@NENHNJ

WDCFNJTHTNC OBYBEN QNV WNFNV

Yd`bekcfuetkr

Tctue @d`dcujb Vumns @ntn Euhbnj Wdcfnjuhunc Obsben Qnt Wnfnt

Fksdc Wdcmn`pu @ntn Euhbnj1

@bslnj, @.Wf

Khdj1
@nsbtnj
N>I6>47>?
Edhns1
N-7<

W\KM\N@ YVTFB WDCFBFBENC OBYBEN

AT\TYNC WDCFBFBENC @NVD@NVBEN FNC BWN
ONETHVNY EDMT\TNC FNC BH@T WDCFBFBENC
TCB_D\YBVNY HN@LTCM @NCMET\NV
LNCAN\@NYBC
<7>2
 ENVN WDCMNCVN\

Wuab syueur snyn pncantenc edpnfn Nhhnj Y]V enrdcn fdcmnc edrbfjknc-
Cyn snyn fnpnt `dcydhdsnbenc `nenhnj yncm ldraufuh ‘Yd`bekcfuetkr‐ bcb
fdcmnc tdpnt wnetu. @nenhnj bcb uctue `d`dcujb tumns `ntn euhbnj Wdcfnjuhunc
Obsben Qnt Wnfnt.
Wnfn edsd`pntnc
edsd`pntnc bcb snyn `dcmuinpenc
`dcmuinpenc tdrb`n ensbj edpnfn
edpnfn Blu @bslnj,
@.Wf sdhneu fksdc pdcmn`pu `ntn euhbnj
euhbnj Wdcfnjuhun
Wdcfnjuhunc
c Obsben Qnt Wnfnt, yncm
tdhnj `d`ldrbenc lb`lbcmnc,
lb`lbcmnc, snrnc, cnsbjnt, fnc pdtucaue
pdtucaue fnhn` pdcyusucnc
pdcyusucnc
`nenhnj
`nenhnj bcb. Vne hupn snyn `dcmuinpe
`dcmuinpenc
nc tdrb`n ensbj aumn edpnfn sd`un pbjne
yncm tdhnj `d`lnctu fnhn` pdcydhdsnbnc `nenhnj bcb.
Fnhn`
Fnhn` pdcydh
pdcydhdsnb
dsnbnc
nc `nenhn
`nenhnj
j bcb,
bcb, snyn
snyn lncyne
lncyne `dcmnh
`dcmnhn`b
n`b edsuhbt
edsuhbtnc,
nc,
tdrutn`n fbsdlnlenc eurncmcyn bh`u fnc wnwnsnc yncm snyn `bhbeb. Cn`uc,
ldrent edran edrns fnc fueucmnc fnrb ldrlnmnb pbjne, snyn fnpnt `dcydhdsnbenc
`nenhnj bcb. Ynyn `dcynfnrb ed`n`punc snyn jnrus tdrus fbnsnj nmnr fnpnt tdrus
ldrenryn. Tctue btu snyn `dcmjnrnpenc pd`lnin uctue sdfbncyn `d`ldrbenc
erbtbe fnc snrnc yncm fnpnt `d`lncmuc fnyn pbebr nmnr `nenhnj bcb `dcanfb hdlbj
lnbe.
Ynyn ldrjnrnp `nenhnj bcb fnpnt ldr`nconnt lnmb pnrn pd`lnin. Yd`kmn
enryn bcb fnpnt `d`luetbenc nfncyn pdrnc fnc oucmsb `njnsbswn lnmb nmn`n,
edhunrmn, `nsynrnent, lncmsn, fnc cdmnrn. Aben fnhn` pd`luntnc `nenhnj bcb
tdrfnpnt edsnhnjnc ntnu edeurncmnc `kjkc pnrtbsbpnsb ncfn uctue `dcmk`dctnrb
ntnu `d`ldrb usuhnc.

Lncanr`nsbc, @db <7>2

@nsbtnj

bb
 FNOVN\ BYB

ENVN WDCMNCVN\...
WDCMNCVN\.......
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
...........
................
.............
.... bb

FNOVN\
FNOVN\ BYB.......
BYB............
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
...........
...............
...................
...................
......... bbb

LNL B WDCFNJTH
WDCFNJTHTNC..
TNC.......
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..... >

>.> Hntnr Ldhnencm...

Ldhnencm.......
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
............
..........
... >
>.< \u`usnc
\u`usnc @nsnhnj.....
@nsnhnj..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
........
... <
>.9 Lntnsnc
Lntnsnc @nsnhnj.....
@nsnhnj..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..............
..................
........... <
>.6 Vuaunc
Vuaunc Wdcuhbsnc..
Wdcuhbsnc......
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..............
..................
..................
......... <
>.4 @nconnt
@nconnt Wdcuhbsnc..
Wdcuhbsnc.......
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.............
.................
...................
............
.. <

LNL BB WD@LNJNYNC
WD@LNJNYNC.....
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.............
.............
..... 9

<.> Wdcmdr
Wdcmdrtbn
tbnc
c Yd`bek
Yd`bekcfu
cfuetk
etkrr ......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.......
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
.... 9
<.< Yusucnc
Yusucnc Ntk` Yd`bekcfu
Yd`bekcfuetkr.
etkr......
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
............
................
......... 9
<.9 Wrksds Yd`bekcfu
Yd`bekcfuetkr.
etkr......
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
...........
...............
..................
......... 6
<.6 Lnjnc Yd`bekcfu
Yd`bekcfuetkr..
etkr.......
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
.............
..................
...................
........... 4
<.4 Inrn
Inrn Edran
Edran Yd`bek
Yd`bekcfu
cfuetk
etkrr ......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.......
........
........
........
........
.... :
<.? Wdcmdh
Wdcmdhk`p
k`pkee
keenc
nc Yd`bek
Yd`bekcf
cfuet
uetkr
kr ......
.........
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.......
........
......
.. >7

LNL BBB WDCTVTW.....

WDCTVTW..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.............
..................
............
... >4

9.> Edsb`puhnc.
Edsb`puhnc................
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
............
................
......... >4
9.< Ynrnc......
Ynrnc...........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
............
................
...............
...... >4

FNOVN\
FNOVN\ WTYVNEN...
WTYVNEN........
.........
.........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
.........
.........
..........
..........
............
................
......... >?

bbb
 LNL B
WDCFNJTHTNC

>.> Hntnr Ldhnencm

Fb dr
drnn mhkl
hklnhbs
nhbsns
nsbb sn
snnt
nt bc
bcbb fbtnc
btncf
fnb fdc
dcm
mnc ln
lnc
cyn
yne
ecy
cynn `nc
ncu
usbn
sbn

`d`dco
`d`dconnte
nntenc
nc pdrnhn
pdrnhntnc
tnc `kfdrc
`kfdrc yncm
yncm ldrlns
ldrlnsbse
bsenc
nc ek`put
ek`putdr
dr ntnu
ntnu dhdetr
dhdetrkcb
kcbe
e
uctue `d`dcujb edlutujnc jbfup `ncusbn. Nfncyn ed`ufnjnc - ed`ufnjnc
pdrnhntnc yncm sd`nebc incmmbj `drupnenc su`lncmnc yncm lncyne fnc tne
tdrc
tdrcbh
bhnb
nb fn
fnrb
rb ed
ed`n
`nau
aunc
nc tdec
tdeckh
khkm
kmbb pd
pdrn
rnhn
hntnc
tnc yn
yncm
cm `dcm
`dcmmu
mucn
cnen
enc
c ek
ek`p
`pkc
kcdc
dc
dhdetrkcben.
Lnjnc-lnjnc
Lnjnc-lnjnc pdcmjnctnr
pdcmjnctnr nfnhnj lnjnc yncm `d`bhbeb lncyne
lncyne dhdetrkc
dhdetrkc
ldlns pnfn euhbt tdrhunr krlbt. Dhdetrkc ldlns bcb nenc sncmnt ldrpdcmnruj pnfn
sbont lnjnc tdrsdlut. Aben suntu lnjnc hbstrbe `d`bhbeb lncyne dhdetrkc ldlns pnfn
krlb
krlbt-k
t-krl
rlbt
bt dhde
dhdetr
trkc
kc,, ln
lnjn
jnc
c bc
bcbb `d`b
`d`bhb
hbeb
eb sbont
sbont sdlnm
sdlnmnb
nb pd
pdcm
cmjn
jnct
ctnr
nr hbstr
hbstrbe
be..

