KENYATTA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH,

DEPARTMENT OF PHSYICAL EDUCATION, EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCE.

HPE 131/101 – HOCKEY

WRITTEN BY: MR. EVANSON WAMBIRI KAIRU
INTRODUCTION
Welcome to this module. This module is divided into two parts; theory and practical. In this
module, we will introduce you to History and development of this game. This will help you
appreciate the history and social cultural values of this game. The module will also introduce you
to the markings, layout and dimensions of facilities and equipment of this sport. The key purpose
of this module is to introduce you to the fundamental skills of this game. This module will
therefore introduce you to the basic Skills, lead up and conditioning games, warm-up and cool-
down activities for this game. An understanding of these fundamental skills will help you be in a
position to demonstrate proper technique associated with these skills. It will also help you
understand effective teaching progression involved with skill acquisition.

The module introduces you to the safety considerations associated with this game. The module
also introduces you to the offensive and defensive strategies of play in this game. The key
purpose for this is to help you understand the game’s basic offensive and defensive principles.
The module also introduces to the rules of this game. The purpose of this is to help you
understand the rules and spirit of the game.

We hope that you will find this module exciting, educative, and engaging. We hope it will
stimulate your mind so that you appreciate the nature and spirit of this game. After all,
participation in sports apart from being fun also helps you to keep fit.
 COARSE OUTINE

WEEK WEEK TOPIC

WEEK 0: THEORY& WEEK 0: INTRODUCTION (YOUR CONTEXT,
PRACTICAL YOUR GOALS, THOUGHTS
ABOUT HOCKEY)
WEEK 1: THEORY WEEK 1: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF
HOCKEY
PRACTICAL COURT LAYOUT
WEEK 2: THEORY WEEK 2: FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT
PRACTICAL STICK HANDLING
WEEK 3: THEORY WEEK 3: WARM AND COOLDOWN
PRACTICAL WARMUP AND COOLDOWN DRILLS
WEEK 4: THEORY WEEK 4: FOOTWORK AND DRIBBLING

PRACTICAL FOOT WORK AND DRIBBLING

WEEK 5: THEORY WEEK 5: PASSING AND RECEIVING

PRACTICAL TYPES OF PASSES

WEEK 6: THEORY WEEK 6: SHOOTING AND STICK HANDLING
PRACTICAL SHOOTING
WEEK 7: THEORY WEEK 7: DEFENSIVE AND OFFENSIVE
STRATEGIES
PRACTICAL DEFENSIVE AND OFFENSIVE
STRATEGIES
WEEK 8: THEORY WEEK 8: RULES AND REGULATIONS
PRACTICAL PLAYING AND REFERING
WEEK PRACTICAL WEEK EXAMINATION
9&10 9&10
WEEK THEORY WEEK EXAMINATION
11&12 11&12
 WHAT IS HOCKEY?

Hockey is a kind of invasion game that is played by two teams of eleven

players. Each team’s goal is to push a small and heavy hockey ball into their opposition’s goal.
At the beginning of the game of hockey, after a coin toss to decide which team starts with the
ball, the players pass from the line at the centre of the court.

Basic hockey rules

Below are some basic rules of hockey you can use when teaching hockey to young children:

1. Players can only hit the ball with the flat side of their stick.

2. Hockey players (other than the goalkeeper) are not allowed to use their feet, or any other
parts of the body, to control the ball at any time.

3. You can only score a goal from inside the ‘striking circle’ in front of the opponent's goal.
If the hockey ball is hit from outside the circle and goes into the goal, it doesn’t count.

4. Hockey is a non-contact sport. This means that players are not allowed to push, trip, or
physically touch an opponent. If this happens, the opposing team may be given a free hit or
a ‘penalty corner’.

TERMINOLOGIES USED IN FIELD HOCKEY

Player One of the participants in a team.

Team A team consists of a maximum of sixteen persons composed of a maximum of eleven

players on the field and up to five substitutes. This may be amended by Regulation to a
maximum of eighteen players.

Field Player One of the participants on the field other than the goalkeeper.

Goalkeeper One of the participants of each team on the field who wears full protective
equipment comprising at least headgear, leg guards and kickers and who is also permitted to
wear goalkeeping hand protectors and other protective equipment.

Field Player with Goalkeeping Privileges One of the participants on the field who does not
wear full protective equipment but who has goalkeeping privileges.
Attack (Attacker) The team (player) which (who) is trying to score a goal.

Defense (Defender) The team (player) which (who) is trying to prevent a goal being scored.

Back-line The shorter (55 meters) perimeter line.

Goal-line The back-line between the goal-posts.

Circle The area enclosed by and including the two quarter circles and the lines joining them at
each end of the field opposite the center of the back-lines.

23 meters area the area enclosed by and including the line across the field

22.90 meters from each back-line, the relevant part of the side-lines, and the back-line.

Playing the ball: field player

Stopping, deflecting or moving the ball with the stick.

Shot at goal The action of an attacker attempting to score by playing the ball towards the goal
from within the circle.

The ball may miss the goal but the action is still a “ shot at goal” if the player’s intention is to
score with a shot directed towards the goal.

Hit Striking or ‘slapping’ the ball using a swinging movement of the stick towards the ball.

“Slap” hitting the ball, which involves a long pushing or sweeping movement with the stick
before making contact with the ball, is regarded as a hit.

Push

Moving the ball along the ground using a pushing movement of the stick after the stick has been
placed in contact or close to the ball. When a push is made, both the ball and the head of the stick
are in contact with the ground.

Flick

Pushing the ball so that it is raised off the ground.

Scoop Raising the ball off the ground by placing the head of the stick under the ball and using a
lifting movement.
Forehand Playing a ball which is to the right of the player in a forwards direction.

Playing distance The distance within which a player is capable of reaching the ball to play it.

Tackle An action to stop an opponent retaining possession of the ball.

Offence/infringment An action against an opponent contrary to the Rules which may be

penalised by an umpire. 12

THE FIELD OF PlAY

The field of play is rectangular, 91.40 metres long and 55.00 metres wide.

1.2 Side-lines mark the longer perimeters of the field ; back- lines mark the shorter perimeters of
the field.

1.3 The goal-lines are the parts of the back-lines between the goal-posts.

1.4 A centre-line is marked across the middle of the field.

1.5 Lines known as 23 metres lines are marked across the field

1.6 Areas referred to as the circles are marked inside the field around the goals and opposite the
centres of the back- lines.

1.7 Penalty spots 150 mm in diameter are marked in front of the centre of each goal with the
centre of each spot 6.40 metres from the inner edge of the goal-line.

1.8 All lines are 75 mm wide and are part of the field of play.

1.9 Flag-posts between 1.20 and 1.50 metres in height are placed at each corner of the field.

1.10 Goals are positioned outside the field of play at the centre of and touching each back-line.
No equipment or items, such as helmets, face masks, hand protectors, towels, water bottles etc.
may be placed inside the goals.

