (2014) OR (Horizon, 2014)
Extract from a television programme
Bibliographic format: Title of Programme/Series (Year of transmission) Transmission

channel. Date and time of transmission if available. Duration. Start – end timings of
extract.
44
Example: Should I eat meat? How to feed the planet, Horizon [Television programme,
extract], directed by Michael Lachmann. UK: BBC2. Broadcast: 20/08/14.
60mins.00:03:5100:06:28.
Example: Horizon (2014) OR (Horizon, 2014)
Programme or series on a streaming platform
Some programmes may have been broadcast on terrestrial channels first and some may
have only been broadcast on a streaming platform. The information you give will have
variations depending on which type you are referring to.
Bibliographic format: Title of Programme/Series (Year of broadcast) Production company.

Available at: Name of streaming service or URL if known (Accessed: dd Month yyyy).
Example: Orange is the New Black (2013) Netflix. Available at:

https://www.netflix.com/gb/title/70242311 (Accessed: 1 May 2018).
Example: Orange is the New Black (2013) OR (Orange is the New Black, 2013)
Programme or series on a streaming platform first shown on a terrestrial

channel
Bibliographic format: Title of Programme/Series (Year of original broadcast) Original

transmission channel. Date and time of transmission if available. Available at: Name of
streaming service or URL (Accessed: dd Month yyyy).
Example: Moominland Tales: The Life of Tove Jansson (2017) 1 December. BBC Four.
Available at: Rob Roehampton (Accessed: 1 May 2018).
Example: Moominland Tales (2017) OR (Moominland Tales, 2017)
Episode from a series on a streaming platform
Bibliographic format: Title/number of episode (Year of broadcast) Title of Series. Series,

episode. Production company/date, time and channel of transmission. Available at: Name
of streaming service or URL
45
Example: Chapter Six: The Spy (2017) Stranger Things. Series 2, episode 6. Netflix.
Available at: https://www.netflix.com/gb/title/800572815 (Accessed: 3 August 2018).
Citation format: Series title, Episode (date) OR (Series title, Episode, date)
Example: (The Spy, Episode 6, 2017) OR (The Spy, Episode 6, 2017)
YouTube
How you reference a YouTube video may depend on the content of the video, however a
common way of citing a YouTube video is as follows:
Bibliographic format: Name of person posting video (Year video posted) Title of Video.
Date uploaded (if available). Available at: URL (Accessed: dd Month yyyy).
Example: TED (2012) Susan Cain: The Power of Introverts. 2 March. Available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c0KYU2j0TM4 (Accessed: 7 June 2014).
Citation format: poster of video (date) OR (poster of video, date)
Example: (TED, 2012), (Hale-Christofi, 2015)
Note: Sometimes the username and title of the YouTube video might not give enough
information about the content or speaker. In this case, be sure to contextualise the in-text
citation, for example by crediting the speaker in the video if they are not named in the
title.
Example: Susan Cain gave a rousing talk on the Power of Introverts (TED, 2012)… You may
also wish to emphasise the choreographer in a dance, or the interviewee. In such case,
treat it as if you were citing a dance, or an interview, and include information about how
to access the content online.
Example: Hale-Christofi, J. (2015) Take Me to Church. Composed by Hozier. Performed by

S. Polunin. Available at: https://youtu.be/c-tW0CkvdDI (Accessed: 20 April 2018).
Interview, Broadcast
Bibliographic format: Name of person being interviewed (Year) Interviewed by Name of

Interviewer for Title of Programme, TV channel, date of broadcast. Available at: URL
Example: Yousafzai, M. (2014) Interviewed by Stephen Sackur for HARDTalk, BBC2, 11

December. Available at:
46
https://rob.roehampton.ac.uk/View.aspx?id=27717~5l~EokYm6Sfrh (Accessed: 20 August

2018).
Note: If you wish to include quotes from an interview you conducted as part of your
research, check with your tutor for the preferred way of referring to this in your work.
There is no standard format for this.
Citation format: interviewee (date) OR (interviewee, date)
Example: Yousafzai, M. (2014) OR (Yousafzai, M., 2014)
Radio programmes
Bibliographic format: Title of Programme (Year of broadcast) Name of Radio station.