Wdcmjnctnr hbstrbe fnpnt fbedhk`pkeenc sdlnmnb ekcfuetkr, sd`bekcfuetkr, fnc

bskhntkr.
@nsynrnent
@nsynrnent pnfn u`u`cyn
u`u`cyn `dcmdtnju
`dcmdtnjubb ekcfuetk
ekcfuetkr,
r, sd`bekcfu
sd`bekcfuetkr
etkr fnc
bskhntkr sdlnmnb lnjnc pdcmjnctnr hbstrbe sdlntns ueurnc lnbe ntnu tbfnecyn lnjnc
tdrsdlut `dcmjnctnrenc hbstrbe. T`u`cyn ekcfuetkr fbfdobcbsbenc sdlnmnb lnjnc
yncm `ufnj `dcmnhbrenc nrus hbstrbe aben fbjulucmenc fdcmnc su`ldr tdmncmnc5
bskh
bskhnt
ntkr
kr sd
sdln
lnmn
mnbb lnjn
lnjnc
c - lnjn
lnjnc
c yncm
yncm ne
nenc
nc `dcm
`dcmjn
jn`l
`lnt
nt nr
nrus
us hbst
hbstrb
rbe
e lb
lbhn
hn
fbjulucm
fbjulucmenc
enc fdcmnc
fdcmnc su`ldr
su`ldr tdmncmnc5
tdmncmnc5 sd`bekcfuetkr
sd`bekcfuetkr nfnhnj lnjnc - lnjnc
yncm pnfn ekcfbsb tdrtdctu nenc ldrsbont sdlnmnb bskhntkr fnc pnfn ekcfbsb hnbc

nenc ldrsbont sdlnmnb ekcfuetkr.

Wnfn `nenhnj bcb nenc fblnjns `dcmdcnb Yd`bekcfuetkr yncm `drupnenc
lnjnc pdcmjnctnr hbstrbe tbfne `urcb yncm `d`bhbeb sbont funh-enrnetdr (lbsn
ldrupn ekcfuetkr ntnu bskhntkr). Wd`lnjnsnc `dcmdcnb sd`bekcfuetkr bcb nenc
fblntnsb pnfn fdobcbsb, enrnetdrbstbe, ehnsbobensb, fnc edmucnnc sd`bekcfuetkr5
fnc tbfne nenc fblnjns
fblnjns `dcmdcnb
`dcmdcnb pdcmd`lnc
pdcmd`lncmnc
mnc sd`bekcfu
sd`bekcfuetkr
etkr fnhn` lbfncm-
lbfncm tdrtdctu.

>
 <

> .< \u`usnc @n

@nsnhnj
Ldrfnsn
Ldrfnsnren
renc
c hntnr
hntnr ldhnen
ldhnencm
cm fbntns,
fbntns, `nen
`nen ru`usn
ru`usnc
c `nsnhnj
`nsnhnj yncm
yncm nenc
nenc
fblnjns fnhn` `nenhnj bcb nfnhnj sdlnmnb ldrbeut1
>. Npn
Npn yncm fb`ne
fb`nesuf
suf fdcmn
fdcmnc
c sd`bekc
sd`bekcfue
fuetkr
tkr;;
<. Lnmnb`
Lnmnb`ncn
ncn susuc
susucnc
nc ntk`
ntk` sd`bekc
sd`bekcfue
fuetkr
tkr;;
9. Lnmnb`ncn
Lnmnb`ncn prksds fnc edran lnjnc sd`bekcfue
sd`bekcfuetkr;
tkr;
6. Lnmnb`ncn
Lnmnb`ncn pdcmdhk`p
pdcmdhk`pkenc
kenc lnjnc sd`bekcfue
sd`bekcfuetkr;
tkr;

> .9 Lntnsnc @n
@nsnhnj
Rncm fb`nesuf `dcanfb lntnsnc `nsnhnj fnhn` `nenhnj bcb ynbtu jncyn
`d`npnrenc tdctncm pdcmdrtbnc, susucnc ntk`, prksds fnc edran sd`bekcfuetkr,
sdrtn pdcmdhk`pkeenc sd`bekcfuetkr.

> .6 Vuaunc Wdcuhbsnc

Vuaunc fnhn` pd`luntnc `nenhnj bcb ynbtu sdlnmnb ldrbeut1
>. Tctue
Tctue `dcadhnsenc
`dcadhnsenc pdcmdrtbnc
pdcmdrtbnc sd`bekcfu
sd`bekcfuetkr.
etkr.
<. Tctue
Tctue `dcadhns
`dcadhnsenc
enc susucnc
susucnc ntk` sd`bekcfue
sd`bekcfuetkr.
tkr.
9. Tctue
Tctue `dcadhnsen
`dcadhnsenc
c prksds
prksds fnc edran lnjnc sd`bekcfu
sd`bekcfuetkr.
etkr.
6. Tctue
Tctue `dcadhnse
`dcadhnsenc
nc pdcmdh
pdcmdhk`pk
k`pkenc
enc lnjnc
lnjnc sd`bekcfue
sd`bekcfuetkr.
tkr.

> .4 @nconnt Wd
Wdcuhbsnc
Nfnpuc `nconnt fnrb pdcuhbsnc `nenhnj bcb nfnhnj
>. Lnmb
Lnmb Wdcuhb
Wdcuhbs,
s, sdlnmnb
sdlnmnb lnjnc pdhdcm
pdhdcmenp
enp `ntn euhbnj
euhbnj Wdcfnju
Wdcfnjuhun
hunc
c Obsben
Obsben Qnt
Wnfnt.
<. Lnmb @njnsbs
@njnsbswn
wn ntnu pd`lnin
pd`lnin fnpnt `dcanfb
`dcanfb snhnj sntu
sntu lnjnc
lnjnc lninnc
lninnc tdctncm
tdctncm
Yd`bekcfuetkr.
 LNL BB
WD@LNJNYNC

<.> Wdcmdrtbnc Yd`bekcfuetkr

Yd`bekcfuetkr
Yd`bekcfu
Yd`bekcfuetkr
etkr nfnhnj lnjnc fdcmnc ekcfuetbvbtns hbstrbe yncm ldrnfn fb
nctnrn bskhntkr fnc ekcfuetkr. Ekcfuetbv
Ekcfuetbvbtns
btns sd`bekcfu
sd`bekcfuetkr ldrebsnr nctnrn >7 9
etkr ldrebsnr
sn`pnb >7-: sbd`dcs pdr sdctb`dtdr fnc `d`bhbeb fnc idhnj dcdrmbcyn hdlbj edibh
fnrb ? d_ .
Lnjnc
Lnjnc sd`bek
sd`bekcfu
cfuetk
etkrr nfnhnj
nfnhnj lnjnc
lnjnc yncm
yncm ldrsbon
ldrsbontt sdtdcmn
sdtdcmnj
j ekcfue
ekcfuetkr
tkr
enrdcn idhnj dcdrmb yncm fbldctue khdj struetur lnjnc bcb hdlbj edibh fnrb idhnj
dcdrmb
dcdrmb lnjnc
lnjnc bskhnt
bskhntkr
kr tdt
tdtnpb
npb hdlbj
hdlbj ldsnr
ldsnr fnrb
fnrb idhnj
idhnj dcdrmb
dcdrmb lnjnc
lnjnc ekcfue
ekcfuetkr
tkr,,
sdjbcmmn `d`ucmebcenc dhdetrkc ldrpbcfnj fnrb sntu ntk` pdcyusuc ed ntk`
pdcyusuc hnbc fdcmnc pdrhneunc tdrtdctu tdrjnfnp lnjnc tdrsdlut (pd`ldrbnc
tdmncmnc, pdrulnjnc suju fnc sdlnmnbcyn). Khdj enrdcn btu sd`bekcfuetkr lbsn
ldrsbont sdtdcmnj `dcmjnctnr.
Lnjn
Lnjnc
c sd
sd`b
`bek
ekcf
cfue
uetk
tkrr fnpn
fnpntt ldru
ldruln
lnj
j sbon
sbontt ed
edhb
hbst
strb
rben
encc
ccyn
yn np
npnl
nlbh
bhnn
td`pdr
td`pdrntu
ntucyn
cyn ldruln
ldrulnj.
j. Fnhn`
Fnhn` ednfnn
ednfnnc
c `urcbc
`urcbcyn
yn `d`pu
`d`pucyn
cynbb sbont
sbont sdlnmn
sdlnmnbb
pdcydent 5sdfncmenc pnfn td`pdrntur en`nr ( <= · I ) fnpnt ldrulnj sbontcyn
`dcanfb
`dcanfb lnjnc pdcmjnctnr.
pdcmjnctnr. Ybont-sbont
Ybont-sbont edhbstrbenc
edhbstrbenc ekcfuetk
ekcfuetkrr `nupuc
`nupuc bskhntkr
bskhntkr
tbfne
tbfne `ufnj
`ufnj ldruln
ldrulnj
j khdj
khdj pdcmnr
pdcmnruj
uj td`pdr
td`pdrntu
ntur,
r, injnyn
injnyn ntnu
ntnu `dfnc
`dfnc `nmcdt
`nmcdt,,
sdcsbtbo.-
tdtnpb pnfn sd`bekcfuetkr sbont-sbont tdrsdlut sncmnt sdcsbtbo.-

