1.

Situation analysis, problem description and

target system description
1.1. Situation analysis
The climate situation is a topic that affects us all over the world as the emission of the
dangerous greenhouse gases continues. Between 1970 and 2019, we can see a large
increase in global greenhouse gas emissions. These emissions have more than doubled
between these years, and as we can see in 1970 the carbon dioxide equivalents were
29.5 billion tons and went to 59.2 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2019 [1].
And because of that the global average temperature has risen by over 1 degree compared
to pre-industrial times, and that was enough to affect the planet negatively. Some of the
effects are:
• The extent of sea ice has decreased in the Arctic.
• Heat waves have become more frequent in some parts of the world like the
Mediterranean and the Middle East.
• The average sea level has risen be 20cm already.
• More than 50% of the previously healthy coral reefs in the Great Barrier Reef off
the coast of Australia have died [2].

In December 2015, the Paris Argument emerged which is “a legally binding international
treaty on climate change” according to UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change), and this argument was adopted by 196 countries and entered into
force in November 2016. This argument shows the seriousness of the climate and
environmental issues, and its main goal is to limit the increase in the average temperature
below 2 degrees, and preferably below 1.5 degrees Celsius. And to reach that goal,
countries aim to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions [3].
leisure travel has a range of impacts on both the natural environment and on people's
tranquility, and some of these impacts are:
• loss or damage to biodiversity.
• noise pollution.
• visual pollution.
• carbon emissions.
• reduction in local air quality [4].

1.1.1. Structure the problem area

In terms of global economic impact Travel and tourism is one of the biggest sectors. and
leisure travel represents the most important market.
Two of the leading countries in terms of tourism contribution to the global GDP (Gross
domestic product) are the United States and China, and in 2019 their travel leisure
spending accounted for 70% and 81% of the national tourism expenditure respectively.
And as we can see in fig.1 Leisure tourism spending worldwide went from 1900 billion US
dollars in 2000 to 4692 billion US dollars in 2019, but reduced to 2373 billion US dollars
in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic [5].

Fig.1: Leisure tourism spending worldwide from 2000 to 2020 (in billion U.S. dollars).

1.1.2. What other solutions are available in other places (in Sweden and the rest
of the world)?
We always leave an ecological/carbon impacts by traveling and therefore contribute to
the current global climate crisis. Amazing Nature Scandinavia tries to minimize this
impact by:

• Promoting environmental awareness.

 • The use of renewable energy, such as wind, thermal energy and hydropower, is
considered a clean and environmentally friendly alternative.Making
environmentally conscious decisions and act accordingly.
• Managing the impact of all the activities on the local environment.
• Advising on sustainable transport whilst in Sweden.
• Minimizing the use of plastics and disposable packaging.
• Recycling.
• Only offering group tours or activities with small groups.
• Promoting the freedom to roam, ‘Allemansrätten’, Sweden’s Right of Public
Access – DO NOT DISTURB, DO NOT DESTROY (an important part of Swedish
cultural heritage).

1.1.3. System and environment

Fig.2: illustration of the travel by plane process

24% of global greenhouse gas emissions are produced from all forms of transport. And
aviation produces 11% of this, while passenger and freight road transport are
responsible for 75%. In the context of all global GHG (GreenHouse Gas) emissions, air
travel (both commercial and cargo) produces between 2-3%. While a seemingly small
percentage, aviation forms the largest portion of an individual’s carbon footprint. and by
looking at it from an individual viewpoint is important too, as this illuminates the vast
difference in CO2 production between a large portion of the world’s population who
don’t fly at all, and a few frequent fliers.

Fig.3: Global CO2 emissions from transport

Research has shown that choosing not to fly can be the environmentally damaging
choice for some journeys. To briefly explore this, it all comes down to the variables
involved in every trip: distance travelled, energy source, and passenger numbers. For
example, trains are far more efficient on short-haul journeys, but this clarity is lost as the
distance increases. Efficiency of train travel is also far lower in the US, as they run on
diesel fuel, compared to the electric trains across Europe [6,7].

