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Am - Unit 1 - Notes
Am - Unit 1 - Notes
UNIT-I
Traditional Manufacturing and Additive Manufacturing (AM) are two fundamentally different
approaches to production. Here are some key differences between the two:
Both traditional manufacturing and additive manufacturing have their strengths and
applications, and the choice between them depends on factors such as production volume,
design complexity, material requirements, cost considerations, and time constraints.
Traditional Manufacturing:
Additive Manufacturing:
1. Design flexibility: Additive manufacturing offers high design flexibility, enabling the
production of highly customized and intricate products. It allows for the creation of
complex geometries, including internal structures and organic shapes, which are
challenging or impossible to achieve with traditional methods.
4. Reduced lead time: Additive manufacturing eliminates the need for tooling, which
significantly reduces lead times. Customized products can be manufactured more
quickly and efficiently, providing faster turnaround times for customers.
Traditional Manufacturing:
Additive Manufacturing:
2. Digital Modelling and Modification: Once the object is scanned and digitized, it is
imported into computer-aided design (CAD) software. The digital model can be
modified, repaired, or optimized as needed. This step allows for design enhancements,
adjustments, or the incorporation of additional features.
3. Direct Printing: In additive manufacturing, the modified digital model is sent to the
3D printer, which builds the object layer by layer using the desired material. The 3D
printer interprets the digital model and deposits material accordingly, resulting in a
physical replica of the object.
Overall, the key difference between traditional manufacturing and additive manufacturing in
reverse engineering lies in the process of replication. Traditional manufacturing relies on
manual replication methods, such as machining or moulding, based on physical measurements.
In contrast, additive manufacturing uses digital scanning, modelling, and direct printing to
recreate the object or part layer by layer. The digital nature of additive manufacturing allows
for greater flexibility in modifying and refining the replica throughout the reverse engineering
process.
Traditional manufacturing and additive manufacturing (also known as 3D printing) are two
fundamentally different approaches to the fabrication process. Here are the key differences
between the two:
Traditional Manufacturing:
Additive Manufacturing:
5. Design Flexibility: Additive manufacturing allows for greater design flexibility and
customization. It enables rapid prototyping and iterative design changes with reduced
time and cost compared to traditional manufacturing methods.
The additive manufacturing (AM) process chain, also known as the 3D printing process chain,
involves a series of steps from design to the final production of a 3D printed object. Here are
the key stages in the additive manufacturing process chain:
1. Design: The process begins with the creation of a digital 3D model using computer-
aided design (CAD) software. The design can be created from scratch or obtained
through 3D scanning techniques that capture the physical object's geometry.
2. File Preparation: The digital 3D model is then exported as a standard file format, such
as STL (Standard Tessellation Language) or AMF (Additive Manufacturing File),
which contains the information necessary for the AM process. Additionally, the file may
go through various pre-processing steps like orientation optimization, support structure
generation, and slicing.
4. Machine Setup: Before printing, the 3D printer must be set up accordingly. This
includes selecting the appropriate printing material, loading it into the printer (in the
form of filaments, powders, or resins), and ensuring the printer is calibrated and ready
for operation.
5. Printing: The actual printing process begins, where the 3D printer follows the
instructions from the sliced file to build the object layer by layer. The specific technique
and technology used depend on the type of additive manufacturing being employed,
such as selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modelling (FDM), or
stereolithography (SLA). The printer applies or solidifies the material according to the
design specifications.
8. Application and Use: After passing inspection, the 3D printed object is ready for its
intended application. It can be used directly as a final product, incorporated into larger
assemblies, or utilized for prototyping and testing purposes.
It's important to note that the additive manufacturing process chain can vary depending on the
specific technology, materials, and applications involved. Different additive manufacturing
techniques may have additional or slightly different steps within their respective process
chains.
Classification of AM Processes
Additive manufacturing encompasses several different processes, each with its own unique
characteristics and techniques. Here are some of the main additive manufacturing processes
commonly used:
1. Stereolithography (SLA): This process uses a liquid photopolymer resin that is cured
layer by layer using a UV laser or light source. The laser selectively solidifies the resin,
creating the desired object. SLA is known for its high level of detail and surface finish.
2. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS): SLS involves using a high-power laser to selectively
fuse powdered materials, such as polymers, metals, or ceramics, layer by layer. The
unfused powder acts as support during the printing process. SLS is known for its ability
to produce complex geometries and functional parts.
4. Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS): SLM
and DMLS are similar processes that use a high-power laser to selectively melt and fuse
metal powder particles together. These processes are used primarily for producing metal
parts with complex geometries and high strength.
5. Electron Beam Melting (EBM): EBM is a metal additive manufacturing process that
utilizes an electron beam to melt and fuse metal powder. EBM is known for its ability
to produce large and robust metal parts, often used in industries such as aerospace and
automotive.
6. Digital Light Processing (DLP): DLP is a process that shares similarities with SLA
but uses a digital light projector to cure liquid resin instead of a laser. The projector
exposes an entire layer at once, allowing for faster printing speeds compared to SLA.
7. Binder Jetting: In binder jetting, a powdered material (such as metal, ceramic, or sand)
is selectively bonded together using a liquid binder. The object is built layer by layer,
and the unbonded powder acts as support during the printing process. Binder jetting is
known for its ability to produce large, complex parts and is commonly used in the
production of metal parts.
These are just a few examples of the additive manufacturing processes available. Each process
has its own advantages, limitations, and applications, making it suitable for specific use cases
and industries.
1. Material Extrusion:
2. Material Jetting:
• PolyJet: Liquid photopolymer materials are jetted onto a build platform and
cured with UV light layer by layer to create the object.
3. Binder Jetting:
5. Sheet Lamination:
6. Vat Photopolymerization:
• Digital Light Processing (DLP): A digital light projector selectively cures a vat
of liquid photopolymer resin, layer by layer, to create the object.
It's important to note that while additive manufacturing offers these advantages, it may not
always be the most suitable or cost-effective manufacturing method for every application. The
choice of manufacturing method depends on factors such as production volume, complexity,
material requirements, and cost considerations.
Limitations of Additive Manufacturing
While additive manufacturing offers numerous advantages, it also has certain limitations that
can impact its suitability for certain applications. Here are some common limitations of additive
manufacturing:
6. Quality Control and Certification: Ensuring consistent quality and meeting industry
standards can be a challenge in additive manufacturing. As the technology and materials
continue to evolve, standardization and certification processes are still developing,
making it more difficult to guarantee consistent results and meet regulatory
requirements in certain industries.
It's important to consider these limitations when evaluating the suitability of additive
manufacturing for specific applications. Despite these limitations, ongoing advancements in
technology and materials are addressing many of these challenges and expanding the
capabilities of additive manufacturing.