History of Field Hockey:

Where Field Hockey Began Field hockey is one of the oldest team sports in the world, dating
back nearly 3,000 years to the Greek classical era, where the sport closely resembled the modern
Gaelic sport of hurling. The modern name ―field hockey‖ first appeared in England in the 14th
century when King Edward III issued a proclamation outlawing the practice of leisure sports by
the working class. After lying dormant in England for the next several centuries, field hockey
reemerged in the post-Elizabethan British Empire and began working its way into English public
schools in the 18th century. The modern form of the game grew directly from the format
originally developed in the English school system, growing to the point where it rivaled sports
such as rugby and soccer in terms of popularity. When the British Empire expanded its borders
around the globe in the 1800s, the British Army brought the game of field hockey with them,
expanding the sport‘s practice to the point where it is now one of the most popular sports in the
world. Field hockey reached its modern form in the 19th century as a game played between two
teams of eleven players each. Teams compete on a standard 100 x 60 yard field and attempt to
score goals by hitting a ball off the ground into a net guarded by the opposite team‘s goalkeeper.
Blackheath HC (hockey club) was founded in London in 1849 as the first professional field
hockey club, but the game truly reached its modern form a few years later when Teddington HC
introduced the striking circle and changed the official ball to a sphere as opposed to a rubber 12
cube. In 1886, the Hockey Association was founded in England, publishing a set of rules and
standards to be observed by all organized field hockey teams. The sport went mainstream in
1908 when it was included in the Summer Olympics in London, but the sport was dropped in
1924, leading to the formation of the Federation Internationale de Hockey sur Gazon (FIH),
which exists as the governing body for all international field hockey to this day. Hockey
experienced its greatest level of success in British colonial India, where Calcutta HC was
founded as the first professional field hockey club outside of England in 1885. The sport
continued to grow at a blistering pace in India throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and
when field hockey was reinstated as an Olympic sport in 1928, India proceeded to win the gold
medal every year from 1928 to 1956. Field hockey has also experienced great success in the
former colonies of Australia, New Zealand, Egypt, Hong Kong, and the United States.

History and development of hockey in Kenya

1. Development of Field Hockey in Kenya Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the Kenya
men‘s field hockey team was one of the best in the world. The best performance ever by
Kenya was in 1971 when they finished 4th at the world cup. Most notable was the two
victories over West Germany (3-0 and 2-1). Avtar Singh scored 4 goals in that
 tournament to finish as the second leading scorer. Tarlochan Chana, Jagjit Singh and
Ravinder Singh were Kenya‘s other star players. Kenya also participated in the 1956,
1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1984 and 1988 Olympics. There were some notable
performances in those early days. Despite qualifying for the Olympics for the very first
time in 1956, Kenya acquitted themselves well by drawing two games. The year 1960
was notable because Kenya beat West Germany and Italy whom they thrashed 7- 0. In
19h64, Kenya yet again shocked the world by recording wins over giants Australia (1-0),
Great Britain (1-0), New Zealand (3-2) and the biggest shock of them all, a 3-1 win over
the Netherlands. Kenya finished 6th out of 15 teams. 13 NOTE Whereas the Kenyan
teams of the 1970s were fully made up of Kenyans of Indian descent, by the 1980s,
indigenous Kenyans had started to

Equipment needed to play field hockey.

a) Field Hockey Sticks A player will need a specific stick to play field hockey. These sticks
have two sides. One side (generally the left side) is referred to as the "playing side" and is flat on
the lower half. The other side is referred to as the non-playing side; it is rounded from top to
bottom. According to the official field hockey rules, a stick cannot weigh more than 737 grams,
which is just less than 26 ounces.

b) Ball and Goals A field hockey ball is also necessary; this ball is usually white and made of a
hard, solid plastic. It must weigh between 5 1/4 ounces and 5 3/4 ounces, and the circumference
must measure 15 between 8 13/16 inches and 9 1/4 inches. One would also need two goal cages,
one on each end of the field. These measure 12 feet wide, 7 feet high and 4 feet deep.

c) Shoes and Protective Gear Players can play field hockey in any clothing that is comfortable,
but there is need for field hockey cleats to get a good grip on the field as you run. Shin guards
that will protect your legs from contact should also be worn. Goggles, gloves and mouthguards
are also worn by field hockey players.

d) Goalie Equipment Field hockey goalies will need a helmet with a cage to protect the face.
Goalies also need extra padding. A goalie's leg pads cannot be larger than 12 inches wide, and
the hand and arm pads cannot be longer than 14 inches or wider than 9 inches. Figure 1.2: A
goalkeeper makes a glove save. Equipment worn here is typical gear for a field hockey
goalkeeper.

e) Field Hockey Pitch The pitch is a 91.4 m × 55 m (100.0 yds. × 60.1 yds.) rectangular field.
At each end is a goal 2.14 m (7 ft.) high and 3.66 m (12 ft.) wide, as well as lines across the field
22.90 m (25 yds.) from each end-line (generally referred to as the 23-metre lines or the 25-yard
lines) and in the center of the field. A spot 0.15 m (6 in) in diameter, called the penalty spot or
stroke mark, is placed with its centre 6.40 m (7 yds.) from the centre of each goal. The shooting
circle is 15 m (16 yds.) from the base line

Positioning of players in field hockey

There are eleven players on each team -- ten field players and one goalkeeper. Formations on the
field will vary depending upon the strategy of the coach, but they will include attackers,
midfielders, defenders, and goalkeepers. The attackers are the principal goal scorers. They may
include wings, inside forwards, and a striker. The midfielders are the most versatile players on
the field. They contribute both to the offense and defense. The defenders are primarily
responsible for the defense. The deepest defending back may be used as a sweeper. The
goalkeeper is the last line of defense and must protect the goal cage area. The goalkeeper is the
only player allowed to touch the ball with her body, but she can only do this within the shooting
circle.
 THE BASIC FIELD HOCKEY RULES
1. Hockey players can only hit the ball with the flat side of their stick.
2. Hockey players (other than the goalkeeper) are not allowed to use their feet, or any other parts of
the body, to control the ball at any time.
3. A goal can only be scored either from a field goal, a penalty corner, or from a penalty stroke. A
field goal is a goal scored from open play, and can only be scored from inside the ‘striking
circle’, in front of the opponent's goal. If the hockey ball is hit from outside the circle and goes
into the goal, it does not count as a goal.
4. Hockey players may not trip, push, charge, interfere with, or physically handle an opponent in
any way. Hockey is a non-contact sport and all fouls result in a free hit or a ‘penalty corner’ for
the non-offending team depending on where the infringement took place and the severity of the
foul.
KEY SKILLS IN FIELD HOCKEY

DECEPTION

This kind of skills allow players to be misleading with their actions on the field. Demonstrating
skills of deception means moving the body in ways that confuse the opponent. This skill allows
players to have more space when handling the ball.

