MODULE 1 What is Computer Graphics? Explain the application of Computer Graphics. > Explain the operation of video monitors based on standard CRT design->'5 Differentiate raster scan displays and random scan displays. -5 = Explain the following > 38 a) Color CRT Monitors b) Flat panel Displays Explain the Architecture of a simple raster graphics system and a raster graphics system with a display processor. > th Explain the input devices. > 16 Explain the display window management using GLUT. —> 20 What is coordinate reference frames, screen coordinates, absolute and relative coordinates? >2 | 9. Explain the OpenGL functions for point and line. —» 22 10.Explain the DDA line drawing algorithm. —> 26 11. Explain the Bresenham’s Line drawing algorithm. —y 27 12. Explain the Bresenham's Midpoint circle drawing algorithm 73 3 13, Explain the Point attribute functions. » 35 14.List the OpenGL line attribute functions -» 36 15. List and explain OpenGL point and line primitive with example —> 38 16.Explain Cathode Ray Tube with diagram. — 40 17.With a neat diagram, explain Refresh Cathode Ray tubes 3 42 48. Implement an OpenGL program for Bresenham's line drawing algorithm. —> 44 19. Write short note on basic OpenGL syntax >) 5! 20.Explain properties of circle —> SQ 21.Implement midpoint circle draw in OpenGL —> 93 22.lmplement an OpenGL program to display points and lines along with its attribute functions included. —> 55° 23.Write Bresenham's line drawing Algorithm for |m| < 1.0 .Digitalize the line with endpoints (20,10) (3018) Fe oid. 24,Given a circle with radius=10 demonstrate the midpoint circle algorithm by determining positions along circle octant with first Quadrant from x=0 to x=y(Assume circle center is positioned at origin). 54 25.Apply Bresenham’s Line drawing algorithm for the given end points a)(20,20) and (40, 28) b)(0,0) to (5,4) ) (0,0) to (5,6) > el ReENS a exe MODULE 2 26.With neat diagram, explain the two commonly used algorithms for identifying interior areas of a plane figure. > 63 27. Explain two dimensional viewing transformation pipeline. —> 66 28. Show that successive scaling is muttipiicative. —» 64 29. Show that successive translations are additive. —> -\ 30. Design a polygon ABC ~ A(3,2), B(6,2) & C(6,6) rotate in anticlockwise direction by 30 degree by keeping C fixed. -» 43 31.What are world coordinates and view port coordinates? Explain 2D viewing transformation pipeline. —> 7! 32. 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(ound (x), woand Cy))i Bey( reo, He ores} bet) i Rt =adnevement yr qircreme nb mat Poiel Cyound (x), sound py }IYO: Explain Bresenham's Mine Drawing algorithm . dinu— of SHPAIGHE Cone Segment try A Scene is elefinedt by coordinate. positions fox the endpoints of the Segment: 5? display the line on a TeMEEr Monifor the graphics first project the enctpoints 40 Integer Screen coordinates cond cutermine the nearest pinel portions along fre Une path behoeen The hwo enctpoints tren the Une Gor] butter at he Cornesponding pixeb is Woaded indo tra Frame coordinates. 7A computed re potitions of (fo 48\20-51) Us Converted to pixet pation (10,284). This rouncting of Coordinates Valuer ro Integers CAs aU BA horidontnl and verticel inca je be atispeyed wy a Stare step APPUNance- Line Canations + The aMtetion Glope~intewapt Anation fr a SHAight lina is Wzmx+ec U0) with mas Ure Slee of He line and Ca» the 4 intercept. a Given Het the $0 eralpoints of A Une Schmene are. specified ad positions (eM) and Cheng Mend) 2% shoon in fig. Jwe alerrune Values for the Slope mm and C Sith the gpdlowiny Arttions -Ywe Consider Ml, mel and M7l CAs: wml | = X increments lanitwisely — PE Xe XH L then e - 4g = I aa te (end 4 z = 4s eee O44) 4) : a OTM Ye : ply = Yb OT ey = yy m7) Sub: e4n @ in Ay nA YS? abut) faye eT A Jo determing dhe VAL from (4, +14), fia dele we Cotenlete ocicion