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    Weijin Leow
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    STEAM TRAPS AND PIPING

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    Steam Traps and Piping

    Uploaded by

    Weijin Leow

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    How to Trap Steam Distribution Systems ‘Steam distribution systems lnk boilers and the equipment actually using steam, transporting It to any location in the plant whore its heat energy is needed. ‘The three primary components of steam strbution systems are boiler headers, steam mains and branch fines. Each utils ‘cerain cequlrements of the system and, together with steam Separators and steam traps, contributes to efficient steam use. Drip legs. Common to all steam istribu- tion systams isthe need for drip lags at various intervals (Fig. 16-1). These are provided to: 1, Let condensate escape by gravity from the fast-moving steam. 2. Store the condensate until the pressure differential can discharge it through the steam trap. Boiler Headers A boller header is a specialized type of steam main which ean receive steam from fone or more boilers. It is most often a horizontal ne which is fed from the top ‘and in turn feeds the steam mains. tis important to trap the boller header properly to assure that any carryover (boiler water and solids) is removed bloce distbution into the system. Figure 16-1. Figure 16-2. Drip Lea Sizing Boller Headers eee = 5 cae Baler a Bal 2 = “pica Taos “The property ste drip lag wil capture condensate, Too small a drip eg can actualy cause a ventul “pico effect where pressure drap Dp eg same ashe head amotio p pubneecu tte — F-Abwee, ohana ‘rap, Soo Table 18-1 Toston hap Pe eee FEATURE CODE” Retreces.) Feature | "Choice Coden | pv ater Header Ee | “On superheatad steam never use an Fe ‘Type trap. ‘Always use an 18 with internal chek valve and burnished valve and seat Enuipment ‘Being | 1st Choice, Feature Code 0-30 Above: ped | and Allert Choices) | psig | SO psig Steam Mains and 7 7 imam [SunLreooo | e Nom fea cane ‘Aternate Chotce Fat Stam Mangard SCD ERLMNGL | 6 anh Les Freezing Conditions | _atamate race | Meant “Provide internal check valve when pre NOTE: On superheated steam, use ani ‘and bumished valve and seat. sures fuctale, "Usa IBLY above FAT prossura/temperature limitations 1B with internal check valve ee alee bbe capable of disctarging large slugs of ‘carryover as soon as they are present. Resistance to hydraulic shock is also a consideration in the selection of traps. ‘Trap selection and safety factor for boiler headers (saturated steam only). 1.5: safely factor is recommended for Virtually all bolle: header applications. The required trap capacity can be obiained by using the folowing formula: Required Trap Capacily = Safety Factor x Load Connected {o Bollor(s) x Anticipated Carryover (typically 10%). - EXAMPLE: What size steam trap wil be required ona connected load of 80,000 lsh ‘with an anticipated carryover af 10362 Using te format: Required Trap Capacty 45 x 50,000 » 0.10 7800 thsi. The abilly to respond immediately to slugs of condensate, excellent resistance twhydraule shock, di-handling abilty ane efficient operation on very light loads are features which make the inverted bucket the most suitable steam trap for this application. Installation. If steam flow through the header is in one direction only, @ single steam trap is suficiant atthe downstream tend. With a midpoint foed to the header (Fig. 16-2}, ora similar two-directional steam flow arrangement, each end of the bolior header should be trapped. Steam Mains (One of the mast common uses of steam trape ls the trapping of steam mains. “Those lines nocd to be kept free of air and condeneate in order to keep steam-using ‘equipment operating properly. Inadequate trapping on steam mains often loads to water hammer and slugs of condensate which can damage control valves and ‘other equipment. “There are two methods used forthe wantr-up ‘of steam mains—supervsed and automatic. Supervised warmup is widoly used for Initial heating of large diameter and/or long mains. The suggested methed is for ‘dip valves tobe opened wide for free blow to the atmosphere before steam is admitted to the main, These cp valves are not closed nl all or most ofthe warm-up condensate hhas ben discharged. Then the traps take ‘ver the jb of removing condensate that ‘Tale 17-1. Condotsation In insulated Pipes Carrying Saturated Steam ‘may form under operating conditions. ‘Warm-up of principal piping in a power plant will fofow much the samo procedure. Automatic warm-up is when the boll is fired, allowing the mains and some or all ‘equipment to