Defense

This skill involves using players stick and body to address opponents who possess the ball.it is
very key for halves and fullbacks.it enables the defensive to retain the ball and prevent scoring

Dribbling

This skill enable players to advance in the field of play.

Passing Passing and receiving a pass are skills that, when done well, will leave your opponents
far behind the play or out of position. The ball moves faster than a player, so pass it if you want
the other team to give you room to run. Passing the ball requires precision and timing just as
shooting. Both skills need to hit a target. In the case of a pass, the target is another stick.

Stick handling is keeping the ball on the blade of your stick while you move and roll your wrists.
Proper technique involves:
Hand distance on the shaft of the stick

Head and upper body positioning

Grip
The distance between a player's hands should be comfortable. Use this as a guideline to
determine your proper distance:
With one hand on the top of the stick shaft (butt-end), take your other elbow and touch the
thumb of the glove gripping stick. Extend that arm and grip the stick where the hand reaches.
Body
Keeping your head up and arms loose will allow for flexible movement with the ball. Your
eyes should be focused on the play in front of you and not on the ball. Bending at the waist
rather than being upright will help you see the ball with peripheral vision and see the play.
Other terms
a) Pass & Receive on the Move
The focus is on team possession and elimination skills with more than one attacker. This would
include situations such as 2 vs 1 with numerical advantages and as well as ball possession.
Training athletes to keep ball possession and not for the sole purpose of attacking. The ball
movement among the player needs to be trained in all directions. (North, South, East and West).

b) Ball Control
The focus is on individual possession and elimination skills. Ball possession is a key skill and the
athlete must feel confident to hold the ball and keep possession when under pressure before
creating an outlet pass. Athletes must also be trained to eliminate a defender in a 1vs 1 scenario
to attack and create scoring opportunities.
c) Goal scoring
Scoring goals is not easy. Athletes must train to put the ball in the net under a variety of
conditions. Players will learn to release the ball under pressure, in tight spaces and from a range
of angles in the circle.
d) Off-Ball Movement
This is a significant skill for field hockey players. Athletes must learn to move into position to
create support for the ball carrier, create passing lanes & to provide width & depth in the field of
play. This can be difficult concept for young athletes who want to move toward the ball no
matter what the circumstance. An offensive player moving without the ball creates time, space
and options for their teammate in possession.
e) Individual defense
Players must be able to channel an attacker player away from dangerous areas of the field. They
must also be able to intercept passes and dispossess attacking players of the ball. Individual
defense requires good footwork and decision-making.
Team defense
For a team to be successful in preventing their opponents from scoring they must work as unit to
defend. Players must understand when situations will allow for double-teaming on the ball to
create turnovers. Athletes will need to learn to play man-to-man marking and zone coverage
when defending.

DRIBBLING IN FIELD HOCKEY

Dribbling in field hockey requires a top left-hand and a lower right-hand grip on the stick while
maintaining a wide stance with knees bent and the ball one foot away, all while quickly tapping
the ball to move it further down the field. This requires observation skills, ball control, speed,
practice, and confidence.

Dribbling is a technique used in field hockey to move the ball forward using small touches with a
hockey stick. While it is considered an essential skill, it is one of the most challenging skills to
master, requiring a lot of practice.
Dribbling entails moving the ball while on the go and involves a mastery of control, speed, and
constant, fluid motion. The key to dribbling is to touch the ball ever so slightly without losing
control and to travel at a comfortable pace so that you can stay in stride as you move with the
ball.
Types of dribble in field hockey

Straight Dribble
The straight dribble allows you to control the ball best and is the most common dribble that
players use. The ball never leaves your stick, allowing you to protect it from the grasp of your
opponents.

Straight dribble teaching points

i. The ball never leaves your stick, allowing you to protect it from the grasp of your
opponents.
ii. Use the basic grip
iii. Your stick must be in front of you but slightly to the right of your body
iv. Remember not to let the ball lose contact with your stick.
v. Keep your head up so you’d know where to pass.
a) Loose Dribble
The loose dribble is similar to the straight dribble but instead of keeping contact with the
ball, you continually tap it forward while sprinting. This allows for quicker ball
advancement up the field.
loose dribble teaching points

i. Keeping contact with the ball, you continually tap it forward while sprinting
ii. Make use of the basic grip.
iii. Your stick must also be in front of you but slightly to the right
iv. If you want to cover more ground, tap the ball a few feet in front of you and keep
sprinting after it.

c) Indian Dribble
The Indian Dribble is one of the most useful dribbles of all. Once you’ve mastered this
dribbling technique, you’d be able to get past opponents easily. It’s also one of the most
difficult dribbles to defend against due to the constant movement of the ball. Indian
dribble teaching points
 i. Using a basic grip, use your left hand to rotate the stick 180 degrees
ii. Keep your right hand loosely in place for control
iii. With the ball and stick in front of your body, push your ball flat to the left
iv. Rotate your stick again and push your ball flat to the right.
v. just keep pushing the ball to the left and right

PASSING AND RECEIVING IN FIELD HOCKEY

Passing and receiving are fundamental skills in the game of field hockey and determine
the success of your team. The best teams make the ball do the work - and use passing to
tire out their opposition.
Here are 5 steps to executing a forehand pass:

1. Firstly, make sure the ball is on the right side of your body and on the bottom of your
stick.
2. Position your body such that you are facing your target, in this case, your teammate.
3. If you’re attempting a push pass, place the ball behind your back foot in order to give
your pass more power. But if you’re attempting a slap and hit, position the ball in the
middle of your feet.
4. Sweep your stick forward fluidly while shifting the weight of your body from the back
foot to the front.
5. Make sure that your stick and body is still facing the target after you release the ball.
Always remember that you should have your eyes on your target and not on the ball when
you’re making a pass. Once you’ve learnt how to execute a normal forehand pass, you
might want to focus on mastering the push pass.
A push pass is used to move the ball speedily over shorter distances. Because it gives you
the most control over the ball, it is the best pass to use in short distances and it gives you
more accuracy. Your stick will stay in contact with the ball until it is released for the
pass.

Here are the steps to executing a push pass:

1. A push pass requires you to use a basic grip just like how you’d normally grip the stick when
you’re dribbling the ball.
2. Position your body such that it is perpendicular to the target. This means that the left side of your
body should be facing your target.
3. Place the ball to the right side of your body, in line with your back foot. Remember to keep your
knees bent and your body low.
4. As you push the ball forward towards your target, shift your weight from your back foot to your
front foot. Rotate your hips as well in order to produce a more powerful hit.
5. Remember that you shouldn’t lose contact between the ball and the stick! After you release the
ball, make sure to follow through - your stick should be pointing towards your target.