Broadcast: Day Month Time. Available at: URL (Accessed: dd Month yyyy).
Example (broadcast): Woman’s Hour (2011) BBC Radio 4. Broadcast: 20 June 10:00.
Example (online): Big Drum on Little Carriacou (2018) BBC Radio 4. Broadcast: 5 June.
Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b50kx5 (Accessed: 27 August 2018).
Citation format: title of programme (date) OR (title of programme, date)
Example: Woman’s Hour (2011), Big Drum on Little Carriacou (2018) OR (Woman’s Hour,
2011), (Big Drum on Little Carriacou, 2018)
Audio, CD
Bibliographic format: Artist (Year of Production) Title of Album [CD], Place of

Distribution:
Distribution Company.
Example: Madonna (2005) Confessions on a Dancefloor [CD], USA: Maverick.
Citation format: name of Artist, e.g.(Madonna, 2005)
Citation format: name of Artist (date) OR (name of Artist, date)
Example: Madonna (2005) OR (Madonna, 2005)
Audio, track from CD
Bibliographic format: Artist (Year of Production) Title of track, Title of Album [CD]. Place
of Distribution: Distribution company.
47
Example: Madonna (2005) I love New York, Confessions on a Dancefloor [CD]. USA:
Maverick.
Example: Madonna (2005) OR (Madonna, 2005)
Audio download/streamed audio
Bibliographic format: Artist (Year of Production) Title of Album. Available at: Name of
Streaming Service (date Accessed: dd Month yyyy).
Example: IU (2017) Palette. Available at: Spotify (Accessed: 20 June 2019).
Example: IU (2017) OR (IU, 2017)
Song lyrics
Bibliographic format: Lyricist (Year of distribution) Title of Song. Place of Distribution:

Distribution Company.
Example: John, E. (1972) Tiny Dancer. US: UNI.
Example: John (1972) OR (John, 1972)
Classical recording
Bibliographic format: Composer (Year of performance) Full Title of Recording, performed

by Name of Performer, conducted by Name of Conductor [Format]. Place of Distribution:
Record Company.
Example: Elgar (2010) Violin Concert: Violin Concerto/ Polonia/ Interlude From The
Crown Of India, performed by L. Tasmin, conducted by: A. Davis. [CD]. UK: Chandos.
Citation format: name of Composer (date) OR (name of Composer, date)
Example: Elgar (2010) OR (Elgar, 2010)
Music score
Bibliographic format: Composer (Year) Full Title of Score, Place of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Debussy, C. (1968) Images, 2e Série: Piano Solo. London: Wise Publications Ltd.
48
Example: Debussy (1968) OR (Debussy, 1968)
Podcast
Bibliographic format: Name of Writer/Presenter (Year published/last updated) Title of

Podcast [Podcast]. Available at: URL (Accessed: dd Month yyyy).
Example: Noble, S. U. (2018) Algorithms of Oppression [Podcast] Available at:

https://listen.datasociety.net/algorithms-of-oppression (Accessed: 2 June 2018).
Citation format: name of Writer/Presenter (date) OR (name of Writer/Presenter, date)
Example: Noble (2018) OR (Noble, 2018)
Audiobook
Bibliographic format: Author/Artist (Year) Title of Audiobook [Audiobook]. Place of

Example: Potter, S. (2001) Macbeth: Student SmartPass Edition Audio Education Study
Guide [Audiobook]. Brighton: Smart Pass Ltd.
Citation format: author (date: location range indicator) OR (author, date: location range
indicator)
Example: Potter (2001) OR (Potter, 2001)
Computer/Video games
Bibliographic format: Company/individual developer (Release year) Title of Game [Video game].
Publisher. Available at: URL (Accessed: dd Month yyyy).
Example: Riot Games (2009) League of Legends [Video Game]. Riot Games. Available at:
https://play.euw.leagueoflegends.com/en_GB (Accessed: 8 June 2020).
Citation format: (Company/individual developer, date)
Example: (Riot Games, 2009)
Live performances
Concert
Bibliographic format: Name of Artist/Band (Year of performance) [Location: Venue], date

performance viewed
49
Example: Prince (1986) [London: Wembley Arena], 12th August.
Citation format: name of Artist/Band (date) OR (name of Artist/Band, date)
Example: Prince (1986) OR (Prince, 1986)
Classical Music
Bibliographic format: Composer (Year of performance) Title of Performance, conducted

by Name of Conductor, performed by Music Performers [Location: Venue], Date
performance viewed.
Example: Williams, V. (2010) Suite for Viola and Small Orchestra, conducted by Jiří
Bělohlávek, performed by BBC Symphony Orchestra [London: Royal Albert Hall], 10 th
September.
Example: Williams (2010) OR (Williams, 2010)
Play
Bibliographic format: Title by Author (Year of performance) Directed by Name of Director.

