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Aging and The Life Course An Introduction To Social Gerontology 7th Edition Quadagno Solutions Manual
Aging and The Life Course An Introduction To Social Gerontology 7th Edition Quadagno Solutions Manual
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Chapter 2: Life Course Transitions
Chapter 2
Life Course Transitions
Brief IM Outline
• Chapter Outline
• Class Discussion Topics
• Student Project and Research Suggestions
• Answer Guidelines for “Thinking about Aging” Questions
• Lecture/Class Activity Ideas
• Community, State, and National Resources
• Internet Resources and Activities
• Suggested Reading
• Films and Videos
Chapter Outline
The life course framework is an approach to the study of aging that emphasizes the interaction
of historical events, individual decisions and opportunities, and effect of early life experiences in
determining later life outcomes (G. H. Elder, 2006). As people age, they move through different
social roles that provide them with different identities—student, husband or wife, worker, parent.
Sociologists call these role changes transitions. The concept of transitions refers to the role
changes individuals make as they leave school, take a job, get married, have children, or retire.
People also experience countertransitions, which are produced by others’ role changes. Finally,
a series of transitions is called a trajectory.
The intellectual origins of the sociological approach to the life course lie in several traditions that
cross disciplinary boundaries. Three aspects of age stratification theory are relevant to the study
of the life course. First, age is one of the bases for regulating social interaction and for ascribing
status; second, the timing of the entry into and exit from social positions has age-related
consequences; and third, the pattern of biological aging and the sequence of age-related roles are
altered by historical events (e.g., improvements in health care, new technologies) (Riley and
Riley, 2000). Another influence on the life course approach is the anthropological study of age
grading. Age grades are ways of using age as a social category to group people by status.
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A central methodological issue in life course research is how to distinguish between age
effects, period effects, and cohort effects. An age effect is a change that occurs as a result of
advancing age. A period effect is the impact of a historical event on the entire society. A
cohort effect is the social change that occurs as one cohort replaces another. Although the
concepts of age, period, and cohort effects sound simple, they can be quite difficult to
measure. Social gerontologists frequently use cross-sectional research to distinguish age,
period, and cohort effects, but longitudinal research is a better approach.
B. Cross-Sectional Research
Research comparing people of different age cohorts at a single point in time is called cross-
sectional research. Researchers conducting a cross-sectional study ask the same information
of people in several age groups. Differences between age groups that appear to be age effects
also may result from period effects. History creates a period effect when change is relatively
uniform across successive birth cohorts (G. Elder, 1994).
C. Longitudinal Research
Some of the complex methodological issues involved in distinguishing between age effects,
cohort effects, and period effects can be sorted out through longitudinal research. In contrast
to cross-sectional studies that compare subjects from different cohorts, longitudinal studies
follow the same group of people over time.
D. Qualitative Research
Many interesting studies of aging are based on qualitative research. One type of qualitative
research is participant observation. In these studies researchers observe people in a natural
setting, keep copious notes on what they observe, and then organize their observations to help
understand patterns of behavior, decision-making processes, and the social character of
communities. Another type of qualitative research consists of open-ended interviews.
© 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
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Chapter 2: Life Course Transitions
Timing refers to the idea that there are appropriate ages for making various life course
transitions. Age norms define everything people mean when they say, “Act your age.” They
act as prods or brakes on behavior, sometimes hastening an event, at other times delaying it.
In combination, age norms form a prescriptive timetable, called a social clock, that orders
major life events. The social clock not only influences when people marry, have children, and
retire, it also may affect how they feel about entering a new life phase.
Because the expected timing of important life events is looser and more flexible than it may
have been in the past, Settersten and Hagestad preferred the term age timetables rather than
age norms. Perceived timetables of the life course shape people’s experiences of growing
older by providing reference points and sets of expectations about what they should be doing
with their lives.
Duration refers to the number of years spent in each phase of the life course (Silverstein and
Giarusso, 2011). One distinctive change in the duration of a life course phase is the extension
of adolescence. Historically, adolescence ended when young people left the family home. In
the past two decades, young people have remained longer in the parental home or left and
then returned, creating a crowded nest. Instead of children setting out to make their way in
the world, the parental home now serves as a base of operations during the phase that
precedes marriage and even after marriage for some couples.
The idea of sequencing presumes that transitions should be made in a particular order
(Rindfuss et al., 1987). The implication is of orderliness and irreversibility. Disorder in the
sequencing of life events may have negative consequences for later life transitions. The
overlapping of life events may also create role conflicts.
Inherent in the life course approach is the notion that early experiences reverberate across the
whole life course (Ferraro et al., 2009). The quality of family relationships in childhood also
has an effect on mental health in adulthood. Adults with divorced parents compared with
adults of parents who remained married report greater unhappiness, less satisfaction with life,
and more symptoms of anxiety and depression. Early life patterns have an effect on health in
later life as well. Finally, some research suggests that childhood traumas influence subsequent
© 2018 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
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The place became, from about the middle of the eighteenth
century, a favourite resort of London anglers and swimmers, and
many London merchants and persons of good position were among
the subscribers. An annual payment of one guinea entitled
subscribers to the use of the baths, and to the diversion of “angling
and skating at proper seasons.” Occasional visitors paid two shillings
each time of bathing.
THE PLEASURE BATH, PEERLESS POOL, CITY
ROAD.
TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION.
PLEASURE BATH
£. s. d.
Month 0 9 0
Two Months 0 16 0
Year 1 1 0
Single Bathe 0 1 0
with Towels
and Box
Ditto without 0 0 0
COLD BATH
£. s. d.
