Don Bosco School

PHYSICS PRACTICALS
CLASS:12th

PROJECT FILE

SESSION 2023-2024
STUDENT:
SAUMYA MISHRA
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SAUMYA MISHRA has

successfully completed the project file under
my guidance and supervision.

I am satisfied with their initiative and efforts

for the completion of project file as a part of
curriculum of CBSE Class XII Examination.

Date :
Place : GORAKHPUR
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
my teacher as well as our principal who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project , which
also helped me in doing lot of research and I came to
know about so many new things .
I am really thankful to them.

Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and

friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this
project within the limit time frame. Yours Sincerely,
SAUMYA MISHRA
AIM :
To observe polarisation of light using two Polaroids.
APPARATUS :
A source of light, (say the sun or an electric bulb), two
polaroid pieces (e.g.
the pieces used in front of digital panel of a calculator).
THEORY :
We know light waves are transverse waves and possesses
vibrations perpendicular to the plane of propagation or electric
field vector and magnetic field vector variations are mutually
perpendicular to each other and also perpendicular to the
direcion of propagation of light as shown in Fig. 1?
 M.F. vector
x

When a beam of unpolarised light passes through the

polaroid, it becomes plane polarised. If another polaroid is
placed in front of plane polarised light as the both polaroids
are in cross-position (i.e. 900 with each other), then no light will
emerge out from the second polaroid i.e. if the axes of two
polaroids are L to each other, intensity of light emerging from
second
polaroid will be zero. (see Fig. 2)

Polariser
Polariser

But, if the axes of two polaroids are parallel to each other, then
we will observe plane polarised light from the second polaroid
(Fig. 3) with maximum intensity.
 Plane Plane polarised polarised
light ight

Unpolarised
light axis
Polariser Polariser

Fig. 3 : Two polarisers are kept with axes parallel to each

other
Polaroid is made of tourmaline crystals sandwitched
between cellulose films.
PROCEDURE :
 l . Allow a beam of light to fall on Polaroid A. Light with
vibrations parallel to plane of transmission will be
observed. The intensity of light will fall or will change.
2. Rotate the polaroid about its axis, no change in intensity
of light will be observed.
3. Hold another polaroid B with its axis parallel to A, no
change in intensity of light will be observed.
4. Rotate the polaroid B with respect to polaroid A, when
axis of B is perpendicular to the axis of A, no light will
be visible through the combination.
PRECAUTIONS :
(i) Polaroids should be of good tourmaline crystal.
(ii) Light source should be of ordinary white light.
(iii) Polaroids should be properly set for perpendicular angle
and parallel angle.
SOURCES OF ERROR :
(i) The polaroids may not be of good quality.
(ii) Polaroids placed may not be properly (perpendicular or
parallel).