CHAPTER

1 Structural Organization in Animals

™ A tissue is defined as group of cells along with intercellular substances performing a specific function in the body
Cell → Tissues → Organ → Organ system
™ The structure of the cells vary according to their function
™ The tissues are different and are broadly classified into four types:
™ (i) Epithelial (ii) Connective (iii) Muscular and (iv) Neural

Epithelial Tissue
™ Has a free surface (faces either a body fluid or the outside environment)
™ Compactly packed (with little intercellular matrix)
I. Simple epithelium (Composed of a single layer of cells)
 Function- Diffusion, secretion and absorption
 Simple epithelium can be of following types on the basis of structural modifications of cells
Features Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Ciliated Glandular
Cells Flattened cells Cube-like cells Tall and slender cells Cells bear cilia Cells get specialised
for secretion
Location Walls of blood In ducts of glands and In the lining of In the inner surface Goblet cells of
vessels and air tubular parts of nephrons stomach and intestine of hollow organs alimentary canal
sacs of lungs in kidneys and salivary gland
II. Compound epithelium (Composed of a multiple layer of cells)
 Function - Provide protection against chemical and mechanical stress.
 Location - Dry surface of the skin, the moist surface of buccal cavity, pharynx.

Connective Tissue
™ The cells secrete fibres of structural proteins called collagen or elastin (except blood), also secrete modified polysaccharides (ground
substance)
™ Function - Linking and supporting other organs.
I. Loose connective tissue
 Cells and fibres loosely arranged in a semi-fluid ground substance
Areolar tissue Adipose tissue
™ Present beneath the skin ™ Located mainly beneath the skin
™ Contains fibroblasts (cells that produce and secrete fibres), macrophages and mast cells ™ Specialised to store fat
II. Dense connective tissue

Dense regular tissues Dense irregular tissues

™ Regular pattern in orientation of fibres ™ Irregular pattern in orientation of fibres

™ Tendons & Ligaments ™ Present in the skin
 III. Specialised connective tissues
Cartilage Bones Blood
™ Solid and pliable intercellular material ™ Hard and non-pliable ™ Fluid connective tissue
™ Cells Chondrocytes ™ Cells Osteocytes ™ Cells WBC. RBC and platelets
™ Functions ™ Functions ™ Functions
™ Tip of nose, outer ear joints, for ™ Provides structural frame to the body, etc. ™ Circulating fluid that help in
protection, etc. transportation of substances
Muscles Tissue
Myofibrils (fine fibrils) → Fibres → Muscle
Muscles are of three types- skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle
™ Closely attached to the ™ Fibres taper at both ends (fusiform) ™ Contractile tissue
skeletal bones ™ Non-striated and involuntary ™ Striated and involuntary
™ Striated and voluntary ™ Location- Wall of internal organs such ™ Intercalated discs present at some fusion points
™ Location- Closely as the blood vessels, stomach and ™ Location- Present only in the heart
attached to skeletal bones intestine

Neural Tissue
™ Exerts the greatest control over the body’s responsiveness to changing conditions
Neurons Neuroglial Cells
Composition Unit of neural system Make more than one-half the volume of neural tissue
Excitability Yes No
Function Respond to various stimuli Protect and support neurons

COCKROACH
Size - 1/4 inches to 3 inches (0.6-7.6 cm)
Classification
Kingdom- Animalia, Phylum- Arthropoda, Class- Insecta, Genus- Periplaneta, Species- americana

Morphology
™ Periplaneta americana 34-53 mm long
Exoskeleton
™ Hardened plates called sclerites joined to each other by articular/arthrodial membrane
Head
™ Triangular in shape
™ Anteriorly at right angles to
the longitudinal body axis
™ Formed by the fusion of six
segments
™ Bears a pair of compound
eyes, a pair of antennae
(monitor environment)
™ Mouthparts (biting and
chewing type) - labrum
(upper lip), a pair of
mandibles, a pair of maxillae,
a labium(lower lip),
hypopharynx
Thorax Abdomen
™ Three parts-prothorax, mesothorax and ™ Consists of 10 segments
metathorax ™ 7th (boat shaped), 8th and 9th
™ Each thoracic segment bears a pair of walking sternum forms a brood or genital
legs pouch in females
™ Two pairs of wings- ™ 9th and 10th terga and 9th sternum
Mesothoracic wings (Forewings/Tegmina) forms genital pouch in males
™ Opaque dark and leathery ™ Anal styles present in males only
& anal cerci (on 10th segment)
™ Cover the hind wings when at rest
present in both sexes
Metathoracic wings (Hindwings)
™ Transparent and membranous
™ Used in flight