como up to pressure and temperature without manual help of supondsion. CAUTION: Regardless of warm-up method, allow sulficient Time during the warm-up cyclo to minimize thermal stress and prevent any ‘damage tothe systom. Trap selection and safety factor for steam mains (saturated steam only). Select trap to discharge condensato produced by radiation Ioeses at running load. Sizing for start-up loads results in oversized traps which may wear proma- turely. Sizo drip legs to colloct condensate Ohart 17-4 during lov-pressure, warm-up conditions. (Gee Table 181.) Condensate loads of Ingulated pipe can be found in Table 17-1. Allfigures in the table assume the Ingulation to be 75% effective, For pros ‘suros or pipe sizes not included in the table, use the folowing formula: AxU (AE : 7 where © = Condersatein bshetoot A = External area of pipe in square fet (Table 17-1, ca.2) = Biusq fvegre temperature clerence/ fom Charl 17-1 Stearn temperature in F Air temperature in °F 11 minus efficiency of insulation (Gxample: 75% eficiont insulation 4-78 = 25 or = 25) Latent heat of steam (Gee Steam Table on page 2) Blu Heat Lass Curves in Quiet ir at 70-F (Insulton Assure ob 78% Ete) Presse sig too | 2a0 | 450 | ano | 900 Fg So nen rarinewtinateon | § 1 we) ov] ao] 2] [seo] on | om] & tk & tm| ae| ae] cr] gar | ao! See] Be [Gor (or |p| to ae) ae | ce} 3st | “So | os | tee fo) ta] Se] 2a] | 0] am | oe ae | fee |So[te| ae] Zo] Sel Se] See | ee | Ss gS) one [ta |tal cts] ae] 2a | aa! ito | Ste | Se oe [asm [iste fo] 2] 2| Se) So] ae | or] GE | tie 48 )43| 22] 2] Se) S| Ste] fee | aor E s 4a | 22) 27] 37 | 44] .s1 | 998 | 926 | rove | = & | i (2/2) a] 2] st] S| so) Se tas | S| aes [Sr] 2] 2] Se] aol Sel sos (sae [tame | E jo | dom |e [ 25) St) se] fo | eta fis | ao |e to | Sam |23) | Go| an | se [sat 15s [tact [2000 | [3am oe] | S| ae [sos [iat tem [900 |2ae | te} amo. [iar |r| ae| 90 430 [130 | 2er 2201 2007 se | SS Sp) te Fe ros | [ter [20 Sr de | som faa |n| or 12s [tas [ise (20er [eee [orm | get st | Seo |e [an [aan [tas [471 | 200/200 [ame [cast PPE BEETEE rit ‘Tate 17-2. The Warming-Up Load rom 70, Schedule 40 Pipe Teble 17-3, Pipe Weights Per Fat in Pounds ‘Steam Pressure, psi 2 ts | 30 | 60 | 125 | 180 | 250 T oats | ive S| seyedse 40 | Schedule 80 Sede 160| XX Stang Foesue | wtaitne Pune of ater Pe Linea Fat * | Ti) | ett) 7 is | a7 | ame | ae 1 1.69 30 | .037] 043] 051] 063] 071 |: 070 14 27 niet ia 38 | | 25) aer| on! Ses | cts] te] | om | 22 a) aa aie | fie | ‘a60| ‘ooo fone or) cata car | | 2 365 ras | aco aes | ‘ues |° 980 | “aoe | “tno | “tas | iss | ‘ivr | | 2 572 soor | 1368 7 | sca] ‘125] ‘tae | ‘iza| 215] ‘22 271 3 at ane | ase 7.37 193 165] 190) .227) 202] 316] 254 a \ yi Ui | lez] is] das] Z| 38) Ser] dee ff | ge | Be wor | foo) be) Zr] S| foo! am Ses) | § | we eee vse | 250 | ‘s2| 406 sea | gt] 04 6 198 ne an 18.97 335 | 413) 476 705 | 795 | 862 3 8 rar 28.55 504, 720 | “60 | 7.060 1340 i. irae ae a 40. ma 4.020 | 1.210 | 1.500 1.890 a= iad Seto | Eis | fro gen [Tare |eom |a [ese | se | Sace om | Soo | otra | faen |tese [ese |2om fan ) | 36 | 80 | con | aco | xo |ageo | 400 | a.000 aro |aaon | | 38 | 10802 som | = 2300 | 20 | ea | seen | aso [coro |saso | sran | |_24 | ian seco | = truao_| ano | Stam | 0 a0 ean | so | sano For traps instaled between the boler and, = Final temparature of pipe in °F Installation. Both methods of warm-u pS p the end ofthe steam main, apply a21. t= Ini! temperature af pipe in-F use drip legs and traps at all low spots or sefety factor. Apply a 3:1 safely factor fot = Specific hat at sta pipe Btulb-°F natural creinage pons such as: iraps installed at the end ofthe main or Latent eat of steam at nal tempera ‘head cf reducing and shutot valves which ture in Bu (See Steam Tablas) Ahead of risers are closed part of the time. End of mains q ‘A more conservative approach is as [Ahad of expansion joints or bends Divide the warming-up load trom Table follows: Determine the warming-up load Ahead of valves or regulators, 47-2 by the numbor of minutos allowed to reach 219°F or 2 psig. Divide by the to reach final sioam temperature. Multiply number of minutes allowed to reach Install rip logs and drain traps even where by 60 to get pounds per hour. 219°F and multiply by 60 to get pounds there are no natural drainage points (See er hour. Size the trap on the basis of Figs. 18-1, 18-2 and 18-9). Theso should For steam pressures and pipe schedules 1 psi pressure differential for every 28" normally be installed at intervals of about ‘at covered by Table 17-2, the warming- of head between the bottom of the main 900 and naver longer then 500" Up load can be calculated using the ‘and the top of the trap, following