<.
<.<
< Yusu
Yusucn
cnc
c Ntk`
Ntk` Yd
Yd`b
`bek
ekcf
cfue
uetk
tkrr
Lnjnc sd`bekcfuetkr yncm lncyne fbedcnh ikctkjcyn nfnhnj Ybhbikc (Yb),
Mdr`ncbu` (Md) fnc Mnhbu` Nrsdcbfn (MnNs). Mdr`ncbu` fnjuhu nfnhnj lnjnc
sntu-sntucyn
sntu-sntucyn yncm fbedcnh uctue
uctue `d`lunt
`d`lunt ek`pkcdc
ek`pkcdc sd`bekcfu
sd`bekcfuetkr.
etkr. Cn`uc
ldhnencmnc, sbhbekc
s bhbekc `dcanfb pkpuhnr sdtdhnj fbtd`uenc inrn `dcmdestrne lnjnc
bcb fnrb
fnrb nhn`.
nhn`. Ybhbek
Ybhbekc
c `drupn
`drupnenc
enc lnjnc
lnjnc tdrlncy
tdrlncyne
ne ed fun yncm
yncm nfn fblu`b
fblu`b
sdtdhnj kesbmdc (K<).
Yt
Ytru
ruet
etur
ur ntk`
ntk` er
erbs
bstn
tnhh sbhbe
sbhbekc
kc,, sn
sntu
tu bc
bctb
tb ntk`
ntk` (cuihdus
cuihdus)) `nsbcm-`nsbc
`nsbcm-`nsbcm
m
`d`bhbeb 6 dhdetrkc vnhdcsb. Bentnc bctb ntk` yncm stnlbh nfnhnj aben fbedhbhbcmb
khdj : dhdetrkc, sdjbcmmn 6 lunj dhdetrkc ntk` erbstnh tdrsdlut `d`ldctue bentnc

9
 6

ekvnhdc fdcmnc bkc-bkc ntk` tdtncmmncyn. Wnfn suju yncm sncmnt rdcfnj (7·E).
Ytruetur ntk` sbhbekc fbvbsunhbsnsbenc sdpdrtb pnfn mn`lnr ldrbeut.

Mn`lnr <.> Ytruetur Fun Fb`dcsb Erbstnh Ybhbekc.

Ybhbekc.

Bentnc ekvnhdc `dcydlnlenc dhdetrkc tbfne fnpnt ldrpbcfnj fnrb sntu bctb
ntk`
ntk` ed bctb
bctb ntk`
ntk` yncm
yncm hnbc.
hnbc. Wnfn
Wnfn ekcfbs
ekcfbsbb fd`beb
fd`bebnc,
nc, lnjnc
lnjnc sd`bek
sd`bekcfu
cfuetk
etkrr
ldrsbont bskhntkr enrdcn tbfne nfn dhdetrkc yncm fnpnt ldrpbcfnj uctue
`dcmjnctnrenc hbstrbe. Wnfn suju en`nr, nfn ldldrnpn bentnc ekvnhdc yncm hdpns
enrdcn dcdrmb pncns, sdjbcmmn `d`ucmebcenc dhdetrkc tdrhdpns fnrb bentnccyn.
Cn`uc jncyn ldldrnpn au`hnj edibh yncm fnpnt tdrhdpns, sdjbcmmn tbfne
`d`ucmebcenc uctue `dcanfb ekcfuetkr yncm lnbe.
Njhb-njhb obsben tdrutn`n yncm `dcmunsnb obsben qunctu` pnfn `nsn btu
`dcikln `d`ldrbenc fkpbcm pnfn lnjnc sd`bekcfuetkr bcb. Wd`ldrbnc fkpbcm
fb`nes
fb`nesufe
ufenc
nc uctue
uctue `dcfnp
`dcfnpnte
ntenc
nc dhdetr
dhdetrkc
kc vnhdcs
vnhdcsbb ldlns
ldlns fnhn`
fnhn` au`hnj
au`hnj hdlbj
hdlbj
lncyne fnc pdr`ncdc, yncm fbjnrnpenc
fbjnrnpenc nenc fnpnt `dcmjnctnrenc hbstrbe.

<.9 Wrksds Yd`bekcfuetkr

Fkpbcm sd`bekcfuetkr

Mn`lnr <.< Fbnmrn` Fkpbcm Yd`bekcfuetkr.

 4

Fbstrblusb Odr`b-Fbrni sdlnmnb fnsnr struetur pbtn fnhn` sd`bekcfuetkr.

Ynhnj sntu nhnsnc utn`n edmucnnc sd`bekcfuetkr fnhn` dhdetrkcbe nfnhnj
sbont dhdetrkcbecyn fnpnt fbulnj lncyne fnhn` sdlunj inrn tdrekctrkh fdcmnc
`dcn`lnj sdau`hnj edibh edtbfne`urcbnc. Edtbfne`urcbnc bcb fbsdlut fkpnct.
Fkp
Fkpbcm
bcm sd
sdau
au`h
`hnj
nj ldsn
ldsnrr ed sd
sd`
`be
bek
kcf
cfue
uetk
tkrr fnp
fnpnt `dc
dcbc
bcme
ment
nte
enc
ekcfue
ekcfuetbv
tbvbtns
btnscyn
cyn fdcmnc
fdcmnc onetkr
onetkr hdlbj
hdlbj ldsnr
ldsnr fnrb
fnrb sntu
sntu `bhynr
`bhynr.. Fnhn`
Fnhn` sbreubt
sbreubt
tdrp
tdrpnf
nfu
u `kfd
`kfdrc
rc,, `bsnh
`bsnhcy
cyn,
n, pk
pkhy
hyir
irys
ystnh
tnhhb
hbcd
cd sbh
sbhbi
bikc
kc fb
fbfk
fkp-
p-ld
ldrnt
rnt sdrbc
sdrbcme
menhb
nhb
fbmucnenc sdlnmnb pdcmmnctb hkmn` (A.M. Ldfcnrz >2:?).
Fkpbcm fnhn` prkfuesb sd`bekcfuetkr, fkpbcm `dcucaue ed prksds yncm
ldrtuaunc `dcn`lnj edtbfne`urcbnc (b`purbty
b`purbtyn)
n) edpnfn sd`bekcfuetkr sncmnt
`urcb (aumn fbsd
sdl
lut bctrbcsbe) fnhn
fnhn`
` rn
rncm
cmen
en `dcm
`dcmul
ulnj
nj sbon
sbontt hbst
hbstrb
rbec
ecyn
yn..
Edtbfne`ur
Edtbfne`urcbnc
cbnc bcb tdrmnctucm
tdrmnctucm fnrb adcbs sd`bekcfue
sd`bekcfuetkr.
tkr. Wd`ldrbnc
Wd`ldrbnc fkpbcm
fkpbcm
fb`nesufen
fb`nesufenc
c uctue `dcfnpntenc
`dcfnpntenc dhdetrkc vnhdcsb
vnhdcsb ldlns fnhn` au`hnj hdlbj
lncyne fnc pdr`ncdc, yncm fbjnrnpenc
fbjnrnpenc nenc fnpnt `dcmnjnctnrenc hbstrbe.
Ldld
Ldldrn
rnpn
pn fkpn
fkpnct
ct lbns
lbnsnc
ncyn
yn fbtn
fbtn`l
`lnj
njen
enc
c ed
edtb
tben
en lkuhd fbtu`lujenc,
`d`ldrbenc sdtbnp wnodr fkpbcm nwnh yncm jn`pbr sdrnmn`. Tctue `d`ldfnenc
ucsur
ucsur sbre
sbreubt
ubt,, wbhnyn
wbhnynj
j tdrpbhbj
tdrpbhbj (lbnsnc
(lbnsncyn
yn fbekct
fbekctrkh
rkh khdj
khdj pjktkhbtjkmrnob)
pjktkhbtjkmrnob) fbfkp
hdlbj hncaut fdcmnc Wrksds fbousb ntnu b`phnctnsb bkc,
bkc, `dtkfd edfun hdlbj pkpuhdr
fnhn` prkfuesb senhn ldsnr enrdcn ed`ufnjnc pdcmkctrkhnccyn.
Au`h
Au`hnj
nj ntk`
ntk` fkpn
fkpnct
ct yncm
yncm fblu
fblutu
tuje
jenc
nc uc
uctu
tue
e `dci
`dcibp
bptn
tnen
enc
c sd
sdlu
lunj
nj
pdrldfnnc fnhn` ed`n`punc sdlunj sd`bekcfuetkr sncmnt edibh. Lbhn sdau`hnj
edibh ntk` fkpnct fbtn`lnjenc (fnhn` krfdr > sdtbnp >77.777.777 ntk`), fkpbcm
bcb fbsdlut rdcfnj ntnu rbcmnc. Edtben hdlbj lncyne ntk` fkpnct fbtn`lnjenc
(fnh
(fnhn`
n` kr
krfd
fdrr >7
>7.7
.777
77)) fk
fkpb
pbcm
cm bcb
bcb fbsd
fbsdlu
lutt sdlnm
sdlnmnb
nb ld
ldrn
rntt nt
ntnu
nu tbcm
tbcmmb
mb.. Jnh
Jnh bc
bcbb
fbtucaueenc sdlnmnb c+ uctue fkpnct tbpd-c ntnu p+ uctue fkpbcm tbpd-p.