parameter (Ay) Faye mye) “et © 2 AA, = mace) FO-Yy — YW tm (mt) + — 1 Or Ama = 2M Cyr) — 24 12 —J ie bx (am(ayti— 9, ¢ 26-1) = AYO TH) — Dey, + 2aac— AL > P is He Injtind doc hon parameter in tquetion 4 encl in order 19 fined Combiners deciGion we have be find the wext Py. ney [Rear = ayCy 0) — 22 pet) ~My it eeac - 4] 5@ BeinenO snd Rnesn@ | Fay” ‘he LAY Cy) an (Yep Ie) or b, 4 Pk = DAY (fet ) 25% CO Me) ee Shankar R. pee TAY MOK deagon parameter we wit be Mothometicep oe meem aouyes between, de : "ih > ony an sre) And the preceeding aeeition parameter Ls Taye Py tray—san (yp > ¥y) 7@ awe Know Het Hee inition and et Us SnbStihete (yy Porametor Ox). > eqretion A bhevomes Ne 2Ay (ay th) — 20, +r (2Cy-ma) -1) OF Py DAY CHI) — Dany, -t Ox Coy —2M -1) or, Py = 2ay (112004) tay (oy, ama, —1) Ty Pye By (My AL) —ramyy + an (Ly) — 2By (ak) 4p 0% o& OF, Py PLOY ¢2dy — rays, + ayG) ayy — aH (R7FITF] Now: ppl aoove Dy only PAC initially : Point to be plotted is Cy 4p! WIN the tnitiab 10.4 SorCnebrurion fe if (% 20) } Ha ET) Sy? Met) eb 4 ape eet! De Coser: MS) & Y increments Units ele bey 4) ect | Birvilerly for Wr | care ano f= gan ray Ano] Peg Pp dan ody (% 4%) Concburion’ if (p 50) Wher? Net) yg PMT! eb, Seat! 5 My Carne di Me] aooth x GY increments “witwiselg . Mea oh) Dey 7 Bact) (32)EXPLAIN the Midpoint crete algoridinn (Se) Ans: Midpoint Girdle algorithm generates Ut poms oe metre ON a Circle Centered ab the origin by incrementing Au the Way Around Circle - 7 the Strategy is fe Select lohich of apixets & Closer ty dhe Circle by evel Ainthon at the miclpoimt Leboeen the pixels. Eight way Symmetry. Ake Shape vf th Circle is SIMUL in each 4yodre ~t herefore if We olekermine the Curve positions in the FISH GOAATANE) We Can Genorele the circle portions Wy the Second quacrant of ny plane-The circty Sections Ln the 4Bired anol Berth GQ ecdrant cen be Obtcinod from Sections in the Ast ancl Ind ee 2 Conatclering he Symmetry ateng X-AKIS te? A In this algorim ty evalneting afanctin/ YB BA the Wclppint Lehoenr thre > pixels we Con Arade which pixet is cleser ty the arcle - ae a te eds ond 1a! Symmcty of ) Stapp vse the Witiol point fc Coe Me) ei Omd ney pout Closer te jt Cod be Other fF Arete point Ome ap) oF (Ath, By -1) Oxy) Prone offers Yielca tre circle 4 Mydrpornt = (Meth AMT) fetnts cranes eH 2 for tho o}her : Crerrcyea,S) Seven ecteyts { 7) AS we howe Civele CAA on &s Wt yrer”(Me Cyt)? (y-YF —r 20 ) Unitial decision parameter and next could Le ae Peet = Crit!) 4 pg y=”? oe Pet (th ) lH) ar” \® ~) TO get centinnows Ae cisions, next P_ Contd be FU hth a 20% tt eg Ye Cg He) at A AMNitAl Avysjon paromeley at (0,1) is orl? 4-y) 2_y? Or) Py = lpr or) Pk = | ory Bee prs-¥ onpeer Coclwrions if (0) 20) 4 He et Yay =! 4 U ele 2 He He! Jean = Seaktsibute Functions Can Sek WO abtsibceter Fos points: colos ard Size ™ a state sytem, the chinptayed colos and Size of O poink 1% dokestorined by the cosrenk alu tose in the aktyibute List Glos components ara set wilh ROB vate as an ince into a colos tabli- Fos a xasten a pot Size 8 an integer eunttiple Of Hu pire Size, So tak a forge point % displayed os Q square block of pixels The displauged colos of a claignated point position is contaolld We cusownk colos valu in me state Lt. Also, a Coley 1% specified wih either the gfolos function ox Me gfincler function Se fe six fos an OpenGr point wilh we gf foinksize Csize)*, and fre point ia thon displayed os a sqpare block of pixels. Poorameder sie oxigned a positive floating - point value, which ?h ourdad to an ‘nderert (unten, the point ik to be antabiovtdl) The number of horizontal ond Notical pixels da the di of dhe point ik delermbad by parameter Site. Thus, a poink Size of 1-0 absplays 0 single pixel, ard a Poink Size of ho displays a axd pixel array tF UR activate the antialianing featur of OpenGL, Me sic of a Ait played