1.1.4. Future aspects we cannot ignore what the flygskam movement has
illuminated (The Swedish flight shame movement) "a lot of air travel is unjustifiable in
this age of climate change", but There is a way to travel without feeling ashamed. And
the light that has been shone on aviation should shine brightest on short journeys, on
those who fly in excess, or tourist destinations in need of relief.

1.1.5. Description of methods used to gather information and analyze the

situation?
Sources from the internet will mainly be used with great regard to source criticism. All
sources are checked if they are relevant with regard to the writer, dating and website.
It's a secondary source checked all sources the writer posted. Sources from different
types of authorities or other large companies are given priority.

1.2. Problem description

1.2.1. Problem description
Traveling accounts for 2-3% of global carbon dioxide emissions and the majority of the
emissions come from the leisure trips. The big problem is us humans who travel more
and more for fun and relaxation.

1.2.2. What can be improved?

What can be improved is people's lifestyle in terms of how we travel and our
responsibility to the environment. In part, how do we ensure that we as individuals
use environmentally friendly transportations.
1.2.3. What is the cause of the problem?
The real problem is we humans are traveling for relaxation and not for important
business and with little awareness about the environment and how to travel in a
responsible way which leads to major environmental problems.

1.3. Target system description / Requirements and wishes

1.3.1. Delimitation of the problem

What will be focused on in the problem-solving process is how we as human beings can
improve our way of responsible travel. This then becomes something that leads us to be
aware of the correct ways to deal with the environment. Since this is the basis for a
major environmental issue in the travel industry, everything else will fall into place if a
solution is found. So, as a demarcation, there won't be as much focus on the travel
process, but more focus on how we can change our behaviour as individuals. As written
in the situation analysis and problem description, the root of this problem lies in us
travellers that we travel more than we need to in irresponsible ways.

1.3.2. Requirements and wishes

The goal of this solution is to increase people's awareness of the environmental impact
of leisure travel and how travelers can contribute to a positive impact on the
environment. Awareness about responsible travel and its environmental impacts should
spread around the world.

Must requirements:
-The solution must be effective in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
-It must be valid at all times and be long-term.
The solution must be realistic.
Wishes:
-The solution must be cheap

2. Problem solving, lateral thinking, discursive methods, as well

as the morphological matrix
2.1. Principle solution concept with a minimal share degraded
subfunctions
2.1.1. Based on the problem description
We humans travel more and more and use transport that use fossil fuel which harm the
environment. The main problem with the little awareness about the environment and how
to travel in a responsible way. So what does it really take to increase the awareness?
With the black box method, we can describe what is required for the solution concept.
Everything that is included in the solution concept must be possible to describe in the
black box.
The use of fossil fuel to
produce energy to travel

Fig.4: Black box

In order to achieve a solution to the main problem (the awareness about the environment),
we must divide it into sub- problems. A solution to these sub-problems should be
combined be able to solve the main problem. It is also important that the sub-problems
do not become too similar to each other so we can more easily find combinations for the
solutions.
 2.1.2. Based on existing solutions the use pf renewable energy is being discussed
today but could gain greater recognition. The concept itself is a very good method for
managing the energy production in an environmental way, but it is important that more
people take part in these activities. So more campaigns to raise the awareness about the
problem and the environmental activities are needed.
2.1.3. Choice of one or two solution concepts
Using
The use of fossil fuel to renewable
produce energy to travel energy

Fig.5: Choice of solution concept

The black box now describes which sub-problems represent the solution concept that will
be looked at further. These sub-problems then each have a sub-function where we can
find suitable solutions that can solve the main problem in question.