<.6 Lnjnc Yd`bekcfuetkr

n. Wdrsbnpnc Ln
Lnjnc sd
sd`bekcfuetkr
Yd`bek
Yd`bekcf
cfuet
uetkr
kr fdcmnc
fdcmnc prkpdr
prkpdrtb
tb dhdetr
dhdetrkcb
kcbe
e yncm
yncm fnpnt
fnpnt fbprdf
fbprdfbes
besbb fnc
jncf
jncfnh
nh fbpd
fbpdrh
rhue
uenc
nc uctu
uctue
e prkfuesb `nssn.
`nssn. Vbcmen
Vbcmentt ed`urc
ed`urcbnc
bnc eb`bn
eb`bn yncm
yncm
fbpdrh
fbpdrhuen
uenc
c sncmnt
sncmnt tbcmmb
tbcmmb enrdcn
enrdcn nfncyn
nfncyn edtbfn
edtbfnesd
esd`pu
`purcn
rcnnc,
nc, lnjenc
lnjenc fnhn`
fnhn`
prkpkrsb sncmnt edibh fnpnt `d`bhbeb dode ldsnr pnfn prkpdrtb fnrb `ntdrbnh.
 ?

Erbstnh
Erbstnh fdcmnc
fdcmnc tbcmen
tbcmentt edsd`pu
edsd`purcn
rcnnc
nc yncm
yncm tbcmmb
tbcmmb aumn
aumn fbpdrhu
fbpdrhuenc
enc,, enrdcn
enrdcn
edsn
edsnhn
hnjn
jnc
c fnhn
fnhn`
` st
stru
ruet
etur
ur er
erbs
bstn
tnhh (s
(sdp
dpdr
drtb
tb fbshkensb,
fbshkensb, ed`lnrnc,
ed`lnrnc, fnc rdtne
tu`puenc)) `dcmncmmu prkpdrtb sd`bekcfuetbvbtns fnrb `ntdrbnh. \dtnenc erbstnh
tu`puenc
`drupnenc pdcydlnl utn`n rusnecyn pdrncment sd`bekcfuetkr. Yd`nebc ldsnr
erbstnh, sd`nebc suhbt `dcinpnb edsd`purcnnc yncm fbpdrhuenc. Wrksds prkfuesb
`nssn snnt bcb `dcmmucnenc bcmkt (lnjnc fnsnr) erbstnh fdcmnc fbn`dtdr nctnrn
d`pnt
d`pnt jbcmmn
jbcmmn fun
fun ldhns
ldhns bcib
bcib (977
(977 ``) yncm
yncm fbtu`l
fbtu`luje
ujenc
nc sdlnmn
sdlnmnbb sbhbcfd
sbhbcfdrr
ed`ufbnc fbbrbs `dcanfb wnodr.
Enrdcn fbpdrhuenccyn tbcment ed`urcbnc eb`bn fnc edsd`purcnnc struetur
erbs
erbstn
tnhh uctu
uctue
e `d`l
`d`lun
untt pdrn
pdrncm
cmen
entt sd
sd`b
`bek
ekcf
cfue
uetk
tkr,
r, `dtk
`dtkfd
fd ej
ejus
usus
us td
tdhn
hnj
j
fbed`lncmenc uctue `d`prkfuesb lnjnc sd`bekcfuetkr nwnh. Ydlunj tdecbe
uctue `dcinpnb ed`urcbnc tbcmmb tdr`nsue pdrtu`lujnc erbstnh `dcmmucnenc
prksds Izkijrnhseb.
Izkijrnhseb. Hncmen
Hncmenj
j tn`lnj
tn`lnjnc
nc yncm
yncm fnpnt
fnpnt fbmucn
fbmucnenc
enc uctue
uctue hdlbj
hdlbj
`dcbcmentenc ed`urcbnc fbedcnh sdlnmnb pdrlnbenc zkcn.
zkcn. Fnhn` pdrlnbenc zkcn,
zkcn,
sdlnmb
sdlnmbnc
nc fnrb
fnrb erbstnh
erbstnh pnfnt
pnfnt fbinbre
fbinbrenc.
nc. B`purb
B`purbtns
tns idcfdr
idcfdrucm
ucm ldrekc
ldrekcsdc
sdctrn
trnsb
sb fb
fndrnj yncm fbinbrenc, sdfncmenc `ntdrbnh yncm fbbcmbcenc `dcmerbstnh ed`lnhb
sdjbcm
sdjbcmmn
mn `dcmjn
`dcmjnsbhe
sbhenc
nc lnjnc
lnjnc hdlbj
hdlbj `urcb
`urcb fnc erbstnh
erbstnh fdcmnc
fdcmnc hdlbj
hdlbj sdfbebt
sdfbebt
edsnhnjnc.
Fnhn
Fnhn`
` pd`l
d`luntn
untnc
c pdr
drnc
ncme
ment
nt sd
sd`b
`be
ekc
kcfu
fue
etk
tkrr ync
ncm
m `dh
dhbl
blnt
nten
enc
c
jdtdrkaucitbkc nctnrn lnjnc-lnjnc sd`bekcfuetkr yncm ldrldfn, ekcstnctn ebsb,
ynbtu pncancm fnrb strue
struetur
tur erbstnh yncm ldruhncm,
ldruhncm, pdctbcm uctue
uctue `dcdctuenc
`dcdctuenc
ek`pntblbhbtns nctnr lnjnc.

l. @nin
@nin`
` ’ `ni
`nin`
n` Yd`
Yd`be
bekc
kcfu
fuet
etkr
kr fnc
fnc Wdc
Wdcmm
mmuc
ucnn
nncc
ccyn
yn

Vnldh <.> @nin`-`nin` sd`bekcfuetkr

Ck Cn`n Yd`bEkcfuetkr Wdcmmucnnccyn

> Lnrbu` Vbtbcntd (Ln Vb) Vdr`bstkr (WVI)

< Lbs`ut Vdhurbfn (Lb< Vd9) Ekcvdrsb tdr`k dhdetrbe

9 Inf`bu` suhobfd (If Y) Ydh Oktkekcfuetbo

6 Mnhhbu` nrsdcbfd (Mn Ns) Fbkfn, trncsbstkr, hnsdr, hdf,

 =

mdcdrntkr mdhk`lncm

@berk

4 Mdr`ncbu` (Md) Fbkfd, trncsbstkr

? Bc
Bcf
fbu` nctb`kcbfn (Bc Yl) @nmcdtkrd
rdssbstk
stkr, pbdzkrdsbs
sbstkr,

fdtdetkr
rnfbnsb bcorn`drnj

= Bcfbu` nrsdcbfn (Bc Ns) Wbdzkrdsbstkr

: Ybhbekc (Yb) Fbkfd, trncsbstkr, BI

2 Ybhbekc Inrlbfn (Yb Il) _nrbstkr

>7 Ydcm Yuhobfn (Qc Y) Wdrncment pdcdrncmnc dhdetrk

>> Mdr`
Mdr`nc
ncbu
bu`
` Ybhb
Ybhbe
ekc (Md
(Md Yb)
Yb) Wd`l
d`lnc
ncm
meb
ebtn
tnc
c td
tdr`
r`k
kdh
dhde
detr
trbe
be

>< Ydhdcbu` (Yd) \ditbobdr

>9 Nhu`bcbu` Ytblbu` (Nh

(Nh Yl) Fbkfd pdcdrn
rnc
cmnc

>6 Mnhhbu` pkspkr (Mn W) Fbkfd pdcdrncmnc

>4 Bcfbu` pkspkr (Bc W) Obhtdr bcorn`drnj

>? Vd`lnmn Kesbfn \ditbobdr

>= Whu`luc Yuhour (Wl Y) Oktk sdh

>: Whu`luc Ydhdcbu` (Wl Yd) Oktk sdh

>2 Bcfbu` Ytblbu` (Bc Yl) Fdtdetkr bcorn`drnj, obhtdr

bcorn`drnj,

mdcdrntkr Jnhh

Ybhb
Ybhbek
ekc
c nfnh
nfnhnj
nj sunt
suntu
u ucsur eb`bn fnh
fnhn`
n` tnldh pdrbkfbe
pdrbkfbe yncm `d`bhbeb
`d`bhbeb
hn`l
hn`lnc
ncm
m Yb fnc
fnc ck`kr ntk` >6
>6.. @dru
@drupn
pnen
enc
c ucsur tdrlncyne
tdrlncyne edfun
edfun fb lu`b.
lu`b.
Ydcynwn yncm fbldctue ldrsbont
ldrsbont pnrn`nmcdtbe. Tcsur eb`bn bcb fbtd`uenc khdj
(Akcs Anekl Ldrzdhbus >2<9) sbhbekc jn`pbr
jn`pbr <4.=%
<4.=% `dcmbeut
`dcmbeut ldrnt.
ldrnt. Lbnsncyn
Lbnsncyn
fnhn` ldctue sbhbekc fbkesbfn (sbhben) fnc sbhbent. Ybhbekc sdrbcm fbmucnenc uctue
`d`lunt
`d`lunt sdrnt kptbe fnc fnhn` kpdrnsb phnstbe fbmucnenc
fbmucnenc uctue
uctue `dcmbsb
`dcmbsb lnmbnc
tuluj pnsbdc fnhn` ldctue sbhbekc.
 :