formula: (On a supervised warmup, make drip eg Wott) x.t14 ‘The inverted bucket trap is recommended length at least 1¥2 timas the diameter of c= because it can handle dit and slugs of the main, but nover less than 10°, Make Condensate and resists hydraulic shock. drip legs cn automallo warm-ups a minimum Where: |n addition, should an inverted bucket fal, of 28" in length. For bath methods, itis a C= Amount ot condensate in ibs itusually does so in the open position, good practice to use a drip leg the same W = Total weight of pipe in ibs ameter as the main up to 4" ipo size {Seo Table 17-3 for pine weights) and atleast ¥ of the ckamatar ofthe main ‘above that, but never less than 4” See Table 18-1 Steam Mains 4 ee M a i (pac MN Al J) danaaripios. Figure 18-1. Trap draining strainer ahead of PRV. Figure 18-2. Trap draining crip leg on main, Figure 18-3. Trap draining drip lg at ser. Distance “Hin inches +28 = ps! sat head for fora wat ra ap Table 104. Recommended Steam Man ad anc Lin Di Lo Sing wo > w po an | Lang] The" |e saoriet one toy eS Sees] oc GUE eee “ 7 a a atch caiman | ERE ay sees : a | Faatire | “Chole, 3 | 3 | w | & re Code es 4 4 10 28 rev ¢) i] | : ‘Steam BML | so6 : 8 4 | 2 | B ‘Separator E,F,N, = 10 6 | 6 2B : é | e |e |e fs TERE RTT wje|a |e 5 antes oe pesmi ee a v : Bs |b] & | 3 Bee aalt eet se Branch Lines Branch lines are take-ols from the steam mains supplying specific pieces of steam- tsing equipment. The entire system must be designed and hooked up to prevent ‘accumulation of condensate at any poi ‘Trap selection and safety factor for bbtanch tines, The formula for computing condensate load is the same as that used for steam mains, Branch lines also have a recommended safety factor of 8: Installation. Recommended piping from ‘the main to the controls shown in Fig. 194 for runoute under 10" and Fig. 19-2 for runouts over 10'. Soe Fig. 19-3 for piping wren contro valve must be below the main. Insta afl pipe size strainer ahead of each control valve as well as ahead of the PRV if used, Provide blowdown valves, preferably With IB traps. A few days after starting Branch Lines totes Pit 5 port it 3c Rurout Oversized One Pie Size or More Figure 19-1. Piping for runout less than 10 No trap required unless piton back to supply header is lss than perf — than 10 = — Pich Down separ ion More u Figure 18-2. Piping for runout geste than 10 Drip log and rap required shea of control av. Sitalnerazad of contol vate can serve as ip igi biondown connection ron oan iveted bucket trap, This wi also minimize the strainer cleaning problem. rap shoud be equipped wth intemal chock vave ora swing check installed bead ofthe trap. system, examine the strainer screens to 02f cleaning Is necessary. Separators Steam separators are designed to remove any condensate tha! forms vith steam dstibution systems. They are mas often used ahead of equipment where especialy dry steam is essential, They are also ‘common on secondary steam lines, which by thei very nature, have a large percent age of entrained condensate. lmportant factors in trap selection for separators are the ability to handle slugs ‘of condensate, provide good resistance to hhydrauic shock and operate on fight loads, ‘Trap selection and safety factors for ‘separators. Appiy 2 3:1 safety factor in all ‘cases, even though different types of traps are recommended, depending on conden- sate and pressure levels. Use the following formula to obtain the, required trap capaci: Figure 19-3. Regardless o the length ofthe runout, a drip log and trap are required ahead of the control valve located below steam supply. calls above contol valve, a rap should also be installed at downstream side of control vave. Roquited trap capacity in Ibsr= stay facior x stezm ow rat in Ins/r x anticipated Percent of condensata(ypically 10% to 20%). EXAMPLE: What size steam trap will be roquirad ona ow rato cf 10,000 Ibs? Using te formula Required trap capacity = 3x 10,000 x0.10 = 3,000 si. ‘The inverted bucket trap with large vent Is recommended for separators. When it and hycraulic shock are not signicant problems, an F&T type trap is an acceptable alternative. ‘An automatic diferential condensate ccortvoler may be preferred in many ‘cases. It combines the bast features of booth of the above and is recommended for large condensate loads which ‘exceed tne separating capabilty ofthe soparator. Installation Connect traps to the separator drain line 10° to 12" below the separator with the ‘drain pipe running the ful size of the drain connection dovin to the trap take off (Fig. 19-4). The drain pipe and dirt pocket should be the same sizo as the

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