Performed by Company Name/Actor [Venue, Location. Date seen].
Example: A Midsummer Night’s Dream by W. Shakespeare (2011) Directed by M.

Leipacher.
Performed by Faction Theatre Company [Brockwell Park, London. 30 June].
Citation format: name of Writer (date) OR (name of Writer, date)
Example: Shakespeare (2011) OR (Shakespeare, 2011)
Dance
Bibliographic format: Choreographer (Year of first performance) Title of Dance.

Composed by Name of Composer. Performed by Name of Dance Company [Venue,
Location. Date seen].
Example: Makarova, N. (1993) Swan Lake. Composed by P. Tchaikovsky. Performed by

London Festival Ballet [Royal Festival Hall, London. 2 January].
Citation format: name of Choreographer (date) OR (name of Choreographer, date)
Example: Makarova (1993) OR (Makarova, 1993)

50
Programme notes
Bibliographic format: Author (Year) Title of Performance [Programme notes]. Location:

Venue. Day Month of performance. Available at: URL (Accessed: dd Month yy).
Example: Decouflé, P. (2012) Panorama [Programme notes]. London: Sadler’s Wells

Theatre. 2-4 November.
Example: Decouflé (2012) OR (Decouflé, 2012)
Public communications
Press release
Bibliographic format: Author/organisation (Year) Title of Press Release [Press release].

Day Month of publication. Available at: URL (Accessed: dd Month yy)
Example: TFL Press Office (2011) Oyster Pay as You Go Confirmed as the Ticket of Choice
for Millions of National Rail Commuters in London. [Press release]. 5 June.
Online example: TSB (2017) TSB launches Face ID for mobile banking. [Press release]. 10
November. Available at: https://www.tsb.co.uk/news-releases/tsb-launches-face-id-
formobile-banking/ (Accessed: 13 September 2018).
Citation format: name of author/organisation (date) OR (name of author/organisation,

date)
Example: TFL Press Office (2011) OR (TFL Press Office, 2011)
Television advertisement
Bibliographic format: Name of Company/Product (Year produced) Title/Description of

Advert [Advertisement on Name of Television Channel]. Date Month when
viewed/accessed.
Example: Cadbury Schweppes (2007) Gorilla [Advertisement on Channel 4]. 7 November.
Citation format: name of Company/Product (date) OR (name of Company/Product, date)
Example: Cadbury Schweppes (2007) OR (Cadbury Schweppes, 2007)

51
Personal communications
Emails/text messages/online messages
The communications would reference the sender of the communications, not the receiver.
Bibliographic format: Sender (Year) Medium of communication to recipient, Day Month

sent.
Examples:
Tan, A. (2018) Whatsapp conversation with Andrew Wong, 1 June.
Tan, A. (2018) Email to Andrew Wong, 5 June.
Tan, A (2018) Skype conversation with Andrew Wong, 5 June.
Citation format: name of sender (date) OR (name of sender, date)
Example: Tan (2018) OR (Tan, 2018)
Interviews, in person
Bibliographic format: Name of person being interviewed (Year) Interviewed by

Interviewer.
Day Month of interview.
Example: Ahmed, R. (2018) Interviewed by S. Jones, 5 July.
Citation format: name of interviewee (date) OR (name of interviewee, date)
Example: Ahmed (2018) OR (Ahmed, 2018)
Appendix 2: Referencing FAQs
Multiple authors and ‘et al.’

If a work has four or more authors, for your in-text reference you can follow the name of
the first author with ‘et al.’ to signify the other authors. You would also do the same in
the bibliography.
In-text example: (Smith et al., 2014)
Bibliography example: Smith J., et al. (2014)

52
Multiple places of publication

Popular books may be published in several locations, e.g. Paris, New York, London. For
student essays, you can just use the first location listed. MA and PhD students may need to
specify everything to allow identification of the specific edition.
Reprint, copyright or published date

Some books may list several publication dates. Unless you need to specify that the work is
a reprint, see ‘Reprints of Literary works’, 15, always use the last published date (most
recent) in your reference. If this is absent use the last copyright date.
Published, printed or produced by

