Synchronous Machine

Prof. Dr. Md. Mortuza Ali

Cell Phone: 01717137863
Email: mmali.classroom@gmail.com
Dept. of EEE
RUET
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Lecture 3

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 Construction of Armature (Stator)
B. L. Theraja-Art. 37.7~37.10
Stator core is usually is made from laminated silicon steel.
Lamination reduces eddy current loss and the magnetic
material silicon steel minimizes hysteresis loss.
Slots are cut in the inner body of the core to place insulated
coils of good conductors.
no. of slots=(no. of slots/pole/phase) (no. of poles)(no. of
phase).
Usually, no. of phase=3, pole no's depends on speed and
frequency, and no's of the coils/phase depends on voltage
to be generated and it is equal to (1/2)(total slots/phase). 3
Laminated silicon steel

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 Construction of Armature (Stator)
Take decision on: (1) No. of poles; (2) No. of Phase; and (3)
Total no. of slots.

Example: No's of poles=4, No's of phase= 3, and Total

no's of slots=36. Single layer winding (single conductor
in a single slot).
Therefore, No's of slots/phase=12, No. of coils/phase=6,
No's of slots/pole/phase=3.

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Construction of Armature (Stator)
No's of Phase=3, No's of poles=4,
Total no's of slots=36. For single
layer winding, coils/phase=6.
Slots per pole per phase=3,
Angular distance from the center
of a N-pole to the center of the
adjacent S-pole=1800 electrical
degree
Width of slot=1800/(slots per
pole)=200 electrical degree
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 Construction of Armature (Stator)

Coil
Coil: sides
Coil pitch

If coil pitch=1800 electrical degree, then the winding is called

full-pitch winding
If coil pitch<1800 electrical degree, then the winding is called
fractional-pitch winding (Chorded winding); it is used in alternator.
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Construction of Armature (Stator)
In case of single layer winding,
there will be a single conductor
or coil side in a single slot. For
full pitch winding if one coil
side of phase a is placed in slot
a1, its other side will be placed
1800 electrical degree away
from it; its position will be in
slot a1 and so on.

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Construction of Armature (Stator)

a1-a1-a2-a2-a3-a3

a4-a4-a5-a5-a6-a6

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Construction of Armature (Stator)

a1-a1-a2-a2-a3-a3  a4-a4-a5-a5-a6-a6

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Construction of Armature (Stator)

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Construction of Armature (Stator)

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 Construction of Rotor

Rotor is subjected to changing magnetic fields; it is thus constructed

of thin steel laminations to reduce eddy current losses.
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Construction of Rotor

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Why armature winding is stationary in an alternator?
 At high voltages, it is easier to insulate the stationary armature
winding, which may be as high as 11 kV or even more in some cases.
 The generated high voltage output can be directly taken out from the
stationary armature. Whereas for a rotary armature, there will be
large brush contact drop at higher voltages, also the sparking at the
brush surface will be a problem to look after.
 If the field exciter winding is placed in the rotor, low voltage DC can
be transferred safely to the exciter winding via slip-rings.
 The armature winding can be braced well, to prevent deformation
caused by high centrifugal force if it was in the rotor.
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Operation of AC generator
Or
Synchronous generator
Or
Alternator

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 Working principle of alternator

A dc current is applied to the field circuit of the rotor to

produce dc magnetic flux.

Use the prime mover to rotate the rotor.

A voltage will generate in the stator conductor due to

Faraday’s law.

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 Excitation of Field circuit
Two common approaches are used to supply a DC current to the
field circuits on the rotating rotor:
1. Supply the DC power from an
external DC source to the rotor by
means of slip rings and brushes;
2. Supply the DC power from a
special DC power source mounted
directly on the shaft of the
machine.
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 Excitation of Field circuit
 Slip rings and brushes have disadvantages: increased friction and wear
(therefore, needed maintenance), brush voltage drop can introduce
significant power losses. Still this approach is used in most small
synchronous machines.
 On large synchronous machines, brushless exciters are used.
Brushless exciter is a small AC generator whose field circuits are mounted
on the stator and armature circuits are mounted on the rotor shaft. The
exciter generator’s 3-phase output is rectified to DC by a 3-phase rectifier
(mounted on the shaft) and fed into the main DC field circuit of alternator.
Since no mechanical contact occurs between the rotor and the stator, exciters
of this type require much less maintenance.
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Brushless excitation of Field circuit

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 Brushless Exciter

A large
synchronous
machine with
the exciter
and salient
poles.

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Brushless excitation with Pilot exciter

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