Playing the game

2.1 A maximum of eleven players from each team take part in play at any particular time during
the match.

2.2 Each team has either a goalkeeper on the field or plays only with field players. – a goalkeeper
wearing a different color shirt and protective equipment comprising at least headgear, leg guards
and kickers; this player is referred to in these Rules as a goalkeeper; or

2 Composition of teams

If a team has more than the permitted number of players on the field, time should be stopped to
correct the situation. A personal penalty may be awarded against the captain of the team
involved, if inadvertently having too many players on the pitch occurs for a very short period of
time and does not materially affect the match. In cases where this occurs and materially affects
the match, a personal penalty must be awarded against the captain of the team involved.
Decisions taken prior to correcting the situation cannot be changed, if time and/or play has
already been re-started.

Play and time is restarted with a free hit to the opposing team unless another penalty had been
awarded against the offending team immediately before time was stopped in which case that
penalty is taken.
only field players; no player has goalkeeping privileges or wears a different colour shirt; no
player may wear protective headgear except a face mask when defending a penalty corner or a
penalty stroke; all team players wear the same colour shirt.

a substitution is permitted at any time except within the period from the award of a penalty
corner until after it has been completed; during this period substitution is only permitted for
injury to or suspension of the defending goalkeeper

If another penalty corner is awarded before completion of the previous penalty corner,
substitution other than for an injured or suspended defending goalkeeper must not take place
until that subsequent penalty corner has been completed.

At a penalty corner, a defending goalkeeper who is injured or suspended may be substituted by

another goalkeeper or by a player.

If a team has only field players, no substitution is permitted at a penalty corner until it has been
completed.

If the goalkeeper is suspended, the offending team plays with one fewer player.

b there is no limit to the number of players who are permitted to be substituted at the
same time or to the number of times any player is permitted to substitute or be substituted

c substitution of a player is permitted only after that player has left the field

d substitutions are not permitted for suspended players during their suspension

e after completing a suspension, a player is permitted to be substituted without first

returning to the field

f field players must leave or enter the field for substitution purposes within 3 metres of
the centre-line on a side of the field agreed with the umpires

g time is stopped for substitution of goalkeepers but not for other substitutions. 2.4 Field
players who leave the field for injury treatment, refreshment, to change equipment or for some
reason other than substitution are only permitted to re-enter between the 23 metres areas on the
side of the field used for substitutions.
 2.5 No persons other than field players, goalkeepers and umpires are permitted on the
field during the match without the permission of an umpire.

2.6 Players on or off the field are under the jurisdiction of the umpires throughout the
match including the half-time interval.

Time is stopped briefly to permit a goalkeeper to take part in a substitution. The time stoppage is
not extended for a player to put on or take off protective equipment as part of a substitution
including following a goalkeeper injury or suspension.

Leaving and re-entering the field as part of play (eg when a defender puts on a face mask at a
penalty corner) takes place at any appropriate part of the field. 16

2.7 A player who is injured or bleeding must leave the field unless medical reasons
prevent this and must not return until wounds have been covered ; players must not wear blood
stained clothing.

3.1 One player of each team must be appointed as captain.

3.2 A replacement captain must be appointed when a captain is suspended.

3.3 Captains must wear a distinctive arm-band or similar

3.4 Captains are responsible for the behaviour of all players on their team and for
ensuring that substitutions of players on their team are carried out correctly.

4.1 Field players of the same team must wear uniform clothing.

4.2 Players must not wear anything which is dangerous to other players.

3 Captains

Distinguishing article on an upper arm or shoulder or over the upper part of a sock.

A personal penalty is awarded if a captain does not exercise these responsibilities.

4 Players’ clothing and equipment

Competition Regulations available from the FIH provide additional information and
requirements about players’ clothing, personal equipment and advertising. Refer also to
regulations established by Continental Federations and National Associations.

Field players: 17

– are permitted to wear hand protection which does not increase the natural size of the
hands significantly; any hand protection used, both for normal play and to defend penalty
corners, must fit comfortably (without the need for compressing it) into an open-ended box of
internal dimensions 290mm long x 180mm wide x 110mm high;

– are recommended to wear shin, ankle and mouth protection;

– are permitted to wear any form of body protection (including leg protection, or
kneepads, when defending a penalty corner) underneath normal playing clothing; Knee pads,
used for this purpose, may be worn outside the socks provided that their colour is exactly the
same as the colour of the socks or black;

– are permitted to wear throughout a match for medical reasons only a smooth preferably
transparent or single coloured face mask which closely fits the face, soft protective head-
covering or eye protection in the form of plastic goggles (ie goggles with a soft-covered frame
and plastic lenses); the medical reasons must be assessed by an appropriate authority and the
player concerned must understand the possible implications of playing with the medical
condition;

– are permitted to wear a smooth preferably transparent or single coloured face mask or
metal grill face mask, which follows the contours of the face, when defending a penalty corner or
penalty stroke for the duration of that penalty corner or penalty stroke including the immediate
taking of a free hit awarded after a penalty corner when passing the ball to another player; the
primary objective of wearing a face mask to defend a penalty corner is safety; wearing of face
masks which are consistent with theunderlying spirit of this guidance should be allowed;
 – are not permitted, when wearing face masks, to conduct themselves in a manner which
is dangerous to other players by taking advantage of the protective equipment they wear;

– are not permitted to wear protective headgear (face mask or other protective head
covering) in any other circumstances.

4.3 Goalkeepers must wear a coloured shirt or garment which is different in colour from
that of both teams.

4.4 Goalkeepers must wear protective equipment comprising at least headgear, leg guards
and kickers except that the headgear and any hand protectors may be removed when taking a
penalty stroke.

5 Match and result

Other periods and interval may be agreed by both teams except as specified in Regulations for
particular competitions.

If time expires just before an umpire would otherwise have made a decision, umpires are
permitted to make that decision immediately after the end of the quarter.

If an incident arises immediately before the end of a quarter which requires review by the
umpires, the review may be conducted even though time has subsequently been completed and
signalled.

5.2 The team scoring the most goals is the winner; if no goals are scored, or if the teams score an
equal number of goals, the match is drawn.

Information about a Shoot-out competition as a way of reaching a result in a drawn match can be
found in the FIH tournament regulations.

6 Start and re-start the match

a the team which wins the toss has the choice of which goal to attack in the first two
quarters of the match or to start the match with a centre pass.A coin is tossed

b if the team winning the toss chooses which goal to attack in the first two quarters of the
match, the opposing team starts the match
 c if the team winning the toss chooses to start the match, the opposing team has the
choice of which goal to attack in the first two quarters of the match. 6.2 Direction of play is
reversed in the third quarter of the match.