Many books will have details of the publisher and the printer/producer of the book. Always
include the name of the Publisher in your bibliography.
No date
If no date of publication, or last updated, date exists, use (no date) instead.
Book example: Smith, J. (no date) What Year is it? – A Guide for the Confused. London:
Penguin.
Online example: Royal Dutch Shell (no date) More and Cleaner Energy. Available at:
http://www.shell.com/energy-and-innovation/the-energy-future/more-and-
cleanerenergy.html (Accessed: 14 April 2016).
No author
Some sources do not have a clear author. Sometimes these sources will have a corporate
author, e.g. company/government name, which you can use as the author of the source.
Example: BBC (2014) Alcohol Tax Urged to Fund Abstinence-Based Rehab. Available at:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28820589 (Accessed: 18 August 2014).
If there is no author or corporate author, you must always question whether the source is
reliable enough to use, especially for academic work. Why does no one want to claim this
work as their own? You might want to find the information from another source instead.
If you do want to reference a source without a clear author, replace the author with the
Title of the Work, followed by the (Year).
53
Example: How to be a Famous Author (2011). Available at: www.howtobefamous.com

(Accessed: 1 April 2011).
Referencing a source within another source: secondary referencing

Referencing a source that is cited within another source is called secondary referencing
(second-hand referencing). It is always best to try to get hold of the original if possible so
that you understand it in context, rather than via another author’s personal interpretation
of it. However if you cannot access the original source you can include the secondary
reference as a reference in your work, as ‘cited in’, in the bibliography list the source you
read it in. This will make it clear that you are noting it on this basis and not making a
claim to have read it. This is extremely important if your work is to be examined orally.
In-text citation example: ‘Many of the parents appeared entirely indifferent to the child’s
success either in school or even in later life’ (Burt, 1975, cited by Pringle, 1986:96). In
such cases, there is no need to add the secondary item to your own bibliography, as it can
be found in the bibliography of the primary work.
Bibliography example: Pringle, M.K. (1986) The Needs of Children. 3rd edn. London:
Routledge.
Referencing a source with no page numbers

If you are referring to a blog post or a website, there might not be page numbers. In this case, you can
number the paragraphs and make a paragraph location reference.
(Royal College of Nursing, 2009: para. 4)
If the information on the page is in sections, you may include section details
(Health and Care Professions Council, 2013: section 3.2)
Using acronyms
If you are referring to an organisation that uses an acronym, the first time you refer to source you
must give the full title and include the acronym in square brackets.
Once you have established the full name and acronym, you can use the acronym for any further
references
First citation: (Royal College of Nursing [RCN], 2009)
Subsequent citation: (RCN, 2009)
Write the full name for the reference list
Example: Royal College of Nursing (2009) Patient Focus. Available at:
54
https://www.rcn.org.uk/clinical-topics/clinical-governance/patient-focus (Accessed: 1 May

2017).

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University of Roehampton

(History students, and Philosophy students for

v.3, Last updated July 2020

Note on use of this

Most common types of source:....................................................................17

(1) Introduction – what is referencing?

1. Reference: whenever you quote, paraphrase or discuss an idea in a source, you

(2) Referencing basics

Modern published works

Basic approach – single authors

Here is a very simple example to get you going.

Is Confusion Good? Discuss.

[Rest of your essay here]

[other texts here]

Agosto, E. (2004) Patronage and Commendation, Imperial and anti–imperial, in Horsley

Two or more authors

Ciulla, J. et al. (2018) Philosophical contributions to leadership ethics, Business Ethics

Works by large teams

Author abbreviation Text abbreviation Location in text

Note that the text name abbreviation is in italics.

Rom 8:1 – Paul’s letter to the Romans, chapter 8, verse 1.

Other historical texts and sources

Other historical sources

(3) Referencing and transparency

There are two main ways of plagiarising:

(1) Failing to reference something altogether

Collaboration and collusion

Student Disciplinary Regulations

Plagiarism and collusion

b) No student shall assist or be assisted by another student them in such a way as to

a) Using sentences, parts of sentences, or larger pieces of text without attributing

h) Submitting a piece of work written in whole or in part by someone else.

a) Lack of time/poor time management.

(4) Paraphrasing and quoting

• Referring to a school of thought.

We handle short quotations and longer quotations differently.

Quotations and Turnitin

Paraphrasing vs. quoting

Long quotation Play helps children to transition to the stage where

“The child cannot yet detach thought from object.

(Vygotsky, 1980: 97-98)

(5) Organising and laying out your essay

Structure and subheadings

Is Confusion Good? Discuss.

[Rest of introduction goes here]

Confusion in Ancient Philosophy

Confusion in Modern Philosophy

[other sections as appropriate]

[other texts here]

This is done in the following way:

[Text of this section goes here in your ordinary font]

3 . Main section etc.

(6) Organising and formatting bibliographies

Most common types of source:

Citation format: Surname (date: pages) OR (Surname, date: pages)

Example: (Cottrell, 2015: 28-34)

Note: in their life-times, some books go through multiple revisions or “editions”. If no