2 NEET (XI) Module-1 Zoology PW

Anatomy Excretory System (Uricotelic)
Digestive System ™ Performed by Malpighian tubules.
™ Three regions: foregut, midgut and hindgut ™ The fat body, nephrocytes and urecose glands also help in
™ Mouth → Pharynx → Oesophagus → Crop → Gizzard/ excretion
Proventriculus → Midgut → Ileum → Colon → Rectum
Circulatory System Nervous System
™ Open type ™ Segmentally arranged ganglia and ventral nerve cord
™ Haemolymph = Colourless plasma and haemocytes ™ Brain - represented by supra-oesophageal ganglion
™ Heart of cockroach = Elongated muscular tube
Sensory System
Respiratory System
™ Antennae, eyes, maxillary palps, labial palps, anal cerci
™ Takes place by a network of trachea & 10 pairs of small holes
called spiracles (regulated by the sphincters) ™ Reproductive system

Male reproductive system Female reproductive system

™ A pair of testes (4th -6th abdominal segments) → vas deferens →
seminal vesicle (stored and glued sperms) → ejaculatory duct →
male gonopore
™ Mushroom shaped gland (6th-7th segments) - An accessory
reproductive gland
™ External genitalia - Represented by male gonapophysis or phallomere
™ Two large ovaries (2nd – 6th abdominal segments)
→ oviducts → vagina → genital chamber
™ Produce 9-10 ootheca (containing 14-16 eggs
each)
™ Development = paurometabolous (through
nymphal stage by moulting about 13 times)

Earthworm 5. Nervous system

Common Indian earthworms are Pheretima and Lumbricus ™ Represented by ventral nerve cord
6. Reproductive system
Morphology ™ Hermaphrodite (bisexual)
™ Segmented body (metameres about 100-120 in number) ™ Protandrous animal with cross fertilisation
™ Anterior end -consists of mouth and the prostomium (sensory ™ Two pairs of testes occur (10th and 11th segment) in males
in function) ™ A pair of ovaries are present (12th and 13th intersegmental
™ Prostomium- Serves as a covering for the mouth & helps in septum)
open cracks in the soil ™ Fertilisation and development take place in cocoons (secreted
by the glands of clitellum)
™ Clitellum- dark band of glandular tissue (14-16 segments)
™ Setae (S-shaped) - Helps in locomotion Frog
Anatomy Morphology
1. Digestive system ™ Dorsal body is olive green and ventral side is pale yellow
™ Body is divisible in head and trunk
™ Mouth → Buccal cavity → Pharynx → Oesophagus →
Gizzard → Stomach → Intestine → Anus Anatomy
™ Calciferous glands (in stomach) - neutralise the humic acid 1. Digestive system
present in humus ™ Mouth → Buccal cavity → Pharynx → Oesophagus →
™ Typhlosole (in intestine) -increases the effective area of Stomach → Intestine → Cloaca
absorption ™ Liver secretes bile stored in gall bladder and digestive gland
2. Respiratory system produces pancreatic juice.
™ Through moist body surface ™ Final digestion take place in the intestine
3. Circulatory system 2. Respiratory system
™ Closed type of blood vascular system ™ On land it respire with the help of buccal cavity, skin and
™ Blood glands (4 -6 segments)- produce blood cells
th th lungs
(phagocytic) and haemoglobin (dissolved in blood plasma) ™ In water it respire through skin
4. Excretory system (uricotelic) 3. Circulatory system
™ Through coiled tubules called nephridia ™ Well-developed closed type
P
W Structural Organisation in Animals 3
 ™ It involves heart, blood vessels and blood 5. Nervous system
™ Heart consists of 3 chambers, two atria and one ventricle ™ Nervous system consists of central nervous system(brain and
spinal cord), peripheral nervous system(cranial and spinal
4. Excretory system
nerves) and autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and
™ It consists of a pair of kidney, ureters, urinary bladder and parasympathetic)
cloaca
6. Reproductive system
™ Each kidney composed of numerous nephrons as a structural
™ Well organized male and female reproductive system
and functional unit

4 NEET (XI) Module-1 Zoology PW