block pixels willl be maditied to smooth rhe elgel The olebaule values fos point. Size 8 1-0 of be flirted inside os ouktich of g Abtvibute functions, Hoey nf ylEnd pais. Fao example, ths following code serment ploty tree Pomks in varying cba, and sized the Fight 4g Standland -$/ 2e Hod point, te second ik a Acuble- size gen pant, and te thisol th a .beipke-Size blue poink »gficodoa3é (1-0,0-0; 0-0); gl Begin (GL-Potnrs) ;, givortex a (50 » 100) 5 gb Pointsize (3-0); gkcoloo af (0-0, 1-0,0-0) 5 gerertexai (75, 150) 5 H Poinksize (3-0); Hcolow3# (0-0, 0-0)10), gfvectexai (100, 900) 5 Hendon; Lise the OpenGL Line aktsibuta Funetiont Conksol Whe appearance of a stzaight Line Ge con iN open@L, with jawee akbsibute. sektings - Segrunk 1- Line colos 9+ Lim width 3: dre style Line-widlh_ Function : pena with te function Line width is gltinewidih Cwidih) cosign Boating point value to paraniten width, and we : : thay value 1% nounced to the revert ronngative ae 7 eo 0-0, the Hine ie disp with a inpuk vale oun . din . however, oe pe the detauth : are $moothed whan antialiasing 4 to wadsice he get in Opentab the Line, its applied to pearance and fbanctionod is aster staix-step apwidth axe passive, some inpfamontabions of fhe fing widih Function might Support a O Limited number of widlee and “some ight OL supra widim olnes, than to CFEC Line Study py 6 ee By debut a stoaigntline Segeank in display aL a solid fire However, we can aha dipley dashed Linck , clotked tines , % 4 Lin wih a combination of daskes ana clots , ard we Con vary Me length of tha dosh. ond the spacing between dosha, os dys we Se a coment dikploy Style too Lines with Ihe ORenG&L function gtinestipple C mepaakrockis , pattern | : ; cé fre ~Style Belove a Sine can be dixplayet in Mae Cunrar : es Paktemn, we must activate the Line-siyle feakure 9 We accomplish wilh the following Function gérable (GL-LINE-sT=ppLe) + SE we forge to inctude thy erable function solid Dinas are eAplorgeat 5 Mak 1% Ihe dihaule pattern Oxe Fre tA cael to Aisploy Ae any fre, ue can bun -o& he Line-pattem ding Seqrnants Feakine — with gyDiiobk C &rt-LEME-stxPpLE)) soplocs, cursent ine-styly pattern with Ihe aedat This PatternConnecter Edthen Pine sie +A biom ab woctrons, amined fpewsing and dipbuien syskme # The phaphor tren emi a ama vuy Aapidly - Phanpherd actuated . Addl CRT. Aehuned be o> Hr gehts sah > Opuution of an slteHon gun ADefuiten wis educhen Fount ng, CoMepde Ande aa e ‘Shankar R ‘se Profesor, ‘CSE, BMSITEM Magnelic Phopher Ceald Sta Beam by an elicken gun, paras ecough tnat diact He biam rood spediked PoriKero ON the phosphor - tvakd scaun- ight a+ gach portion contakd by by He clevon bam and Me Aight emitted by He phrophor Sadr » One way te maintain Hw scxun pichme te fo shee Hu plete infor- Mavion ao a charge Auiibwisy wimin He C&T in ord te deep He » The moot common mined new employed fp. mainkdning phophn glow vo te redraw He pick mupiatedly by qickiy dixediay He ster bram bark aun Me same xe qien Poth. Ths Hype ef divplay ds cond * Th farquancy ak which a ple we Acdeown en Hex Scaun de with an arutvaling anode Clecken Bean Pah AL 48‘The patmary componen’ of an xiikien qun in CRT axe Hu heated mua catnede and a coniel qsid- © The heat supplied te Hu cathode by dixuing a cusent Hacough 4 col of wit, (00d Hu Blowunt, inids Wu ayiindatcal carnode Skudt . “the camu elution He be “beild off) Hy Wer colnede surface - * Gyoids He ERT cowslop, He Jeu, negabively changed Urcicens art Yon Acetild toward He pherpher coaling bY a Aigh pettus voting. eSnlewilly ef He etrckon beam Jo vankewd by Le verlag at He conkel gid. aos amount 6h Argue amined by phophor cealing dspend an the mon of alerors ciribing Ha sexun , Hu bsignines of a atoploy Poot a conteousd by varying, Hr voltage en He contol qaid. Te focusing sym ‘in a CRT Jous He akedapn btare ke Conuuge 4a small C19 siview oo dk skiky Hu phospher and ok us Acromplished with situ aleve 6 magni. 