2.2. Function description with function / means tree

Reducing CO2 emissions

while travelling

Driving vehicle Model of transportation Carbon dioxide emissions

Hybrid vehicles
biogas release

Trains
feul retain

Airplanes

Renewable energ No harmful emissionsno

We can see a function tree with many solutions here. It includes the type of vehicle
utilized for travel, the fuel it takes, and how carbon dioxide emissions are handled during
use.

The concept is that a path might be cut horizontally through the bottom parts of the tree,
resulting in a solution. I'll take two separate paths to two distinct solutions, there are a
maximum of 27 distinct solutions in the tree.
Solution 1:
Reducing CO2 emissions
while travelling

Hybrid vehicles No harmful emissionsno

Renewable energ

A far more innovative solution is offered here. So far, hybrid vehicles is now only
available as a test track. However, it is an intriguing concept, which transports people
over all as well, but in principle would travel much faster and cover greater distances.
Rather than carrying people within a city, this hybrid vehicles would transport people
between cities.

One difficulty is that completely new infrastructure would be required, and there may be
a large number of rocks and rocks that would need to be blasted away in order to
construct the roads that would be used.
Hybrid vehicles might also be powered with renewable energy, resulting in zero
emissions and so being environmentally friendly.

Solution 2:

Reducing CO2 emissions

while travelling

Airplanes
Renewable energ No harmful
The replacement of regular airplanes fossil fuel based with aircraft driven by electric
motors is a technique that really is currently being developed. An electric engine will not
release any carbon dioxide, therefore avoiding the high elevation effect, which is
extremely beneficial to the climate because carbon dioxide causes greater damage
when it is released up into the atmosphere. High-altitude combustion is thought to
almost double the climate effect [8].
Of course, the source of the electricity used to power the airplane is critical here. If the
plane is to emit zero carbon dioxide, the electricity must be "green," meaning it must
originate from renewable sources such as wind, hydropower, and solar energy.

A hybrid aircraft, for example, could utilize biofuel or fuels to take off but be powered by
electricity once it reaches a high altitude. However, if this is one that can be
implemented, it will have to be thoroughly examined.

2.3. Morphological matrix

The matrix of morphological problems and solutions is shown below. As indicated in the
table below, these options can be coupled in 27 distinct ways. The table's purpose is to
determine whether the answers are feasible and find a solution to the problem.

Functional areas Partial solution alternative

Driving vehicle Hybrid vehicles Trains Airplanes

Model of transportation Renewable energy biogas fuel

Carbon dioxide emissions release No harmful retain

emissions

solutions Driving vehicle Model of transportation Carbon dioxide emissions realistic Logic solution

1 Hybrid vehicles Renewable energy release / yes

2 Hybrid vehicles Renewable energy No harmful emissions yes yes

3 Hybrid vehicles Renewable energy retain / yes

4 Hybrid vehicles biogas release / no

5 Hybrid vehicles biogas No harmful emissions yes yes

6 Hybrid vehicles biogas retain / no

7 Hybrid vehicles fuel no no

release

8 Hybrid vehicles fuel No harmful emissions no no

9 Hybrid vehicles fuel retain no no

10 Trains Renewable energy release no Ja

11 Trains Renewable energy No harmful emissions yes yes

12 Trains Renewable energy retain no yes

13 Trains biogas release no yes

14 Trains biogas No harmful emissions yes yes

15 Trains biogas retain / yes

16 Trains fuel release no no

17 Trains fuel No harmful emissions no no

18 Trains fuel retain / no

19 Airplanes Renewable energy release / /

20 Airplanes Renewable energy No harmful emissions yes yes

21 Airplanes Renewable energy retain / /

22 Airplanes biogas release yes no

23 Airplanes biogas No harmful emissions yes yes

24 Airplanes biogas retain / no

25 Airplanes fuel release no yes

26 Airplanes fuel No harmful emissions no yes

27 Airplanes fuel retain / no

Elimination matrix:

Elimination matrix for: Elimination

matrix,
decision:
(+) YES
(-) NO
(/) MORE
INFO
REQUIRED
(!)
 (!)CONTROL
PRODUCT
SPEC

decision

1. + - ? -

2. + + + +

3. + ? - -

4. + - ? -

5. + + + +

6. + + ? -

7. - + + -

8. - + ? -

9. - + + -

10 . + + ? -

11 . + + + +

12 . + + ? -

13 . - - ? -

14 . + + ? -

15 . + ? - -

16. - + + -

17. - + - -
 18. - + ? -

19. + ? + -

20. + + + +

21. + ? + -

22. + + - -

23. + + ? -

24. + - - -

25. - - - -

26. - + + -

27. - - - -

3. Evaluation process, weight determination, the criterion

weight method
3.1. Selection of selection criteria

I generated the following criteria based on the desired system description.

[A] _Function: The solution must be appropriate and adaptable to all situations, as well as of
high quality.
[B] _Economy: The cost should be reasonable in order to attract investors from a variety of
industries.
[C] _Impact on the environment: It is critical that the solutions are environmentally friendly
and help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
[D] _Security: Solutions should not have an impact on the security or movement of people in
various areas.

3.2. Weighting of selection criteria

I generated the following criteria based on the desired system description.
 A B C D
Criteria
Target A - 0 0,5 0,5

Target b 1 - 1 0,5

Target C 0,5 0 - 0,5

Target D 0,5 0,5 0,5 -

Sum 2,0 0,5 2,0 1,5 6,0

Tot/sum 0,33 0,08 0,33 0,25 1,0

[9]

3.3. Assessment of solutions according to the Criterion Weight

Method

solutions Driving vehicle Model of transportation Carbon dioxide emissions

L1 Hybrid vehicles biogas No harmful emissions

L2 Hybrid vehicles Renewable energy No harmful emissions

L3 Trains Renewable energy No harmful emissions

20 Airplanes Renewable energy No harmful emissions

Economy L1 L2 L3 L4Security L1 L2 L3 L4

L1 + - - L1 + - -

L2 - - - L2 - - -

L3 + + + L3 + + +

L4 + + - L4 + + -
 Total 2 3 0 1 Total 2 3 0 1

Function L1 L2 L3 environment
L4 L1 L2 L3 L4

L1 / - - L1 / / /

L2 / - - L2 / / /

L3 + + + L3 / / /

L4 + + - L4 / / /

Total 2,5 2,5 0 1Total 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5

Criteria Sub-goals Weight L1 L2 L3 L4

∑=1

Function 0,33 2,5 0,825 2,5 0,825 0 0 1 0,33

Economy 0,08 2 0,16 3 0,24 0 0 1 0,08

environment 0,33 1,5 0,495 1,5 0,495 1,5 0,495 1,5 0,495

Security 0,25 2 0,5 3 0,75 0 0 1 0,25

Total 1,98 2,31 0,495 1,155

[9]

3.4. Analysis of the result

‫الترجمة طويلة جدًا وال يمكن حفظها‬.

The best solution is L2.

Here is a significantly more imaginative solution. Hybrid vehicles are currently only accessible as
a test track. It is, nevertheless, a fascinating notion that carries people over the world, but in
theory, would travel faster and cover far bigger areas. Instead of transporting people within a
city, these hybrid vehicles would move people between cities.

One issue is that completely new infrastructure would be necessary, and a vast amount of rocks
rocks would likely need to be blasted away in order to build the roadways that would be used.
Hybrid vehicles may also be fuelled by renewable energy sources, resulting in zero emissions
and making them environmentally beneficial.

Sensitivity analysis:

Criteria Sub-goals Weight L1 L2 L3 L4

∑=1

Function 0,08 2,5 0,2 2,5 0,2 0 0 1 0,33

Economy 0,33 2 0,66 3 0,99 0 0 1 0,08

environment 0,33 1,5 0,495 1,5 0,495 1,5 0,495 1,5 0,495

Security 0,25 2 0,5 3 0,75 0 0 1 0,25

 Total 1,855 2,435 0,495 1,155
Here we changed the weight of the function and economy and we note is the solution 2 still the
best solution.