<.4 Inrn Edran Lnjnc Yd`bekcfuetkr

Fnhn` ebcdran sd`bekcfuetkr en`b `dcmn`lbh trncsbstkr sdlnmnb ikctkj
fnrbb inrn
fnr inrn edran
edran sd`
sd`bek
bekcfu
cfuetk
etkr.
r. Wnfn
Wnfn fnsnrc
fnsnrcyn,
yn, trncsb
trncsbstk
stkrr fnc tnlucm
tnlucm vneu`
vneu`
`d`bhbeb oucmsb yncm sdrupn5 edfuncyn `dcmntur au`hnj nhbrnc nrus hbstrbe.
Tctue `dcmdrtb inrn edran sd`bekcfuetkr, `bsnhenc sdlunj mdhns ldrbsb nbr
`urcb. Aben sdpnsncm ekcfuetkr fb`nsuenc edfnhn`cyn, fnc fbldrbenc tdmncmnc
FI tdpnt fblnwnj tdmncmnc dhdetrkhbsbs (sdldhu` nbr ldrulnj `dcanfb Jbfrkmdc
fnc Kesbmdc),
Kesbmdc), tbfne nenc nfn nrus `dcmnhbr enrdcn nbr tbfne `d`bhbeb pd`lnwn
`untnc
`untnc (ijnrm
(ijnrmdd inrrbdrs
inrrbdrs).
). Ydjbcm
Ydjbcmmn,
mn, nbr `urcb
`urcb fbncmm
fbncmmnp
np sdlnmn
sdlnmnbb bskhntkr. Aben
sdfbebt mnrn` fnpur fb`nsuenc ed fnhn`cyn, ekcfuesb nrus nenc `uhnb `dcmnhbr,
en
enrd
rdcn
cn sdau
sdau`h
`hnj
nj pd
pd`l
`lnw
nwnn `unt
`untnc
nc ld
ldln
lnss (`kl
(`klbh
bhdd in
inrrb
rrbdr
drs,
s, bkc)
bkc) tdrldctue.
@dcnbenc ekcsdctrnsb mnrn` nenc `dcbcmentenc ekcfuesb, cn`uc tbfne lncyne.
Mnrn` fnpur sdcfbrb nfnhnj ckc-ekcfuetkr (bskhntkr
(bskhntkr), enrdcn pd`lnwn `untncyn
tbfne ldlns.
Ybhbekc `urcb sdcfbrb nfnhnj sdlunj bskhntkr, cn`uc aben sdfbebt pdcid`nr
fbtn`lnjenc
fbtn`lnjenc,, sdpdrtb
sdpdrtb Nrsdcbe, fdcmnc sdlunj prksds yncm fbcn`nenc fkpbcm,
fnhn` au`hnj yncm iueup edibh sdjbcmmn tbfne `dcmninuenc tntn hdtne erbstnh
sbhbekc, Nrsdcbe nenc `d`ldrbenc dhditrkc ldlns fnc jnsbhcyn `d`ucmebcenc
tdranfbcyn ekcfuesb nrus hbstrbe. Bcb enrdcn Nrsdcbe `d`bhbeb 4 ntk` fb krlbt
tdrhunrcyn, sdfncmenc Ybhbekc jncyn 6. Ekcfuesb tdranfb enrdcn pd`lnwn `untnc
ldlns tdhnj fbtn`lnjenc (khdj edhdlbjnc dhdetrkc fnrb Nrsdcbe). Fnhn` ensus bcb,
sdlunj
sdlunj Ybhbek
Ybhbekc
c tbpd-c
tbpd-c (c uctue
uctue cdmntb
cdmntbo,
o, enrdcn
enrdcn pd`lnw
pd`lnwnn `untnc
`untnccyn
cyn nfnhnj
nfnhnj
dhdetrkc yncm ldr`untnc cdmntbo) tdhnj tdrldctue.
Ydhnbc
Ydhnbc fnrb btu,
btu, sbh
sbhbek
bekc
c fnpnt
fnpnt fbin`p
fbin`pur
ur fdcmnc
fdcmnc Lkrkc uctue
uctue `d`lunt
`d`lunt
sd`bekcfuetkr tbpd-p. Enrdcn Lkrkc jncyn `d`bhbeb 9 dhdetrkc fb krlbt pnhbcm
hunrcy
hunrcyn,
n, pd`lnw
pd`lnwnn `untnc
`untnc yncm
yncm lnru,
lnru, fbcn`n
fbcn`nenc
enc "hulnc
"hulncm"
m" (jkhd,
(jkhd, pd`lnw
pd`lnwnn
`untnc pksbtbo), nenc tdrldctue fb fnhn` tntn hdtne erbstnh sbhbekc.
Fnhn` tnlucm jn`pn, pd`lnwn `untnc (dhdetrkc) nenc fbpncinrenc khdj
d`bsb tjdr`bkcbi
tjdr`b kcbi fnrb sdlunj entkfd yncm fbpncnsenc khdj enwnt obhn`dc. Enrdcn
btu, tnlucm jn`pn tbfne lbsn `d`lunt pd`lnwn `untnc pksbtbo (jkhd).
 2

