Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Heat Pumps 2nd Edition Silberstein Solutions Manual
Heat Pumps 2nd Edition Silberstein Solutions Manual
Heat Pumps 2nd Edition Silberstein Solutions Manual
Solutions Manual
Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://testbankbell.com/dow
nload/heat-pumps-2nd-edition-silberstein-solutions-manual/
CHAPTER 9
AIR-SOURCE HEAT-PUMP SYSTEMS: PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
FOR DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
Recording system temperatures and pressure readings is
1 important to establish a history of
� the system� By tracking the system’s operation over a long
period of time under a wide range
of ambient conditions, some system problems can be detected before they
become large problems� Information that should be recorded includes:
• Outside ambient temperature
• Suction and discharge pressures
• Amperage of the compressor
• Superheat and subcooling
• Temperature differentials across both coils� Just as your medical doctor
keeps a history
pertaining to your weight and blood pressure, a record of a system’s past
performance
can help prevent major system failures in the future�
2� Loose electrical connections can result in increased circuit resistance
and reduced circuit current� Increased resistance across a set of electrical
contacts can result in a voltage drop across
the contacts, which will cause reduced voltage to be supplied to the load�
Because there is a
substantial amount of vibration within a system, screw terminals and wire
nuts can come
loose, creating the problems just discussed� Checking electrical
connections helps keep operating systems functioning properly�
3� Water damage repairs are very costly� By the time water drips from a
ceiling, a substantial
amount of damage has already been done� Since ceiling materials are
very porous, a drop of
water can easily be absorbed by the ceiling� When a drop of water falls
from the ceiling, the
ceiling is already saturated with water� The purpose of a preventive
maintenance service call
is to check the system for potential problems and correct these conditions
before a problem
arises� Checking the drain lines, both the primary and secondary, is an
important task that
must be performed during preventive maintenance� Failure to do so
could very well result in
the service company being responsible for water damage done to the
customer’s property�
ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS
1� Answer choice “D” is correct� A frozen evaporator coil (indoor coil in
the cooling mode) can
be caused by either a mechanical problem or an airflow problem� Each of
the answer choices
presented will cause a reduction of airflow through the evaporator coil�
Answer choice “A” is
a restriction in the return air duct, answer choice “C” is a restriction in the
supply air duct and
answer choice “B” indicates that there is no airflow at all� The correct
answer for this question
is therefore “D�” Frozen evaporators could also be caused by a system
undercharge, a blocked
or clogged TEV strainer or a defective expansion valve�
2� Answer choice “A” is correct� An out of balance squirrel cage blower
can result in premature
motor failure� This is because the force will be uneven on the bearings
causing them to wear
out, making answer choice “A” correct� The amount of air that is moved
by the blower will not
change, but there will be a definite increase in the amount of noise
generated by the blower
assembly� This makes answer choices “B,” “C,” and “D” incorrect�
32 Heat Pumps Instructor’s Guide
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted
to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
3� Answer choice “B” is correct� There should not be any side-to-side
play on a motor shaft,
eliminating answer choice “C�” Motor mounts secure the motor to the
unit, not the shaft to the
motor, eliminating answer choice “D�” Lubricating a motor will help a
motor shaft turn freely,
but will not help alleviate side-to-side shaft movement, eliminating answer
choice “A�” Motor
bearings are designed to keep a motor shaft in place while allowing it to
rotate freely� Side-toside play indicates that the bearings are worn,
making answer choice “B” correct� On small,
fractional horsepower motors, this normally means that the motor will be
replaced, since the
repair cost will likely be higher than the cost of a new motor�
4� Answer choice “C” is correct� Dirt accumulation on the indoor coil
indicates that dirt has been
allowed to enter the return duct system� Most often, the dirt enters the
duct through the filter
grill or through leaks in the joints connecting the duct section together�
Increasing the speed
of the blower motor will not eliminate these leaks, eliminating answer
choice “A�” The return
air grill should be located in the occupied space, but relocating the grill will
not reduce the
amount of dirt accumulation on the coil, eliminating answer choice “B�”
Removing the air
filter from the system will increase the amount of dirt accumulation on the
coil, eliminating
answer choice “D�” The air filter should always be properly sized so it
completely fills the
return grill� An improperly sized filter will allow air to bypass the filter�
This will cause dirt to
accumulate on the indoor coil, making answer choice “C” correct�
5� Answer choice “D” is correct� One way to prevent a motor from
overheating is to ensure that
the shaft turns freely� If the shaft is difficult to turn, you can be sure that
the motor will be operating at a temperature that is higher than normal�
Improper lubrication and defective bearings will both result in a shaft that
does not turn freely, causing the motor to overheat� This
makes answer choices “A” and “B” correct� Excessive airflow across the
motor will not cause
the motor to overheat, making answer choice “C” incorrect� Answer
choice “D” is therefore
the best answer to this question�
6� Answer choice “A” is correct� Supply air ducts should be insulated to
prevent sweating while
the system is operating in the cooling mode� Because the duct is sweating,
the ductwork is not
insulated� In this case, the duct should be insulated as soon as possible,
making technician
“A” correct� Thus, we can eliminate answer choices “B” and “D�”
Although the system may
be undercharged, sweating ductwork is not an indication of this� The
sweating on the surface
of the duct indicates that the duct is below the dew point temperature of
the air surrounding
the supply duct� Technician “B” is therefore incorrect, so we can eliminate
answer choices “B”
and “C,” making answer choice “A” the best response to this question�
7� Answer choice “C” is correct� A missing service panel on the return
side of the indoor unit
means that air from the attic is being pulled into the air handler along with
air from the occupied space� In the hot summer months, the temperature
of the air in the attic will be much
warmer than the air in the occupied space� The temperature of the mixed
attic air and space air
will be higher than the temperature of the air in the occupied space alone�
This means that the
air entering the air handler will be warmer than intended� This results in
a higher suction pressure� In addition, system capacity is being wasted
because the air in the attic is being cooled�
From this we can determine that technician “A” is correct and answer
choices “B” and “D” can
be eliminated� A similar argument can be made for the system while it
operates in the heating
mode� The air in the attic is cooler than the occupied space and system
capacity will be wasted
by having to heat the cooler attic air� Therefore, technician “B” is also
correct, making answer
choice “C” the best response to this question�
8� Answer choice “A” is correct� The primary condensate drain line
terminates in an inconspicuous location while the auxiliary drain line
terminates in a location that will be easily noticed�
This ensures that the equipment owner will be aware that a problem
exists� From the scenario presented in the question, condensate leaving
the structure from above a doorway is
CHAPTER 9 Air-Source Heat-Pump Systems: Preventive Maintenance
33
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted
to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
an indication that the auxiliary drain pan is catching and removing the
system condensate�
Under normal operating conditions there should never be any water in the
auxiliary drain pan
or drain line� The fact that water is draining from the auxiliary line means
that the primary
drain line is clogged, making technician “A” correct� Technician “B” is
incorrect because the
auxiliary line is functioning properly� From this information we can
eliminate answer choices
“B,” “C,” and “D,” making choice “A” the correct response�
9 A safety float switch is a normally closed device that will open its
contacts when a predetermined level of water is reached� These switches
are located in the auxiliary drain pan and are
wired in series with the power wire coming from the control transformer�
In the event that the
auxiliary drain line fails to remove the condensate, the float switch will de-
energize the system
before damage to the ceiling can occur� The customer will simply call the
service company
and mention that the system is not operating at all� The use of this device
can help prevent
major damage to the ceiling from occurring� Some float switches are
equipped with normally
open contacts as well as the normally closed contacts� These normally
open contacts will close
when the water level rises, energizing an alarm circuit to notify the
equipment owner of the
problem�
10� Answer choice “B” is correct� Belt tension that is too tight can cause
a belt to break, but not
skip off the pulley arrangement, making technician “A” incorrect� From
this we can eliminate
answer choices “A” and “C�” Belts can skip off the pulleys if the pulleys
are too close to each
other (loose belt) or if the drive and driven pulleys are not properly
aligned� This makes technician “B” correct and answer choice “B” is the
correct response to this question�
11� Answer choice “A” is correct� After the vapor refrigerant leaves the
evaporator it continues to
pick up additional sensible heat (superheat) before reaching the
compressor, making technician “A” correct� Feeding more refrigerant to
the evaporator will result in the evaporator containing more saturated
refrigerant� It will take longer for this refrigerant to boil into a vapor,
thereby reducing the evaporator superheat� This makes technician “B”
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
CHAPTER II.