Month 0 10 0
Two Months 0 17 0
Year 1 10 0
Single Bathe 0 1 0
The City Road is the line from all parts of the West
End to the City. Omnibuses pass both ways nearly every
minute throughout the day.
1, Bath Buildings Entrance—2, Baldwyn Street
Entrance—3, Cold Bath—4, Pleasure Bath—5, Dressing
Boxes—6, Shrubberies.
BILL OF PEERLESS POOL. Circ. 1846.
About 1805 Mr. Joseph Watts (father of Thomas Watts, the well-
known Keeper of Printed Books at the British Museum) obtained a
lease of the place from St. Bartholomew’s Hospital at a rental of
£600 per annum, and eventually saw his way to a profit by building
on part of the ground. He drained the fish-pond which lay due east
and west, and built the present Baldwin Street on the site. The old-
fashioned house inhabited by Kemp, which stood in a garden and
orchard of apple and pear trees overlooking the west end of the fish-
pond, Watts pulled down, erecting Bath Buildings on the spot.[81]
The pleasure bath and the cold bath he, however, continued to open
to the public at a charge of one shilling, and Hone gives a pleasant
description of it as it was (still in Watts’s proprietorship) in 1826. “Its
size,” he says, “is the same as in Kemp’s time, and trees enough
remain to shade the visitor from the heat of the sun while on the
brink.” “On a summer evening it is amusing to survey the conduct of
the bathers; some boldly dive, others ‘timorous stand,’ and then
descend, step by step, ‘unwilling and slow’; choice swimmers attract
attention by divings and somersets, and the whole sheet of water
sometimes rings with merriment. Every fine Thursday and Saturday
afternoon in the summer, columns of blue-coat boys, more than
three score in each, headed by their respective beadles, arrive, and
some half strip themselves ere they reach their destination; the rapid
plunges they make into the Pool, and their hilarity in the bath, testify
their enjoyment of the tepid fluid.”
The Pool was still frequented in 1850,[82] but at a later time was
built over. Its name is kept locally in remembrance by Peerless
Street, the second main turning on the left of the City Road, just
beyond Old Street, in coming from the City. This street was formerly
called Peerless Row, and formed the northern boundary of the
ground laid out by Kemp.[83]
[Maitland’s Hist. of London, i. p. 84, ff.; Dodsley’s London,
“Peerless Pool”; Noorthouck’s London, p. 756, ff.; Trusler’s London
Adviser (1786), p. 124; Hone’s Every Day Book, i. p. 970, ff.;
Pennant’s London, p. 268; Wheatley’s London P. and P. iii. s.v.;
newspaper cuttings, &c., W. Coll.]
VIEWS.
1. Two woodcuts (pleasure bath and fish-pond) from drawings, circ.
1826, by John Cleghorn in Hone’s Every Day Book (cited above).
2. View of Peerless Pool Bath and Gardens in 1848; coloured
drawing by Read. Crace, Cat., p. 608, No. 9.
3. The Pleasure Bath, Peerless Pool. An advertisement bill with
woodcut of the bath, surrounded by trees and shrubberies, and a plan
of the vicinity (1846?), W. Coll.; cp. Crace, Cat., p. 608, No. 8.
THE SHEPHERD AND SHEPHERDESS, CITY ROAD
MARYLEBONE GROUP
MARYLEBONE GARDENS
VIEWS.
1. A view of Marybone Gardens and orchestra, J. Donnowell del.
1755; published by J. Tinney. Crace, Cat. p. 566, No. 74.
2. Modifications of 1, published by R. Sayer, 1755, and by Bowles
and Carver. Crace, Cat. p. 566, Nos. 75, 76. Also 1761, published by
J. Ryall [W. Coll.].
3. Views of Rose of Normandy. Crace, Cat. p. 566, Nos. 79–81; p.
567, No. 82.
THE QUEEN’S HEAD AND ARTICHOKE
VIEWS.
1. A water-colour drawing by Findlay, 1796. Crace, Cat. p. 569, No.
104; cp. an engraving of the inn in Walford, v. p. 258, and a small
sketch in Clinch’s Marylebone, p. 45 (dated 1796).
2. An engraving published in Gent. Mag. 1819, pt. 2, p. 401;
reproduced in Clinch’s Marylebone, facing p. 40.
THE JEW’S HARP HOUSE AND TEA GARDENS
VIEWS.
The Jew’s Harp public-house in Marylebone Park. A water-colour
drawing by Bigot, 1794. Crace, Cat. p. 569, No. 106; cp. a sketch in
Clinch’s Marylebone, p. 48.
THE YORKSHIRE STINGO
VIEWS.
1. “The Yorkshire Stingo in 1770,” a small sketch in Clinch’s
Marylebone, p. 46, showing the tavern and the entrance to the tea-
gardens.
2. View of the new County Court and the Baths and the Wash-
Houses, built upon the ground of the late tea-gardens, &c., of the
Yorkshire Stingo Tavern. A woodcut, 1849. Crace, Cat. p. 567, No. 89.
BAYSWATER TEA GARDENS
and in this garden he grew the plants for his wonderful Water
Dock Essence and Balm of Honey.
Hill died in 1775, and his garden was (some years before 1795)
turned into a place of amusement, known as the Bayswater Tea
Gardens, and much frequented by the denizens of Oxford Street and
neighbourhood.[124] Views of 1796 show the boxes and arbours, and
a family party, more plebeian than that in George Morland’s “Tea
Garden,” in full enjoyment of their tea. Waiters are bustling about
with huge kettles crying “’Ware kettle, scaldings!”
The Bayswater Tea Gardens are mentioned in the Picture of
London, 1823–1829, among those frequented by Londoners of the
middle classes. From about 1836 they appear to have been called
the Flora Tea Gardens, Bayswater.