Fnpnt fbsb`ne lnjwn pd`lnwn `untnc yncm ldr`untnc sn`n nenc snhbcm
tkhne
tkhne `dckhn
`dckhne,
e, sdjbcm
sdjbcmmn
mn tncpn
tncpn nfncyn
nfncyn mnyn
mnyn yncm
yncm hnb
hnbc,
c, pd`lnw
pd`lnwn-pd
n-pd`ln
`lnwn
wn
`untnc
`untnc bcb nenc
nenc tdrfbstr
tdrfbstrblu
blusb
sb sdinrn
sdinrn `drntn
`drntn fb fnhn`
fnhn` `ntdrb
`ntdrb sd`bek
sd`bekcfu
cfuetk
etkr.
r.
Cn`uc fb fnhn` sdlunj trncsbstkr lbpkhnr (ntnu fbkfd aucitbkc) fb`ncn sdlunj
sd`bekcfuetkr tbpd-p fnc sdlunj sd`bekcfuetkr tbpd-c fblunt fnhn` sntu edpbcm
sbhbekc, pd`lnwn-pd`lnwn `untnc bcb idcfdrucm ldrpbcfnj ed nrnj sn`lucmnc
W-C tdrsdlut (pdrlntnsnc nctnrn sd`bekcfuetkr tbpd-p fnc tbpd-c), enrdcn tdrtnrbe
khdj `untnc yncm ldrhnwncnc fnrb sdldrncmcyn.
Edcn
Edcnbe
benc
nc fn
fnrb
rb au
au`h
`hnj
nj pd
pdci
cid`
d`nr
nr (f
(fkp
kpbc
bcm
m hd
hdvd
vdh)
h) ne
nenc
nc `dcb
`dcbcm
cmen
ente
tenc
nc
ekcfuetbvbtns fnrb `ntdrb sd`bekcfuetkr, nsnhenc tntn-hdtne erbstnh sbhbekc tdtnp
fbpdrtnjncenc. Fnhn` sdlunj trncsbstkr lbpkhnr, fndrnj tdr`bcnh d`btdr `d`bhbeb
au`hnj fkpbcm yncm hdlbj ldsnr fblncfbcmenc fdcmnc tdr`bcnh lnsbs. \nsbk
pdrlncfbcmnc nctnrn fkpbcm d`btdr fnc lnsbs nfnhnj sntu fnrb lncyne onetkr yncm
`dcdctuenc sbont pdcmuntnc nrus (iurrdct mnbc) fnrb trncsbstkr tdrsdlut.
Au`hnj fkpbcm yncm fbpdrhuenc sdlunj sd`bekcfuetkr nfnhnj sncmnt edibh,
fn
fnhn
hn`
` ue
ueur
urnc
nc sn
sntu
tu ld
ldrl
rlnc
ncfb
fbcm
cm sd
sdrnt
rntus
us au
autn
tn,, fn
fnc
c bc
bcbb `dca
`dcanf
nfbb eu
euci
cibb fn
fnhn
hn`
`
edldrjnsbhnc
edldrjnsbhnc sd`bekcfu
sd`bekcfuetkr.
etkr. Fnhn` sdlunj `dtnh, pkpuhnsb
pkpuhnsb pd`lnwn
pd`lnwn `untnc
`untnc
nfnhnj sncmnt tbcmmb5 sntu pd`lnwn `untnc uctue sdtbnp ntk`. Fnhn` `dtnh,
uctue
uctue `dcmulnj
`dcmulnj `dtnh `dcanfb
`dcanfb bskhntkr,
bskhntkr, pd`lnwn `untnc
`untnc jnrus fbsnpu fdcmnc
`d`nsncm suntu ldfn tdmncmnc. Fnhn` `dtnh, tdmncmnc bcb sncmnt tbcmmb, anuj
hdlb
hdlbj
j tbcm
tbcmmb
mb fn
fnrb
rb yn
yncm
cm `n`p
`n`pu
u `dcm
`dcmjn
jnci
ciur
uren
encc
ccyn
yn.. Cn`u
Cn`uc,
c, fn
fnhn
hn`
` sdlun
sdlunj
j
sd`bek
sd`bekcfu
cfuetk
etkrr jncyn
jncyn nfn sntu pd`lnw
pd`lnwnn `untnc
`untnc fnhn`
fnhn` ldldrnp
ldldrnpnn autn
autn ntk`.
ntk`.
Au`hnj
Au`hnj tdmncm
tdmncmnc
nc yncm
yncm fbpdrhu
fbpdrhuenc
enc uctue
uctue `dcynp
`dcynpu
u pd`lnw
pd`lnwnn `untnc
`untnc fnhn`
fnhn`
sdau`hnj ldsnr sd`bekcfuetkr fnpnt fbinpnb fdcmnc `ufnj. Fdcmnc entn hnbc,
hbstrbe fb fnhn` `dtnh nfnhnj bcek`prdsblhd (tbfne lbsn fb`n`pntenc), sdpdrtb
ohubfn. Ydfncmenc fnhn` sd`bekcfuetkr, hbstrbe ldrsbont sdpdrtb mns yncm lbsn
fb`n`pntenc
fb`n`pntenc.. Yd`bekcfu
Yd`bekcfuetkr
etkr fdcmnc
fdcmnc fkpbcm
fkpbcm fnpnt fbrulnj
fbrulnj `dcanfb
`dcanfb bskhntkr,
bskhntkr,
sdfncmenc `dtnh tbfne.
Mn`l
Mn`lnrn
nrnc
c fb ntns
ntns `dca
`dcadhn
dhnse
senc
nc ek
ekcf
cfue
uesb
sb fb
fbsdl
sdlnl
nlen
enc
c kh
khdj
dj pd
pd`l
`lnw
nwnn
`untnc, ynbtu dhdetrkc ntnu hulncm, cn`uc fnsnrcyn trncsbstkr lbpkhnr nfnhnj nesb
edmbntnc
edmbntnc fnrb pd`lnwn `untnc tdrsdlut
tdrsdlut uctue
uctue `dcydlrncm
`dcydlrncmbb fndrnj fdphdtbkc
fdphdtbkc
zkcd. Fdphdtbkc
Fdphdtbkc zkcd bcb tdrldctue
tdrldctue enrdcn
enrdcn trncsbstkr
trncsbstkr tdrsdlut
tdrsdlut fbldrbenc
fbldrbenc tdmncmnc
 >7

lbns tdrlnhbe, khdj tdmncmnc yncm fbldrbenc fb nctnrn lnsbs fnc d`btdr. ]nhnu
trncsbstkr tdrhbjnt sdpdrtb fbldctue khdj fun fbkfd yncm fbsn`lucmenc, sdlunj
trncsbstkr sdcfbrb tbfne lbsn fblunt fdcmnc `dcyn`lucmenc fun fbkfd. Tctue
`d`lunt trncsbstkr, lnmbnc-lnmbnccyn jnrus fblunt fnrb sdpktkcm erbstnh sbhbekc,
fdcmnc sdlunj fndrnj lnsbs yncm sncmnt tbpbs.

<.
<.?
? Wdcm
Wdcmdh
dhk`
k`pk
pken
enc
c Yd
Yd`b
`bek
ekcf
cfue
uetk
tkrr
Yd`bekcfuetkr snnt bcb `d`pucynb pdrncnc pdctbcm fb lbfncm dhdetrkcben
fnc pdcmmu
pdcmmucnn
cnnccy
ccynn tbfne
tbfne tdrlntns
tdrlntns pnfn
pnfn nrus
nrus hd`nj.
hd`nj. Jnh pdctbc
pdctbcm
m fnhn`
fnhn` sd`b
sd`b
ekcfuetkr nfnhnj `d`njn`b susucnc pbtn fnc ntk` ekcfuesb dhdetrkcbecyn lnbe
pnfn lnjnc ekcfuetkr `nupuc pnfn sd`b ekcfuetkr. Wnfn lnjnc tdrsdlut
tdrfnpnt pbtn ekcfuesb `nupuc pbtn vnhdcsb, fb`ncn edfun pbtn tdrsdlut snhbcm
`dcu`pue,
`dcu`pue, fnc pnfn bskhntkr anrne edfuncyn
edfuncyn iueup anuj. Wnfn sd`b ekcfuetk
ekcfuetkrr
anrne edfuncyn tbfne tdrhnhu anuj fnc bcb `d`ucmebcenc tdranfbcyn tu`pncm
tbcfbj aben fbpdcmnrujb 1 pncns, `dfnc `nmcdt, fnc tdmncmnc yncm iueup tbcmmb.
Wdrlncfbcmnc anrne edfun pbtn fbsdlut idhnj dcdrmb.
Ldrlnmnb pdcdhbtbnc idhnj dcdrmb pnfn bctnc ? dv fnc bctnc `drupnenc
lnjnc bskhntkr fdcmnc rdsbstbvbtns tbcmmb, sdfncmenc lnjnc sd`bekcfuetkr
`d`pucynb idhnj dcdrmb hdlbj sd`pbt fnrbpnfn bskhntkr 7,>< ’ 4,9 dv sdpdrtb Yb
sdlnmnb snhnj sntu lnjnc sd`bekcfuetkr fdcmnc idhnj dcdrmb >,> dv.
Ldrfnsnrenc
Ldrfnsnrenc hdlnr fnc sd`pbtcyn idhnj dcdrmb
dcdrmb fnrb lnjnc-lnjnc
lnjnc-lnjnc bctnc,
bctnc,
sd`
sd`bek
bekcfue
cfuetk
tkr,
r, ekc
kcfu
fuet
etk
kr tdrh
tdrhbj
bjnt
nt lnj
njw
wn uc
uctu
tue
e `dc
dcan
anf
fbe
benc
nc lnj
njnc
nc
sd`bek
sd`bekcfu
cfuetk
etkrr nmnr
nmnr `dcmjn
`dcmjnctn
ctnrr hbs
hbstrbe
trbe fbpdrh
fbpdrhuen
uenc
c dcdrmb
dcdrmb yncm
yncm tbfne
tbfne ldsnr.
ldsnr.
Yb
Ybhb
hbek
ekc
c fn
fnc
c md
mdr`
r`nc
ncbu
bu`
` `urc
`urcbb fbsd
fbsdlu
lutt sd
sd`b
`b ek
ekcf
cfue
uetk
tkrr bc
bctrb
trbcs
csbe
be aben ldhu`
`dcfnp
`dcfnpnte
ntenc
nc lnjnc
lnjnc tn`lnj
tn`lnjnc,
nc, sdfncme
sdfncmenc
nc yncm
yncm sufnj
sufnj `dcfnp
`dcfnpnten
ntenc
c lnjnc
lnjnc
tn`lnj
tn`lnjnc
nc fbsdlu
fbsdlutt destrbcsbe. Lnjnc tn`lnjnc yncm fb`nesuf nrsdcbeu` (Ns)
ntnu
ntnu lkrkc
lkrkc (L).
(L). Lnjnc
Lnjnc sd`bek
sd`bekcfu
cfuetk
etkrr yncm
yncm `dcfnp
`dcfnpnte
ntenc
nc tn`lnj
tn`lnjnc
nc Ns nenc
nenc
`dcanfb sd`b ekcfuetkr adcbs C, sdfncmenc yncm `dcfnpntenc tn`lnjnc L nenc
`dcanfb sd`b ekcfuetkr adcbs W.
Ldldrnpn lnjnc tn`lnjnc uctue sd`bekcfuetkr fnpnt fbhbjnt pnfn tnldh
Dcdmb Bkcbsnsb fb lnwnj bcb 1
 >>