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Cateuta He Lombanls An, Ay,ady and @dy- 947, and eblain Me Ahouling value Aye He dacision paxamtla a po = dy- A% 4 At tak 1p along He Line, slauling ak R= 0, parvum He douewing tots Jk pReo, Hu ret point te plot te Cuttoy,) and Pras = Pet aby Olander We next point te plot de Capt yptt) and Pers = Pet Oy 28m 5+ Repent skp 4 An-4 meu Haw. o dn implimentalion of Bavenhan Aine algorithm Yo step tn tre Aang OSM < 1.0 wy given in Hu ASuewing prcudue . Endpert pikeX patton fy Hw Line ars poroid to Hnis proud, and pixels ars plovsd Kom Fre Jet andpeint Ho Hw aight 2ndpeint. H include H indude * Barnham dine-drawing prsaduar gm Im) < 1.0.) #/ void LineBaw (int x0, tat yo, int xEnd,int yend) \ dx = fabs (rend - 19), ay > fabs Cyend - 40) 5 prada dy-dns WwoPy = 2 ¥dy , kwe Dy Minusda mes = ae (ay -dx);]* pammine which andpoint te we oy stort poritien. */ Gg (m0 >HEnd) { ne wend; 4% = YyEnd 5 HEnd = 10 5 5 ale f n= ndy 4 = yoy q auPixd Cn,y)5 white (7 < end) 1 mtr > uk (peo) pre bwoPys tor { yrty p t= bwoPyMtnus dx; t gurPixel Cry) J 3 (ox) sy indude # include int ah, yt, md, yey void daaw- pizel (int , int y) A gueotoray (4-0, 0-0) 5 gegin (OL ports) 5 givuakest Cyd gerd (5 TE4 void banana Aine draw (int m4, iat yt, int ay, int ya) Shankar R. ‘Ase Profesor CSE. BMSITSM int dm sar-ndy int dyz yo- 4 ts int m= dy fda; U, (mes) A int duciston~ parame = 2¥dy- dns int weary ee te) uk (Ano) 4 nema; 4a42 5 meeats 5 AAaw. pied (n,y); while (n< na) { ay Cdedision- poramua > 0) {omeness ee dedvion— param = derivoien— paxomeect Aydy-ardye x(yrt-y), 3 woe 4 n=entiys 44s dacioion— pasomuer= daristen garam + 24 dy ~ de dna ly-y)) 5 drove - pleel Cayo 4 t alo Uh, Co >4) 4 ‘nt decvion- paramue = ay dx- ay;im’ az ats mr Y= yt; ay (dy co) { nenay 4 4; Yee yt q draw ptyet (my); while (ye ya) 4 Cdecsion — posamlu >=) LO neaess Ye yates decioien_ pasantlr = drision--pasamdH + 2% dn - i Ready we (nri-an); abs { teyety mm; dtcioien. paramtla = dicoian- pasamula + d4da- } ae dy (m-n)y \ diaw-. pixel Cus I aloe “ubCm s 24) 1 ine nant; ink Y= yty daa. pled (a, y) y while (x< x2) A N= arts ta yres . ( 1 Arana pixel Cay); oe [ga] aceveid init C) gear (oler (1,1, 1,1); Yuoiner (9.0, $00.0, 010, 500.0) 5 4 void Aisphay aUlear (Gr- CoLor- BYPFER_ B11); bawanhamo- Aine daavo Cat, yt, m4, ya) s PF Loh (Dy int main (int argc, char + argv) A prtnty C’ entu stact goin’ (a yt) \n") > seanh ("ta fd", amd, ytd) gaia (" Enter end pein (m3, ya)\n")5 scan} (fed a", ama, nyady qurinie (xarge, argv); gir Init DioplayMede Carvt-sineve | GLot- Row): que Twit Window sige (500,500); qurtnit Window Posivion (#20, 4 00) 5 qiurcarare Window (“Busenhomd Line Paawting’) 5 inte) 5 gkus Deploy Func Goplay); ghar MoinLoepl bQI9. trite shot nobe on basic OpenGL Syntax. nst- Basic Syntax i- @ ln order to write our first OpenGL prograrn, there are some things that we.should know. @AI functions in OpenGL use the pwefix “g|” ® Punetions from GLU and GLUT have the prefixes “alu” and “glut” respectively. @AI! constants fn OpenGL use the prefix “QL ie glBegin (GL POLYGON); Code exaumples— a wan (int arge pchar Be ogy) fulLait CF lutDat Dis pg Mode (GLU T_SINGLEIGLUT_R48), lubini tt lindo wd $ize(500,500); Jub sta t jebindiow Position (220,200), Gre evakistedenl"Bectonbanse Live Drawigs): intkOS gees ploy Fume Caisplay). (ee %Q20, Explain properties + Cirele. Anss~ Propertice of te Crrele in Corpules ; fap ho] y Ctrele ty defivd as a set points -that are all ata gtven distance fom a contng position Cx¢ Ne). WY UX xe JE +0 y-ye) Barr : wih Bregenhaw‘s [ine algorithm fos wetter dis play *s adapted to Circle qensnatioy by « Hing up the deerston Para roetens wh Finding the ¢losek pixel fo each fy. 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