We try to change the weight of all criteria sub-goals and see if we can find better solution.

Criteria Sub-goals Weight L1 L2 L3 L4

∑=1

Function 0,25 2,5 0,625 2,5 0,625 0 0 1 0,25

Economy 0,33 2 0,66 3 0,66 0 0 1 0,33

environment 0,08 1,5 0,12 1,5 0,12 1,5 0,12 1,5 0,12

Security 0,33 2 0,66 3 0,99 0 0 1 0,33

Total 2,065 2,395 0,12 1,03

We note that solution 2 has the best value so we can’t find better than solution 2

The solution we have arrived at is an already existing good solution. For example Tesla cars or
any other electric car that’s out on the market which doesn’t run on fuel who affects pollution, but
rather on electricity that doesn’t pollute the environment.

I think that we are in a good way going toward that goal as in the current state in Sweden they
put up the tax on polluting cars as their goal is to go over to more viable solutions for the
environment. I also think that it is good to set strict rules for the Swedish state to protect the
environment, this can create fear, for example, for companies that don't care about the
environment at all. With strict rules in place, some businesses are at risk of closing. This is what
we see today when the government imposes taxes on cars that run on fossil fuels, and this
encourages an increase in demand for environmentally friendly cars that are tax-exempt in order
to encourage individuals and companies to use electric cars.[10]
4. References
1. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Global greenhouse gas
emissions. 2020. (https://www.naturvardsverket.se/data-
ochstatistik/klimat/globala-utslapp-av vaxthusgaser) / (Retrieved 2022-05-18).

2. The Swedish Society for Nature Conservation. Consequences of global warming.

2022 (https://www.naturskyddsforeningen.se/artiklar/den-
globalauppvarmningens consequences) / (Retrieved 2022-05-18).
3. The Paris Argument | UNFCCC (https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-
parisagreement/the-paris-agreement) / (Retrieved 2022-05-18).

4. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja
&
uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjrhezWgez3AhUTgf0HHesYBsoQFnoECAcQAw&url=http%
3A
%2F%2Fpublications.naturalengland.org.uk%2Ffile%2F50039%23%3A~%3Atext%
3
DThese%2520impacts%2520include%252C%2520amongst%2520others%2Cof%252
0social%2520and%2520economic%2520benefits.&usg=AOvVaw1dUBTyVNfbrSiv02
VkDz0o / (Retrieved 2022-05-19).

5. Leisure Travel | Statista

(https://www.statista.com/markets/420/topic/493/leisure-travel/#overview) / (Retrieved
2022-05-19).

6. Cars, planes, trains: where do CO2 emissions from transport come from? - Our
World in Data (https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-from-transport) /
(Retrieved 2022-05-19).

7. Leisure Travel's Environmental Impact - Pure Breaks

(https://purebreaks.com/leisure-travels-environmental-impact/) / (Retrieved 2022-05-
19).

8. Naturvårdsverket. Flygets klimatpåverkan

(https://www.naturvardsverket.se/amnesomraden/klimatomstallningen/omra
den/klimatet-och-konsumtionen/flygets-klimatpaverkan /) (Retrieved 2022-
0525).
9. Bäckström, M. (2022). Teknik och samhälle i utvecklingProblemlösning del III
[PowerPoint-presentation]. lms. (https://lms.oru.se/
ultra/courses/_24869_1/outline/file/_1037802_1)
10. Transportstyrelsen |Femårig skattebefrielse
(https://www.transportstyrelsen.se/sv/vagtrafik/fordon/fordonsskatt/femarig-
skattebefrielse/)/(Retrieved 2022-09-15).