Vnldh <.< Dcdrmb Bkcbsnsb

Lnjnc Wdcmktkrnc
Yb (dv) Md (dv)
(Vbpd ’ C)
Wkspkr 7,766 7,7><
Nrsdc 7,762 7,7>9
Nctb`kc 7,792 7,7>7

Lnjnc Wdcmktkrnc Yb (dv) Md (dv)

(Vbpd ’ W)
Lkrkc 7,764 7,7>7
Nhu`bcbu` 7,74= 7,7>7
Mnhhbu` 7,7?4 7,7>>
Bcfbu` 7,>? 7,7>>

Yd`bekcfuetkr fbedhk`pkeenc
fbedhk`pkeenc `dcanfb fun ynbtu 5
n. Yd
Yd`b
`bek
ekcf
cfue
uetk
tkrr Bc
Bctr
trbc
bcsb
sbe
e
Yd`bekcfu
Yd`bekcfuetkr
etkr bctrbcsbe
bctrbcsbe nfnhnj sd`bekcfu
sd`bekcfuetkr
etkr yncm ldhu` fbsbsbpenc
fbsbsbpenc
ntk`-n
ntk`-ntk`
tk` hnb
hnbc
c (ntk`
(ntk` pdcmkt
pdcmktkr)
kr).. Tctue
Tctue `dcanf
`dcanfben
benc
c pbtn
pbtn vnhdcs
vnhdcsbb ldrtu`
ldrtu`pnc
pncm
m
tbcfbj
tbcfbj fdcmnc
fdcmnc pbtn ekcfuesb
ekcfuesb fbnctnrncy
fbnctnrncynn fbpdrhuenc
fbpdrhuenc `dfnc. Ydlnmnb ikctkj 1 Yb
`d`pucynb idhnj dcdrmb > dv. Bcb fbpdrebrnenc ldfn dcdrmb nctnrn fun bctb bkc

yncm tdrfdent
tdrfdent fdcmnc anrne
7
¾> N >7 ( ∜>7
` ) . @nen fnrb btu fbpdrhuenc mrnfbdc
∜ >7
`dfnc ¾> _ />7 ` uctue `dcmmdrnenc dhdetrkc fnrb lnmbnc ntns pbtn vnhdcsb
ed lnmbnc
lnmbnc lnwnj
lnwnj pbtn
pbtn ek
ekcfu
cfuesb
esb.. Cn`uc
Cn`uc mrnfbd
mrnfbdc
c sdldsnr
sdldsnr btu eurncm
eurncm prnetb
prnetbs.
s.
Ed`ucmebcnc hnbc uctue ednfnnc trncsbsb ynbtu tu`pncm tbcfbj edfun pbtn fnpnt
fbpdrkhdj fdcmnc pd`ncnsnc. Wnfn suju en`nr nfn aumn ldldrnpn dhdetrkc yncm
`dhbctnsb idhnj dcdrmb fnc jnh bcb `dcydlnlenctdranfbcyn sd`b ekcfuesb. Wnfn
sd`bekcfuetkr bctrbcsbe, ekcfuesb tdrsdlut fbsdlnlenc prksds bctrbcsbe fnrb lnjnc
tncpn nfncyn pdcmnruj tn`lnjnc. Erbstnh Yb fnc Md `urcb nfnhnj sd`bekcfuetkr
bctrbcsbe.
Dhdetr
Dhdetrkc
kc-dhd
-dhdetr
etrkc
kc yncm
yncm fbedhu
fbedhunre
nrenc
nc fnrb
fnrb lnmbnc
lnmbnc tdrntn
tdrntnss pbtn
pbtn vnhdcs
vnhdcsbb ed
lnmbnc pbtn ekcfuesb enrdcn dcdrmb tdr`nh nfnhnj pdcydlnc ekcfuesb. Lncynecyn
dhdetr
dhdetrkc
kc yncm
yncm tdreunt
tdreunt uctue
uctue ldrmdr
ldrmdrne
ne `dhbctn
`dhbctnsb
sb idhnj
idhnj dcdrmb
dcdrmb fnpnt
fnpnt fbjbtu
fbjbtucm
cm
fdcmnc fbstrblusb ed`ucmebcnc Odr`b ’ Fbrni 5

>
W (D );
( > ; d )( D ; Do ) / E . V
 ><

Fb`ncn Do 1 tbcment odr`b, E 1 ekcstnctn lkhtz`nc 0 :,?6.>7’4 dv /7E, D-

Do 1 Dm
Dm/<
/<,, Dm 1 ldsnrnc
ldsnrnc idhnj dcdrmb
dcdrmb tdr`nh EV pnfn suju en`nr (7,7<? dv).
Enrdcn cbhnb > pnfn pdcydlut fnpnt fbnlnbenc, `nen pdrsn`nnc fb ntns fnpnt
fbtuhbs 1
W(D) ; d(; Dm / <EV )
Enrdcn
Enrdcn pdrpbc
pdrpbcfnj
fnjnc
nc dhdetr
dhdetrkc
kc fnrb
fnrb pbtn
pbtn vnhdcs
vnhdcsb,
b, `nen
`nen pnfn
pnfn pbtn
pbtn vnhdcs
vnhdcsbb
tdranfb hulncm fb sdtbnp td`pnt yncm fbtbcmmnhenc dhdetrkc tdrsdlut. Yuntu sd`b
ekcfuetkr bctrbcsbe `d`pucynb hulncm yncm sn`n pnfn pbtn vnhdcsb fnc dhdetrkc
pnfn pbtn ekcfuesb. Wnfn pd`nenbnc dhdetrkc yncm hnrb ed pbtn ekcfuesb fnrb pbtn
vnhdcsb, `bsnhcyn enrdcn pncns fnpnt fbpdridpnt `dcmmucnenc ednfnnc ekskcm
yncm `d`ucmebcenc pnfn pbtn ekcfuesb. Wnfn wnetu yncm sn`n hulncm pbtn
vn
vnhd
hdcs
csbb au
aumn
mn ld
ldrm
rmdr
drne
ne tdtnp
tdtnpbb ld
ldrhn
rhnwn
wncn
cnc
c nrnj
nrnj fd
fdcm
cmnc
nc md
mdrn
rnen
enc
c dh
dhde
detr
trkc
kc..
Ekcfue
Ekcfuetbv
tbvbtn
btnss fnrb
fnrb sd`b
sd`b ekcfue
ekcfuetkr
tkr bctrbc
bctrbcsbe
sbe tdrmnc
tdrmnctuc
tucm
m ekcsdc
ekcsdctrns
trnsbb `untnc
`untnc
pd`lnwn tdrsdlut ynbtu cd fnc cj.

Ybont-sbont sd`bekcfuetkr bctrbcsbe1

 Au`hnj dhdetrkc ldlns sn`n fdcmnc jkhd
 Jnctnrnc nrus fbsdlnlenc khdj dhdetrkc ldlns fnc jkhd
 Nrnj
Nrnj pdr
pdrmdr
mdrnen
nenc
c jkh
jkhdd sn`
sn`nn fdc
fdcmnc
mnc nrnj pk
pkhnrb
hnrbtns
tns `df
`dfnc
nc hbst
hbstrbe
rbe D fnc
ldrhnwncnc nrnj fdcmnc pdrmdrnenc dhdetrkc
 T`ur rntn-rntncyn nfnhnj nctnrn >77->777 fdtbe ntnu hdlbj. T`ur rntn-rntn
fnrb sdpnsncm dhdetrkc-jkhd (dhditrkc-jkhd
(dhditrkc-jkhd pnbr) nfnhnj au`hnj wnetu snnt
tdrtut
tdrtutupc
upcyn
yn pns
pnsncm
ncmnc
nc dhd
dhdetr
etrkc-
kc-jkh
jkhdd sn`
sn`pnb
pnb ldr
ldrtd`
td`ucy
ucynn dhde
dhdetrk
trkc
c ldl
ldlns
ns
fdcmnc jkhd. Nfnpuc yncm `dcmbsb jkhd pnfn u`u`cyn nfnhnj dhdetrkc
yncm tdrbent fbhnpbsnc sdldhnj lnwnjcyn.

l. Yd
Yd`b
`bek
ekcf
cfue
uetk
tkrr dest
destrb
rbcs
csbe
be
Yd`bekcfuetkr yncm
yncm tdhnj tdrektkrb (tbfne `urcb
`urcb hnmb) khdj ntk` fnrb adcbs
hnbccyn fbcn`nenc sd`bekcfuetkr destrbcsbe. Ebtn fnpnt `d`nsueenc pdcmktkr
ldrupn ntk`-ntk` fnrb ekhk` tbmn ntnu hb`n fnhn` tnldh pdrbkfbe (`d`ldrb
fkpbcm) ed fnhn` sbhbekc ntnu mdr`ncbu` `urcb (hbjnt mn`lnr <.9). Dhd`dc
 >9

sd`bekcfuetkr ldsdrtn ntk` pdcmktkr yncm lbnsn fbmucnenc fbpdrhbjntenc pnfn

tnldh <.9.
Vnldh <.9 Dhd`dc sd`bekcfuetkr pnfn tnldh pdrbkfbe

Yd`bekcfu
Yd`bekcfuetkr
etkr destrbcsbe
destrbcsbe nfnhnj sd`bekcfuetkr
sd`bekcfuetkr yncm sufnj fb`nsueenc
sdfbe
sdfbebt
bt ed
edtb
tbfn
fne`
e`ur
urcb
cbnc
nc (f
(fkp
kpbc
bcm)
m) ntnu
ntnu pd
pdcm
cmkt
ktkr
krnc
nc fn
fnrb
rb hu
hunr
nr (destr
(destrnc
ncdk
dkus
us
bcqurbtbds). Neblnt fkpbcm bcb `nen jn`lntnc adcbs sd`bekcfuetkr `dcmnhn`b
pdcurucnc Yd`bekcfuetkr adcbs bcb tdrfbrb fnrb fun `nin`, ynbtu tbpd-C
(pd`lnwn `untnc dhdetrkc) fnc sd`bekcfuetkr tbpd-W (pd`lnwn `untnc jkhd).
>) VBWD ’ C
@bsnhcyn
@bsnhcyn pnfn lnjnc sbhbekc fbldrb fkpbcm pjkspjkrus ntnu nrsdcbi
yncm pdctnvnhdc ynbtu lnjnc erbstnh fdcmnc bctb ntk` `d`bhbeb 4 dhdetrkc
vn
vnhd
hdcs
csb.
b. Fdcm
Fdcmnc
nc fk
fkpb
pbcm
cm,, Ybhb
Ybhbek
ekc
c yn
yncm
cm tbfn
tbfne
e hn
hnmb
mb `urc
`urcbb bc
bcbb (b`purbty
sd`bikcfuitkr) nenc
nenc `d`bhb
`d`bhbeb
eb edhdlb
edhdlbjnc
jnc dhdetr
dhdetrkc.
kc. Edhdlb
Edhdlbjnc
jnc dhdetr
dhdetrkc
kc
`d`ldc
`d`ldctue
tue sd`bek
sd`bekcfu
cfuetk
etkrr tbpd-c.
tbpd-c. Yd`bek
Yd`bekcfu
cfuetk
etkrr tbpd-c
tbpd-c fbsdlu
fbsdlutt aumn
aumn
fkckr yncm sbnp `dhdpnsenc dhdetrkc.
 >6

Mn`lnr <.9 Ytruetur Ytk` Yd`bekcfuetkr Vypd ’ c.

<) VBWD ’ W
Tctue `dcfnpntenc sbhbekc tbpd-p, lnjnc fkpbcmcyn nfnhnj lnjnc
trbvnhdct ynbtu ucsur fdcmnc bkc yncm `d`bhbeb 9 dhdetrkc pnfn pbtn vnhdcsb.
Enrdcn
Enrdcn bkc sbhbek
sbhbekc
c `d`bhb
`d`bhbeb
eb 6 dhdetr
dhdetrkc,
kc, fdcmnc
fdcmnc fd`beb
fd`bebnc
nc nfn bentnc
bentnc

ekvnhdc yncm lkhkcm (jkhd

( jkhd).
). Jkhd bcb fbmn`lnrenc sdlnmnb nesdptkr yncm
sbnp
sbnp `dcd
`dcdrb
rb`n
`n dhde
dhdetr
trkc
kc.. Fdcm
Fdcmnc
nc fd
fd`b
`beb
ebnc
nc,, ed
edeu
eurn
rncm
cmnc
nc dh
dhde
detr
trkc
kc
`dcydlnlenc sd`bekcfuetkr bcb `dcanfb tbpd-p.

Mn`lnr <.6 Ytruetur Ytk` Yd`bekcfuetkr Vypd ’ p.

 LNL BBB
WDCTVTW

>.> Edsb`puhnc
Yd`bekcfu
Yd`bekcfuetkr
etkr nfnhnj sdlunj lnjnc fdcmnc ekcfuetbv
ekcfuetbvbtns
btns hbstrbe yncm
ldrnfn fb nctnrn bcsuhntkr fnc ekcfuetkr. Ydlunj sd`bekcfuetkr pnfn u`u`cyn
ldrsbont bsuhntkr (tbfne `dcmjnctnrenc nrus hbstrbe) pnfn suju `dcfdentb 7·, pnfn
suju en`nr ldrsbont ekcfuetkr,
ekcfuetkr, `nebc tbcmmb sujucyn `nebc ldrsbont ekcfuetkr.
Yd`bek
Yd`bekcfu
cfuetk
etkrr lbsn
lbsn fbulnj
fbulnj ekcfue
ekcfuetbv
tbvbtn
btnscy
scynn fdcmnc
fdcmnc inrn `dcyuc
`dcyuctbe
tbeenc
enc
`dcnclnj ntnu `dcmurncmb `ntdrb hnbc yncm ldrsbont ekcfuetkr ntnu bskhntkr,
sdjbcmmn
sdjbcmmn sd`bekcfu
sd`bekcfuetkr
etkr `d`bhbeb
`d`bhbeb rdsbstncsb.
rdsbstncsb. Wd`ldrbnc
Wd`ldrbnc fkpbcm
fkpbcm fb`nesufe
fb`nesufenc
nc
uctue
uctue `dcfnp
`dcfnpnte
ntenc
nc dhdetr
dhdetrkc
kc vnhdcsb
vnhdcsb ldlns
ldlns fnhn`
fnhn` au`hnj
au`hnj hdlbj
hdlbj lncyne
lncyne fnc
pdr`ncdc, yncm fbjnrnpenc nenc fnpnt
fnpnt `dcmnjnctnrenc hbstrbe.
Yd`bekcfu
Yd`bekcfuetkr
etkr bctrbcsbe
bctrbcsbe nfnhnj sd`bekcfu
sd`bekcfuetkr
etkr yncm ldhu` fbsbsbpenc
fbsbsbpenc
ntk`-ntk` hnbc (ntk` pdcmktkr).Yd`bekcfuetkr destrbcsbe nfnhnj sd`bekcfuetkr
yncm sufnj fb`nsueenc sdfbebt edtbfne`urcbnc (fkpbcm).
Ynhnj sntu nhnsnc utn`n edmucnnc sd`bekcfuetkr fnhn` lbfncm dhdetrkcbe
nfnhnj sbont dhdetrkcbecyn fnpnt fbulnj lncyne fnhn` sdlunj inrn tdrekctrkh
fd
fdcm
cmnc
nc `dcn
`dcn`l
`lnj
nj sdau`
sdau`hn
hnj
j ed
edib
ibhh ed
edtb
tbfn
fne`
e`ur
urcb
cbnc
nc fn
fnc
c bc
bcbb tbfn
tbfne
e td
tdrl
rlnt
ntns
ns
pdcmmucnnccyn fnhn` nrus hd`nj. Fnhn` sbreubt tdrpnfu `kfdrc, `bsnhcyn,
pkhyirystnhhbcd sbhbikc fbfkp-ldrnt sdrbcmenhb fbmucnenc sdlnmnb pdcmmnctb
pdcmmnctb hkmn`.

>.< Ynrnc
Edpnfn pd`lnin nmnr fnpnt hdlbj `d`njn`b `dcmdcnb sd`bekcfuetkr fnc
uctue
uctue pd`lun
pd`luntt `nenhn
`nenhnj
j sdhncau
sdhncautcy
tcynn nmnr
nmnr hdlbj
hdlbj `dcn`l
`dcn`lnje
njenc
nc pd`lnj
pd`lnjnsnc
nsnc
/rdodrdcsb fbfnhn`cyn.

>4
 FNOVN\ WTYVNEN

Ydtbnlufy
Ydtbnlufy \ufy.
\ufy. (<77=) @ntdrbnh Vdecbe Hbstrbe. Anenrtn.
Anenrtn. Tcbvdrsbtns Bcfkcdsbn
(TB-Wrdss).

Yu`nctk.
Yu`nctk. (<774) Wdcmdtnjunc Lnjnc @dsbc fnc Hbstrbe. Rkmyne
Rkmynenrt
nrtn.
n. Ncfb
Ncfb
Koosdt.

Y ]nsbtk.
]nsbtk. (>22:) Wdhnanrnc Dhdetrkcben >N.
>N. Anenrtn. Wusnt Eursus ’ Eursus.

Qujnbr
Qujnbr.. (<77?)
(<77?) Wdcdrnpnc Ekcsdp Fnsnr Hbstrbe fnc Dhdetrkcben.
Dhdetrkcben . Rkeynenrtn.
Y@E C 9 Rkmynenrtn.

>?