6.3 A centre pass is taken:

a to start the match and to start the second quarter by a player from the team winning the
toss if they chose this option; otherwise by a player from the opposing team

b to re-start the match after half-time and to start the fourth quarter by a player of the
team which did not take the centre pass to start the match

c after a goal by a player of the team against which the goal was scored. 6.4 Taking a
centre pass:

a taken at the centre of the field.

b it is permitted to play the ball in any direction

c all players other than the player taking the centre pass must be in the half of the field
which includes the goal they are defending

d the procedures for taking a free hit apply. 6.5 A bully takes place to re-start a match
when time or play has been stopped for an injury or for any other reason and no penalty has been
awarded :

a a bully is taken close to the location of the ball when play was stopped but not within
15 metres of the back- line and not within 5 metres of the circle

b the ball is placed between one player from each team who face each other with the goal
they are defending to their right

c the two players start with their sticks on the ground to the right of the ball and then tap
the flat faces of their sticks together once just over the ball after which either player is permitted
to play the ball

d all other players must be at least 5 metres from the ball. 6.6 A free hit is taken by a defender 15
metres in front of the centre of the goal-line to re-start a match when a penalty stroke has been
completed and no goal has been scored.
 7.1 The ball is out of play when it passes completely over the side-line or back-line.

7.2 Play is restarted by a player of the team which was not the last team to touch or play
the ball before it went out of play.

7 Ball outside the field 23

7.3 When the ball travels over the side-line, play is re-started where the ball crossed the
line and the procedures for taking a free hit apply.

7.4 When the ball is played over the back-line and no goal is scored :

a if played by an attacker, play is re-started with the ball up to 15 metres from and in line
with where it crossed the back-line and the procedures for taking a free hit apply

b if played unintentionally by a defender or deflected by a goalkeeper, play is re-started

with the ball on the 23 metres line and in line with where it crossed the back-line and the
procedures for taking a free hit apply

With the ball being placed on the line, the re-start is effectively within the 23 metres area and the
provisions for taking a free hit are applicable

c if played intentionally by a defender, unless deflected by a goalkeeper, play is re-started

with a penalty corner. 8.1 A goal is scored when the ball is played within the circle by an
attacker and does not travel outside the circle before passing completely over the goal-line and
under the cross- bar.

Conduct of hockey players

9.1 A match is played between two teams with not more than eleven players of each team
on the field at the same time.

9.2 Players on the field must hold their stick and not use it in a dangerous way.

9.3 Players must not touch, handle or interfere with other players or their sticks or
clothing.

9.4 Players must not intimidate or impede another player.

9.5 Players must not play the ball with the back of the stick.
 9.6 Players must not hit the ball hard on the forehand with the edge of the stick.

9.7 Players may stop, receive and deflect or play the ball in a controlled manner in any
part of the field when the ball is at any height including above the shoulder unless this is
dangerous or leads to danger.

9.8 Players must not play the ball dangerously or in a way which leads to dangerous play.

9.9 Players must not intentionally raise the ball from a hit except for a shot at goal.

9.10 Players must not approach within 5 metres of an opponent receiving a falling raised
ball until it has been received, controlled and is on the ground.

9.11 Field players must not stop, kick, propel, pick up, throw or carry the ball with any
part of their body.

9.12 Players must not obstruct an opponent who is attempting to play the ball. – back into
an opponent or not it is raised intentionally. It is not an offence to raise the ball unintentionally
from a hit, including a free hit, anywhere on the field unless it is dangerous. If the ball is raised
over an opponent’s stick or body on the ground, even within the circle, it is permitted unless
judged to be dangerous.

Players are permitted to raise the ball with a flick or scoop provided it is not dangerous. A flick
or scoop towards an opponent within 5 metres is considered dangerous. If an opponent is clearly
running into the shot or into the attacker without attempting to play the ball with their stick, they
should be penalised for dangerous play.

The initial receiver has a right to the ball. If it is not clear which player is the initial receiver, the
player of the team which raised the ball must allow the opponent to receive it.

It is not always an offence if the ball hits the foot, hand or body of a field player. The player only
commits an offence if they gain an advantage or if they position themselves with the intention of
stopping the ball in this way.

It is not an offence if the ball hits the hand holding the stick but would otherwise have hit the
stick.

Players obstruct if they:

 – physically interfere with the stick or body of an opponent

– shield the ball from a legitimate tackle with their stick or any part of their body.

9.13 Players must not tackle unless in a position to play the ball without body contact.

9.14 Players must not intentionally enter the goal their opponents are defending or run
behind either goal.

9.15 Players must not change their stick between the award and completion of a penalty
corner or penalty stroke unless it no longer meets the stick specification.

9.16 Players must not throw any object or piece of equipment onto the field, at the ball, or
at another player, umpire or person.

A stationary player receiving the ball is permitted to face in any direction.

A player with the ball is permitted to move off with it in any direction except bodily into an
opponent or into a position between the ball and an opponent who is within playing distance of
the ball and attempting to play it.

A player who runs in front of or blocks an opponent to stop them legitimately playing or
attempting to play the ball is obstructing (this is third party or shadow obstruction). This also
applies if an attacker runs across or blocks defenders (including the goalkeeper) when a penalty
corner is being taken.

Reckless play, such as sliding tackles and other overly physical challenges by field players,
which take an opponent to ground and which have the potential to cause injury should attract
appropriate match and personal penalties.

9.17 Players must not delay play to gain benefit by time-wasting.

10.1 A goalkeeper must not take part in the match outside the 23 metres area they are
defending, except when taking a penalty stroke.

10.2 When the ball is inside the circle they are defending and they have their stick in their
hand:

10.3 Goalkeepers must not lie on the ball.

 10.4 When the ball is outside the circle they are defending, goalkeepers are only
permitted to play the ball with their stick.

11.1 Two umpires control the match, apply the Rules and are the judges of fair play.

Following a penalty corner, if the ball hits any discarded equipment, such as a hand protector,
knee pads or a face mask, a free hit should be awarded if this occurs outside the circle, and a
penalty corner awarded if this occurs inside the circle.

Expected Conduct of goalkeepers

Protective headgear must be worn by a goalkeeper at all times, except when taking a penalty
stroke. Goalkeepers are permitted to use their stick, feet, kickers, legs or leg guards or any other
part of their body to deflect the ball over the back-line or to play the ball in any other direction.

Goalkeepers are not permitted to conduct themselves in a manner which is dangerous to other
players by taking advantage of the protective equipment they wear.

Expected Conduct of goalkeepers umpires

11.2 Each umpire has primary responsibility for decisions in one half of the field for the
duration of the match.

11.3 Each umpire is responsible for decisions on free hits in the circle, penalty corners,
penalty strokes and goals in one half of the field.

11.4 Umpires are responsible for keeping a written record of goals scored and of warning
or suspension cards used.

11.5 Umpires are responsible for ensuring that the full time is played and for indicating
the end of time for each quarter and for the completion of a penalty corner if a quarter is
prolonged.

11.6 Umpires blow the whistle to:

a start and end each quarter of the match

b start a bully

c enforce a penalty

d stop the time after the awarding of a penalty corner e re-start the time before the taking
of a penalty corner.

f start and end a penalty stroke g indicate a goal

h re-start the match after a goal has been scored

i re-start the match after a penalty stroke when a goal was not scored

j stop the match for the substitution onto or off the field of a fully equipped goalkeeper
and to restart the match on completion of the substitution

k stop the match for any other reason and to re-start it

l indicate, when necessary, that the ball has passed wholly outside the field.

11.7 Umpires must not coach during a match.

11.8 If the ball strikes an umpire, unauthorised person or any loose object on the field,
play continues (except as specified in the guidance to Rule 9.16).

12.1 Advantage : a penalty is awarded only when a player or team has been
disadvantaged by an opponent breaking the Rules.

12.2 A free hit is awarded to the opposing team :

Roles of an umpire

1) Each umpire has primary responsibility for decisions in one half of the field for the
duration of the match.
2) Each umpire is responsible for decisions on free hits in the circle, penalty corners,
penalty strokes and goals in one half of the field.
3) Umpires are responsible for keeping a written record of goals scored and of warning or
suspension cards used.
 4) Umpires are responsible for ensuring that the full time is played and for indicating the
end of time for each quarter and for the completion of a penalty corner if a quarter is
prolonged.

5 Two umpires control the match, apply the Rules and are the judges of fair play.

Penalties in field hockey

The five main types of fouls in field hockey are obstruction, back sticks, rough and dangerous
play, touching the ball with your body, and undercutting. Each foul will result in a penalty as
decided by the umpire. Rough and dangerous play is the one foul which may result in an
immediate red card penalty and your possible ejection from the game.

Skills Used in Field Hockey

Dribble
To control the ball with short strokes of the stick while on the move, alternating the ball from the
right side of the body to the left side of the body in order to elude defenders.

Hit
Any contact with the ball using a swinging motion of the stick. This stroke is used to make long
passes or take shots on goal.

Scoop
Scoop The lifting of a stationary or slower moving ball off the ground by placing the head of the
stick slightly under the ball and shovelling the ball forward.

Tackling
An attempt to steal the ball away from the opponent by using the stick.

Terms of the Game

Advancing
A foul in which a player pushes, shoves, or advances the ball in anyway, using their body, hands,
or feet rather than the stick.

Back Pass
A defensive pass to send the ball backwards to help the attacking team get the offense in place
before moving forward on attack.

Ball Control
Keeping the ball in possession so that it is difficult for the opponent to gain control.

Block Tackle
Tackle using the open face of the stick and with both hands on the stick
Cover
To position oneself between an opposing player and ball.

Flagrant Foul
any intentionally rough or dangerous play. The player is issued a red card and ejected from the
game.

Give and go
passing technique whereby the player passes the ball and then immediately sprints to receive a
return pass.

Jab
To poke continuously at the ball in an attempt to make the attacking player lose possession.

Marking
One-on-one defense by staying close to the attacker. Also known as man-to-man defense.

Obstruction
An infraction for using the body or stick to prevent opponents from pursuing the ball. All players
must have an equal chance to gain control of the ball as it is dribbled or passed down the field.
The goalkeeper will be charged with obstruction if they lay on the ball.

Reverse Stick
To turn the stick so that the blade points to the right, allowing a hit or push in that direction.

canning
Using peripheral vision to assess options while in possession of the ball.

Self-Pass
A player taking a free hit, center pass, long corner, or sideline re-start can be the next player to
play the ball - a “self-pass”. Taking the free hit and the next playing of the ball must be two
distinct and separate actions. The ball does not have to move one meter before they play the ball
again.

Set Play
using a team tactic that has been prepared before the game (free hits, long corners, short corners)

Square Pass
Pass sent parallel to the endline.

Systems of Play
The formation of players on the field representing a balance of attack and defense. Sample
formations from attack to defense: (forwards, midfielders, defenders, goalkeepers) 3-4-3-1, 3-3-
3-1-1.
 Tactic
A term used to describe the way in which a team wants to play in a game. Tactics can apply
either to defensive or attacking formations and methods of play.

Through Pass
When an attacking team player passes the ball between defenders to a teammate.

Width
Spreading the attacking players across the width of the field in order to draw defenders and to
create space for scoring opportunities.

Zonal Marking
A defensive tactic where players on the defense are responsible for guarding specific zones or
areas of the field. The defensive player is responsible for guarding an attacking player who
comes into their area or zone.

Types of foul in field hockey

A number of different types of foul may be punished in a game of hockey. Some of the basic
ones to watch out for include.

 Obstruction. This is awarded against a hockey player who uses their body or stick to prevent an
opponent from reaching the ball. Obstruction is a huge part of field hockey and is a direct
contribution to the high frequency of whistle blows during games. In the most general terms,
obstruction is called when the ball is shielded from an opposing player who is trying to get the
ball. Players often use their own bodies or sticks to block the ball, but third party obstruction is
 also called. Third party obstruction is called when a player runs between her teammate (who has
possession of the ball) and an opponent trying to get the ball, essentially block the opponent‘s
path.
 Third-party obstruction. This is awarded when a hockey player positions themselves between
the ball and an opponent, allowing a team-mate an unobstructed play on the ball.
 Advancing. This is awarded against a player who shoves, pushes, or advances the ball in any
way, using any part of their body.
 Backsticks. This is awarded against a player who strikes the ball with the rounded back of the
hockey stick.
 Hockey stick interference. This is awarded against a player who uses their stick to hit an
opponent’s stick, either intentionally or unintentionally.
 Undercutting. This is awarded against a player who lifts the ball in a dangerous manner.
 Sticks. This is awarded against a player who raises their stick dangerously near another player.

Types of punishment in field hockey

Fouls in a hockey match can be punished in three main ways. These are as follows:

1. Free hit. This is a free play awarded on any offenses that occurs outside of the scoring circle. It
usually takes place at the location of the violation. All opposing players must stand at least 5
yards (4.6m) from where the hit is to be taken.
2. Penalty corner. This is awarded to the attacking team when the defense either commits a foul
inside the striking circle or intentionally hits the ball out-of-bounds over the end line. A penalty
corner is taken by an attacking player at a spot on the end-line 10 yards (9.2m) away from the
nearest goal post. All other attackers must stand outside the striking circle, while five defenders,
including the goalkeeper, stand behind the end line until contact is made with the ball. Once the
ball has been put in play, all players can rush into the circle to either defend or shoot the ball at
the goal.
3. Penalty stroke. This is awarded to the attacking side when an offense is committed by the
defending side which is deemed to have prevented an almost certain goal. A penalty is taken 7
yards (6.4m) from goal, with the player having only the goalkeeper to beat.
Field hockey umpires
 There are two umpires on the hockey field, who are usually responsible for each half of the pitch.
A player who breaches the rules, either by rough or dangerous play, misconduct, or an
intentional offenses, can be shown a card — either green, yellow or red.

 Green. This is an official warning given to the hockey player to not break the rules.
 Yellow. This results in a hockey player being sent off the pitch for 5 minutes, following an
offense.
 Red. A red card results in an early shower and is given for more serious offense.

PROCEDURES FOR TAKING PENALTIES

FREE HIT

‘Close to’ means within playing distance of where the offence occurred and with no significant
advantage gained.

The location from which a free hit is taken must be more precise inside the 23 meters area. 31 32

the defending team – that player may play the ball any number of times, but

– the ball must travel at least 5 meters, before

– That player plays the ball into the circle by hitting or pushing the ball again.

– After a defending player has touched the ball, it can be played into the circle by any
other player including the player who took the free hit.

If the player taking the free hit continues to play the ball (ie no defending player has yet touched
it):

Alternatively:

At an attacking free hit awarded within 5 metres of the circle, the ball cannot be played into the
circle until it has travelled at least 5 metres or it has been touched by a defending player. If the
free hit is taken immediately the defenders who are inside the circle within 5 metres of the free
hit may shadow around the inside of the circle a player who takes a self-pass, provided that they
do not play or attempt to play the ball or influence play until it has either travelled at least 5
metres or alternatively been touched by a defending player who can legitimately play the ball. If
the attacker chooses not to take the free hit immediately, all other players must be at least 5
metres from the ball before the free hit is taken.

Other than as indicated above, any playing of the ball, attempting to play the ball or interference
by a defender or an attacker who was not 5 metres from the ball, should be penalised
accordingly.

Free hit is awarded for any of the following reasons:

i. An infraction has occurred.

ii. A foul has occurred in the striking circle on the defence resulting in a penalty corner.

iii. A foul has occurred in the striking circle on the defence resulting in a penalty stroke.

iv. A foul has occurred in the striking circle on the offence resulting in a 16-yard hit.

v. The ball has gone over the sideline, resulting in a side-in.

vi. The ball has unintentionally gone over the end line, resulting in a long hit.

13.3 Taking a short penalty corner:

Time and play is stopped after a penalty corner is awarded and re-started when the teams are
ready. The ball is placed on the back-line inside the circle at least 10 meters from the goal-post
on whichever side of the goal the attacking team prefers. An attacker pushes or hits the ball
without intentionally raising it. The attacker taking the push or hit from the back-line must have
at least one foot outside the field. The other attackers must be on the field, outside the circle with
sticks, not more than five defenders, including the goalkeeper, must be positioned behind the
back-line with their sticks, hands and feet not touching the ground inside the field.The other
defenders must be beyond the center-line 33 until the ball has been played, no attacker other than
the one taking the push or hit from the back-line is permitted to enter the circle and no defender
is permitted to cross the center-line or back-line.

A penalty corner is awarded when the defensive team breaks certain rules inside the D, or when a
defender commits an intentional offense outside the circle but within the 25 yard (23 meters)
area. Play is stopped for a penalty corner to allow time for both teams to set up its respective
attack and defense positions. Defense is allowed five defenders, including the goalie on the end
line. 27 One attacker stands on the end line 11 yards (10 meters) away from the goal and pushes
the ball out to the attackers on top of the shooting circle who are waiting to take a shot on goal.
The rest of the defensive team must stay behind the center line until the ball is pushed out by the
offensive player. In order for a goal to count during a penalty corner, the ball must travel outside
the shooting circle before an offender can take the shot. The receiver will then push the ball back
into the circle for a shot to be taken. The shot has to be taken inside the marked circle for the
goal to count. The first shot is a hard hit on goal. If the ball is lifted in the air above the
backboard, the goal will not count. The only exception to this rule is if the first shot is a ―scoop‖
or a ―flick‖ — shots that are lifted in the air with a long scooping or pushing action. On the
international level, the ―drag flick‖ is the most popular type of lifted shot on short corners

A penalty corner is awarded:

a for an offence by a defender in the circle which does not prevent the probable scoring of
a goal

b for an intentional offence in the circle by a defender against an opponent who does not
have possession of the ball or an opportunity to play the ball

c for an intentional offence by a defender outside the circle but within the 23 metres area
they are defending
d for intentionally playing the ball over the back-line by a defender
e When the ball becomes lodged in a player’s clothing or equipment while in the circle
they are defending.
PENALTY STROKE

A penalty stroke is a single shot taken on goal by an offensive player chosen by her team. The
goalkeeper is the only opposing player that can defend this shot. A stroke may be awarded for a
number of reasons. The most common reason for a stroke to be taken is when a defender
commits a foul that directly prevents a goal from being scored. The shot is taken from a spot
referred to as either the stroke mark or p-flick. It is located seven yards (6.4 meters) directly in
front of the goal. Game play is stopped during the penalty stroke and all players must stand
outside the circle, 25 yards (23 meters) away. The player must push, flick or scoop the ball and is
permitted to raise the ball to any height. When the stick makes contact with the ball, it should
make no distinct hitting noise; otherwise the umpire can negate the penalty stroke.

a penalty stroke is awarded:

i. For an offence by a defender in the circle which prevents the probable scoring of a goal.
ii. If the ball hits a piece of equipment lying in the circle and a probable goal is prevented, a
penalty stroke may be awarded.

iii. for an intentional offence in the circle by a defender against an opponent who has
possession of the ball or an opportunity to play the ball
Procedure for taking a penalty stroke
a time and play is stopped when a penalty stroke is awarded

b all players on the field other than the player taking the stroke and the player defending
it must stand outside the 23 metres area and must not influence the taking of the stroke

c the ball is placed on the penalty spot

d the player taking the stroke must stand behind and within playing distance of the ball
before beginning the stroke

e the player defending the stroke must stand with both feet on the goal-line and, once the
whistle has been blown to start the penalty stroke, must not leave the goal-line or move either
foot until the ball has been played if the player defending the stroke is otherwise taking part in
the game as a field player, they may wear only a face mask as protective equipment
If the team defending a penalty stroke has chosen to play only with field players and not to use a
substitute goalkeeper to defend the penalty stroke, the defender may only use their stick to make
a save.

f the whistle is blown when the player taking the stroke and the player defending it are in
position

g the player taking the stroke must not take it until the whistle has been blown

The player taking the stroke or the player defending it must not delay the taking of the stroke.

h The player taking the stroke must not feint at playing the ball

i the player taking the stroke must push, flick or scoop the ball and is permitted to raise it to any
height

14 Personal penalties

14.1 For any offence the offending player may be: a cautioned (indicated by spoken
words)

b warned and temporarily suspended for 2 minutes of playing time (indicated by a green
card)

c temporarily suspended for a minimum of 5 minutes of playing time (indicated by a

yellow card)

For the duration of each temporary green and yellow card suspension of a player on or off the
field, the offending team plays with one fewer player.

d permanently suspended from the current match (indicated by a red card). 14.2
Temporarily suspended players must remain in a designated place until permitted by the umpire
who suspended them to resume play.

14.3 Temporarily suspended players are permitted to rejoin their team at a quarter break
and at half time interval after which they must return to a designated place to complete their
suspension.
 14.4 The intended duration of a temporary suspension may be extended for misconduct
by a player while suspended.

14.5 Permanently suspended players must leave the field and its surrounding area.

For each permanent suspension, the offending team plays for the remainder of the match with
one fewer player.

UMPIRING

There are two umpires (or ―referees‖) in each game. Each umpire controls half of the field,
although general play in the midfield can be called by either umpire. An umpire can give a card
to any player who has commits a repeated offense.

Umpire Calls

The whistle is the umpire‘s tool to enforce the rules of the game. The umpire blows the whistle
to: i. Start the first and second half of the game ii. Start a bully iii. Call a foul iv. Start and end a
penalty stroke v. Indicate a goal vi. Re-start a match after it‘s been stopped vii. Stop a match to
substitute players into the game viii. Stop the match for an injury The umpire uses the whistle to
keep the game.

1 Every Umpire objectives

a helping to raise the standard of the game at all levels by ensuring that players observe
the Rules

b ensuring that every game is played in the right spirit

c helping to increase the enjoyment of the game for players, spectators, and others.

1.3 These objectives can be achieved by umpires being:

a consistent: umpires maintain the respect of players by being consistent

b fair : decisions must be made with a sense of justice and integrity

c prepared : no matter how long an umpire has been officiating, it is important to prepare
thoroughly for every match
 d focused : concentration must be maintained at all times; nothing must be allowed to
distract an umpire

e approachable: a good understanding of the Rules must be combined with a good rapport
with the players

f better : umpires must aim to become even better with each and every match

g natural: an umpire must be themselves, and not imitate another person, at all times.

1.4 Umpires must:

a have a thorough knowledge of the Rules of Hockey but remember that the spirit of the
Rule and common sense must govern interpretation

b support and encourage skillful play, deal promptly and firmly with offences and apply
the appropriate penalties

c establish control and maintain it throughout the match and use all the available tools for
control 2.1 Protecting skillful play and penalizing offences:

e apply the advantage Rule as much as possible to assist a flowing and open match but without
losing control.
4 Umpiring signals

start time: turn towards the other umpire with one arm straight up in the air

stop time : turn towards the other umpire and cross fully-extended arms at the wrists
above the head

two minutes of play remaining : raise both hands straight up in the air with pointing
index fingers
 done minute of play remaining: raise one hand straight up in the air with pointing index
finger. 4 Bully: move hands alternately up and down in front of the body with palms facing each
other.

Ball out of play: Once a timing signal has been acknowledged no further time signal is needed.

a ball out of play over the side-line: indicate the direction with one arm raised
horizontally

ball out of play over the back- extend both arms horizontally sideways

ball out of play over the back-line unintentionally by a defender : using right or left arm as
appropriate, with the arm well below shoulder level, draw an imaginary line from the point
where the ball crossed the back-line to the point on the 23 metres line from which the re- start
should be taken 4.4 Goal scored : point both arms horizontally towards the centre of the field.

4.5 Conduct of play: Signals for conduct of play offences must be shown if there is
doubt about the reason for the decision.

a dangerous play: place one forearm diagonally across the chest

b misconduct and/or bad temper : stop play and make a calming movement by moving both
hands slowly up and down, palms downward, in front of the body

c kick : slightly raise a leg and touch it near the foot or ankle with the hand

d raised ball: hold palms facing each other horizontally in front of the body, with one
palm approximately 150 mm above the other

e obstruction : hold crossed forearms in front of the chest

f third party or shadow obstruction: alternately open and close crossed forearms in front
of the chest

g stick obstruction : hold one arm out and downwards in front of the body half-way
between vertical and horizontal; touch the forearm with the other hand

h 5 metres distance: extend one arm straight up in the air showing an open hand with all
fingers extended. 4.6 Penalties:
 a advantage: extend one arm high from the shoulder in the direction in which the
benefiting team is playing.

b free hit : indicate the direction with one arm raised horizontally

c penalty corner : point both arms horizontally towards the goal

d penalty stroke : point one arm at the penalty stroke mark and the other straight up in the
air ; this signal also indicates time stopped.

WARMUP AND COOL DOWN IN FIELD HOCKEY

WHAT DOES A PROPER WARM-UP INCLUDE?

According to Hockey Canada, to be effective a good warm-up should raise your body
temperature and affect as many muscle groups as possible. It should also be made up of both
general and sport-specific exercises, and include both an off-ice and on-ice warm-up, as well as a
cool-down.

It’s recommended that each warm-up consist of the following:

1. General total body warm-up – low intensity aerobic exercise, such as jogging or
skipping off-ice and skating circles or cross-overs on-ice.
2. Dynamic warm-up – controlled exercises that take joints and muscles through their
entire range of motion, such as jumping jacks or burpees off-ice and trunk rotations or
shoulder extension stretches on ice. Click here for an example of an effective dynamic
warm-up, off-ice.
3. Speed, agility and quickness warm-up – hockey-specific exercises, such hopping or
pattern drills off ice and skating or puck handling speed drills on ice.

The cool-down is the opposite of the warm-up, but just as important. It helps the body recover
following exercise by reducing muscle soreness, helping the body get rid of waste, preventing
blood pooling and reducing adrenaline levels. The cool-down usually involves 5–10 minutes of
light aerobic activity and stretching
5b Reasons for Warm-up (award ½ mark for any two correct reasons outlined)
1. Increase core and muscle temperatures
2. Increase metabolic processes to meet new energy demands
3. Increase circulation to remove waste metabolites from energy expenditure
4. Increase elasticity and stretch ability of muscles, tendons and ligaments
5. Increase lubrication to joints
6. Increase rate of transmission of nerve impulses
7. Increase psychological readiness
8. Increase mental alertness
9. Increase kinaesthetic sense
5b) Reasons for Cool-Down
1. Gradually return bodily functions to pre-exercise levels
2. Prevent or reduce chances of blood pooling.
3. Reduce levels of waste metabolites implicated in residual soreness and discomfort.
4. Reduce chances of muscle soreness
5. Reduce chances of muscle tightness
6. Reduce chances of muscle spasms
7. Prevent sudden cooling
8. Enhance flexibility
9. Relax the body physically
10. Relax the participant psychologically
11. Relax the participant mentally