THE INVENTION OF PRINTING AND THE WORK OF THE
FIRST PRINTERS OF HOLLAND AND GERMANY.
1440-1528.
“
FOUR men, Gutenberg, Columbus, Luther, and Copernicus,
stand at the dividing line of the Middle Ages, and serve as boundary
stones marking the entrance of mankind into a higher and finer
epoch of its development.”[421]
It would be difficult to say which one of the four has made the
largest contribution to this development or has done the most to lift
up the spirit of mankind and to open for men the doors to the new
realms that were in readiness. The Genoese seaman and discoverer
opens new realms to our knowledge and imagination, leads Europe
from the narrow restrictions of the Middle Ages out into the vast
space of Western oceans, and in adding to the material realms
controlled by civilisation, widens still more largely the range of its
thought and fancy. The Reformer of Wittenberg, in breaking the
bonds which had chained the spirits of his fellow-men and in
securing for them again their rights as individual Christians,
conquers for them a spiritual realm and brings them into renewed
relations with their Creator. The great astronomer shatters, through
his discoveries, the fixed and petty conceptions of the universe
which had ruled the minds of mankind, and in bringing to them fresh
light on the nature and extent of created things, widens at the same
time their whole understanding of themselves and of duty. The
citizen of Mayence may claim to have unchained intelligence and
given to it wings. He utilised lead no longer as a death-bringing ball,
but in the form of life-quickening letters which were to bring before
thousands of minds the teachings of the world’s thinkers. Each one
of the four had his part in bringing to the world light, knowledge, and
development.
At the time when the art of printing finally took shape in the mind of
Gutenberg, the direction of literary and intellectual interests of
Germany rested, as we have seen, largely with Italy. The fact,
however, that the new art had its birthplace, not in Florence, which
was at that time the centre of the literary activities of Europe, but in
Mayence, heretofore a town which had hardly been connected at all
with literature, and the further fact that the printing-presses were
carrying on their work in Germany for nearly fifteen years before two
printers, themselves Germans, set up the first press in Italy,
exercised, of necessity, an important influence in inciting literary
activities throughout Germany and in the relations borne by
Germany to the scholarship of the world.
The details of the life and early work of Gutenberg are at best but
fragmentary, and have been a subject of much discussion. It is not
necessary, for the purpose of this treatise, to give detailed
consideration to the long series of controversies as to the respective
claims of Gutenberg of Mayence, of Koster of Haarlem, or of other
competitors, as to the measure of credit to be assigned to each in
the original discovery or of the practical development of the the
printing-press. It seems in any case evident that whatever minds
elsewhere were at that time puzzling over the same problem, it was
the good fortune of Gutenberg to make the first practical application
of the printing-press to the production of impressions from movable
type, while it was certainly from Mayence that the art spread
throughout the cities, first of Germany, and later of Italy and France.
It is to be borne in mind (and I speak here for the non-technical
reader) that, as indicated in the above reference, the distinction and
important part of the invention of Gutenberg was, not the production
of a press for the multiplication of impressions, but the use of
movable type and the preparation of the form from which the
impressions were struck off. The art of printing from blocks, since
classified as xylographic printing, had been practised in certain
quarters of Europe for fifty years or more before the time of
Gutenberg, and if Europe had had communication with China,
xylography might have been introduced four or five centuries earlier.
