VELAMMALVIDHYASHR

AM SURAPET
BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT ON

COVID-19 PANDEMIC

NAME: DINESH SUBRAMANIAM

K CLASS: 12B2

ROLLNUMBER:

SSCE-2023 -2024
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, DINESH SUBRAMANIAM K of class 12B2 has

successfully completed the project on the topic "Covid-19 Pandemic"
under the guidance of Ms. Sudharsana . J in partial fulfillment of Biology
practical examination conducted by SSCE, CBSE, New Delhi for the
academic year 2023 – 2024.

Signature of teacher in charge Signature of Internal Examiner

Signature of Principal Signature of External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to sincerely and profoundly thank my Biology

teacher Ms.Sudharsana . J (PGT Biology) and our lab attendant for their guidance and
support for completing my project.

I would also like to extend my thanks to the principal of Velammal

Vidhyashram for providing me all the facility that was required for completion of this project.

Signature of the candidate

 TABLE OFCONTENTs

S TOPICS PAGE NO.

NO.

4
5

10
 VELAMMAL
VIDHYASHRAM
BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT TOPIC: COVID-19
PANDEMIC

INVESTIGATED BY:
NAME: K DINESH SUBRAMANIAM
BOARD ROLL NO.:
CLASS: XII B2
 INDEX

1. Introduction to COVID-19
2. History: Infection of corona viruses
3. How it spreads
4. Incubation period
5. Diagnosis
6. Symptoms
7. Treatments
8. Prevention
9. Facts about COVID-19
10. Bibliography
INTRODUCTION TO
COVID-19
Hosts, Reservoirs and Infected Animals
 Infect birds and mammals
 Bats are hosts to the largest number of viral genotypes of coronavirus
 Epidemics can occur when viruses transmit from one species to another
 Can cause mutations in proteins that allow viruses to bind to cells

Humans
 Human coronaviruses are causes of respiratory and
gastrointestinal tract infections
 Estimated to account for 5-10 percent of all adult upper respiratory tract infections
(“common cold” to pneumonia and ARDS)
 GI symptoms including diarrhea
 When mutations occur, coronaviruses can be a significant cause of
human epidemics
HISTORY:
INFECTION
OF CORONA
VIRUSES
Coronaviruses: History of Infections
 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-
2002/2003
 Guangdong Province of China
 Beta coronavirus
 Transmitted from bats to civets to humans
 Began in February 2003 and outbreak lasted until July 2003
 More than 8000 total cases, 774 deaths, fatality rate of
~9.6%
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) – 2012
 Saudi Arabia
 Beta coronavirus
 Transmitted from camels to humans
 More than 2400 cases, 858 deaths, fatality rate of ~34.4%
 HOW IT SPREADS
 Droplets or aerosols: When an infected person coughs,
sneezes, or talks, droplets or tiny particles called aerosols carry the virus
into the air from
their nose or mouth. Anyone who is within 6 feet of that person can

breathe it into their lungs.

 Fecal-oral: Studies also suggest that virus particles can be

found in infected people’s poop. But experts aren’t sure whether the
infection can spread through contact with an infected person’s stool. If
that
person uses the bathroom and doesn’t wash their hands, they could

infect things and people that they touch.

 Airborne transmission: Research shows that the virus can

live in the air for up to 3 hours. It can get into your lungs if someone who
has it breathes out and you breathe that air in. Experts are divided on how
often the
viruses’ spreads through the airborne route and how much
it contributes to the pandemic.
 Surface transmission: Another way to catch the new
coronavirus is when you touch surfaces that someone who has virus has
coughed or sneezed on. You may touch a countertop or doorknob that’s
contaminated and then touch your nose, mouth, or eyes. The virus can live
on surfaces like plastic and stainless steel for 2 to 3 days. To stop
it, clean and disinfect all counters, knobs, and other surfaces you and

your family touch several times a day.

 INCUBATION
PERIOD
The incubation period of COVID-19, which is the time between exposure to the
virus and symptom onset, is on average 5-6 days, but can be as long as 14 days.
Thus, quarantine should be in place for 14 days from the last exposure to a
confirmed

DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Antibody (Serology) Tests
What they do: These tests detect antibodies that signal that
the body has mounted an immune response to the virus. They do not indicate
whether a person has current COVID-19 infection, or when they were exposed.

Method: Blood Sample

Molecular Tests
What they do: These
tests loo for the virus’s genetic material and are the current
standard for diagnosing COVID-19.

Method: Nasal or throat swab, and for some test, saliva

 COVID-19
SYMPTOMS
 Fever or chills
 Cough
 Shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing
 Fatigue
 Muscle or body aches
 Headache
 New loss of taste or smell
 Sore throat
 Congestion or runny nose
 Nausea or vomiting
 Diarrhea

TREATMENTS
There is no specific, effective treatment or cure for corona viruses’ disease 2019
(COVID-19) the disease caused by the SARS- COVID-2 virus.
 But in India “Covishield” and “Covaxin” are used in
this time.
 The “Oxford –AstraZeneca” vaccine has been approved for use in the
UK. There is no vaccine approved by WHO.

PREVENTION
FACTS
ABOUT
COVID-19
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
With the help of:
1. Google
 https://www.webmd.com
 https://www.who.int
 https://www.narayanahealth.org
2. YouTube
3. Biology Teacher