With the block-books, the essential thing was the illustrations, and
what text or letterpress accompanied these was usually limited to a
few explanatory or descriptive words engraved on the block, above,
beneath or around the picture. Occasionally, however, as in the Ars
Moriendi, there were entire pages of text engraved, like the designs,
on the solid block. The earlier engraving was done on hard wood,
but, later, copper was also employed. It is probable that the block-
books originated in the Netherlands, and it is certain that in such
towns as Bruges, Antwerp, and Amsterdam, the art was developed
more rapidly than elsewhere, so that during the first half of the
fifteenth century, the production of wood engravings and of books
made up of engravings (printed only on one side, and accompanied
by a few words of text), began to form an important article of trade.
The subjects of these designs were for the most part Biblical, or at
least religious. One of the earlier of the block-book publications and
probably the most characteristic specimen of the class, is the volume
known as the Biblia Pauperum. This was a close imitation of a
manuscript book that had for five or six centuries been popular as a
work of religious instruction. It had been composed about 850, by S.
Ausgarius, a monk of Corbie, who afterwards became Bishop of
Hamburg. The scriptorium established by him at Corbie was said to
have been the means of preserving from destruction a number of
classics, including the Annals of Tacitus.[422] The use, five centuries
later, as one of the first productions of the printing-press, of the
monk’s own composition, may be considered as a fitting
acknowledgement of the service thus rendered by him to the world’s
literature. Examples of manuscript copies of the Biblia Pauperum are
in existence in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, in Munich, in the
British Museum, and elsewhere, and there is no difficulty in
comparing these with the printed copies produced in the
Netherlands, which are also represented in these collections.
It is probable that Laurence Koster of Haarlem, whose name is,
later, associated with printing from movable type, was himself an
engraver of block-books. Humphreys is, in fact, inclined to believe
that the first block-book edition of the Biblia Pauperum was actually
Koster’s work, basing this opinion on the similarity of the
compositions and of their arrangement to those of the Speculum
Humanæ Salvationis, which was the first work printed from movable
type, and the production of which is now generally credited to
Koster.[423] The Biblia Pauperum was printed from blocks in
Germany as late as 1475, but before that date an edition had been
printed from movable type by Pfister in Bamberg.
As has been pointed out by many of the writers on the subject, the
so-called invention of printing was not so much the result of an
individual inspiration, as the almost inevitable consequence of a long
series of experiments and of partial processes which had been
conducted in various places where the community was interesting
itself in the multiplication of literature.
If, as is probably the case, the first book printed from movable type
is to be credited to Koster, it remains none the less the case that
Gutenberg’s process must have been worked out for itself, and that
the German possessed, what the Hollander appears to have lacked,
not merely the persistence and the practical understanding required
to produce a single book, but the power to overcome obstacles and
to instruct others, and was thus able to establish the new art on a
lasting foundation.
The claims of the Hollanders under which Koster is to be regarded
as the first printer, or at least (bearing in mind the Chinese
precedents in the tenth century) the first European printer, from
movable type, claims which Humphreys accepts as well founded, are
in substance as follows: Laurence Koster was born, somewhere in
Holland, about 1370, and died in Haarlem about 1440. He is
believed to have made his first experiments with movable wooden
types about 1426, and to have worked with metal types about ten
years later. The principal of the earlier authorities concerning
Koster’s career is a certain Hadrian Junius, who completed, in 1569,
a history of Holland, which was published in 1588. He speaks of
Koster as being a man of an honourable family, in which the office of
Sacristan (custos, Coster or Koster) was hereditary, and he
describes in detail the development of the invention of type, from the
cutting of pieces of beech-bark into the form of letters, to the final
production of the metal fonts. Junius goes on to relate the method
under which Koster’s first book (from type), Speculum Humanæ
Salvationis, was printed, in 1430. This book, the origin of which is not
known, had for many years been popular among the Benedictines,
and few of their monasteries were without a copy. As a result of this
popularity, many examples of the manuscript copies have been
preserved, some of which are in the Arundel collection in the British
Museum. Zani says that the Speculum was compiled for the
assistance of poor preachers, and in support of this view he quotes
certain lines, which may serve also as an example of Latinity and of
the general style: