ELEMENT OF INDUSTRY 4.

UNIT 1

INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRY

MEANING OF INDUSTRY :

a group of productive enterprises or organizations that produce or supply

goods, services, or sources of income. In economics, industries are customarily
classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary; secondary industries are further
classified as heavy and light.

TYPES OF INDUSTRY :

primary, secondary, and tertiary industry.

Primary Industry

The primary industry involves the extraction of raw materials or natural

resources from the earth and the reproduction of living organisms. The economic
operations of a business under the primary sector usually depend on the nature of
a specific place where the extraction or reproduction is being done.
Primary industry is further divided into two categories:
1. Extractive Industry: As the name suggests, the extractive industry involves
the extraction of products from natural resources and manufacturing of finite
raw materials that industry cannot replenish through cultivation.
2. Genetic Industry: The genetic industry involves rearing and breeding of
living species like birds, plants, etc., developing raw materials, and then
improving them through human involvement in the production process.

Secondary Industry
The secondary industry uses the raw materials extracted in the primary
sector and then converts them into the finished product. Therefore, the secondary
industry consists of construction and manufacturing industries.
Manufacturing Industry
The manufacturing industry is further divided into four categories:
1. Analytical Industry: The industry in which a basic raw material is broken
down into several parts for manufacturing multiple products is known as
analytical industry. For example, different products like gasoline, kerosene
oil, diesel, petroleum, etc.,

2. Synthetic Industry: The industry in which manufacturers mix two or more

materials for manufacturing a new product is known as the synthetic
industry. For example, products like paint, paper, soap, cement, sanitizers,
etc., are manufactured by mixing two or more than two materials.

3. Processing Industry: The industry in which manufacturers process a raw

material through different production stages and then manufacture the
finished good is known as the processing industry. For example, the Sugar
industry processes sugarcane through different stages to manufacture sugar
for consumers and other industries.

4. Assembling Industry: The industry in which the organizations take different

finished products and combine them to form a new finished product is known
as the assembling industry. For example, computer companies buy different
finished products like CPU, motherboard, software, etc., from different
companies and produce a new product.

Construction Industry
These are the industries that are involved with the construction of roads,
dams, buildings, etc., for the development of an economy. The construction
industry use products of the manufacturing industry, such as steel, iron, cement,
etc.
Tertiary Industry
Different types of services provided by the service industry are:
1. Transport: Transportation services help the primary and secondary
industries by facilitating the movement of goods from one place to other.
Different modes of transport used by tertiary industry are air, water, land,
rail, etc.
2. Banking: Through banking, the tertiary industry provides credit facilities and
finance to different trading firms and industries for business expansion,
survival and growth.
3. Warehousing: Warehousing services of the tertiary industry provides the
primary and secondary industry with storage facilities. It means that the
primary and secondary industries can store their produced goods until they
are distributed.
4. Insurance: Insurance services of the tertiary industry involve providing
coverage to the primary and secondary industries with different types of risks
while running the business.
5. Advertising: Advertising services help the primary and secondary industries
by providing information to the customers about the company or business
and its goods and services.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION :

The Industrial Revolution was the transition from creating goods by hand
to using machines. Its start and end are widely debated by scholars, but the period
generally spanned from about 1760 to 1840.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 1.0 to 4.0

ndustry 1.0 – The Industry of Steam

The first industrial revolution began in England in the 1760s with the
introduction of water and steam used to help transport goods from place to place.
Industries such as glass, mining, agriculture, and textiles greatly benefitted
from this as they were now able to produce larger quantities of items due to the
introduction of mechanization.
Industry 2.0 – The Technological Revolution
The rise of the second industrial revolution began mostly in Britain,
America, and Germany in the 1870s and was known as the “Technological
Revolution.” During this time, electrical technology was introduced and powered
machines unlike nothing else.
 Industry 3.0 – The Digital Revolution
The third industrial revolution in the 1970s sparked the beginning of IT
and computer technology, known as the “Digital Revolution.” While the computers
were much larger than what we currently use, they laid the foundational
groundwork for current computers.
Manufacturing and automation also advanced because of internet access,
connectivity, and renewable energy. Industry 3.0 is still widely used in the
workforce and has been a tremendous help in guiding Industry 4.0.
Industry 4.0 – Humans, Technology, and Sustainability
It’s been debated on when Industry 4.0 began, but the term was coined in
2011 with the industry seeing great growth in smart machines, storage systems,
and production facilities not needing any human interaction.
The start of Internet of Things (IoT) was created which is an
interconnected network of machine devices and vehicles embedded with
computerized sensing, scanning, and monitoring capabilities.
Industry 5.0 - The Industry to Come
It may seem almost like science-fiction, but the future of Industry 5.0
could be on the rise. This will be a time when humans and A.I. work side-by-side
to improve the efficiency of production.
The goal for Industry 5.0 is to produce better automation of the
manufacturing process by having humans and robots work together and provide
customers better customizations.
TECHNOLOGIES OF INDUSTRY 4.0
What are the Industry 4.0 technologies and tools?
 The internet of things (IoT)
 The industrial internet of things (IIoT)
 Cyber-physical systems (CPS)
 Smart manufacture.
 Smart factories.
 Cloud computing.
 Cognitive computing.
 Artificial intelligence.
 Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)means collecting extensive real-time
data by applying sensor suits to robots, machinery, and equipment. By analyzing
this data, industries can optimize and improve their productivity.

3D Printing is mainly used for prototyping and straightforward tooling.

There are a few cases where 3D printing has been used with more durable
materials (such as titanium, steel, and aluminum); repairing compressor blades for
gas turbines is one example.

Autonomous machinery minimizes the need for human intervention in

programming, assembly, testing, inventory logistics, and delivery. Software is
quickly becoming more advanced and, at the same time, more user-friendly.

Digital Twins are virtual models designed to reflect physical objects. The
digital model is used for internal design, simulation, and design reviews. Once the
whole structure is in Model-Based D, it is easy to extract any digital twin.

Cyber Security in all its forms. With Industry 4.0, company assets and
properties are mostly available in digital format, and cloud storage is increasing
exposure and risk. Operational digital failure is apparent, and therefore, IT security
is vital. Robustness is a keyword, and there will be a continuous development of
protecting digital assets from being compromised.

Augmented Reality, or AR, overlays digital data in a natural

environment and is core to Industry 4.0. In the real world, AR is primarily used in
gaming. It's more common for industries to use a video tool for knowledge
transfer, troubleshooting, inspections, and training.

UNIT-2

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

artificial intelligence is a field, which combines computer science and

robust datasets, to enable problem-solving. It also encompasses sub-fields of
machine learning and deep learning, which are frequently mentioned in
conjunction with artificial intelligence.

HISTORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)

 o Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by
Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model
of artificial neurons.
o Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the
connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian
learning.
o Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and
pioneered Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing
Machinery and Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can
check the machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to
human intelligence, called a Turing test.

The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

o Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first
artificial intelligence program"Which was named as "Logic Theorist". This
program had proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and more
elegant proofs for some theorems.
o Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American
Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the
first time, AI coined as an academic field.

The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

o Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can

solve mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot
in 1966, which was named as ELIZA.
o Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which
was named as WABOT-1.

The first AI winter (1974-1980)

 o The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration.
AI winter refers to the time period where computer scientist dealt with a
severe shortage of funding from government for AI researches.
o During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was
decreased.

A boom of AI (1980-1987)

o Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System".
Expert systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability
of a human expert.
o In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association
of Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford University.

The second AI winter (1987-1993)

o The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter
duration.
o Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as due
to high cost but not efficient result. The expert system such as XCON was
very cost effective.

The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)

o Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion,
Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world chess
champion.
o Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a
vacuum cleaner.
o Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies
like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.
 Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)

o Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show,
where it had to solve the complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had
proved that it could understand natural language and can solve tricky
questions quickly.
o Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now",
which was able to provide information to the user as a prediction.
o Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a
competition in the infamous "Turing test."
o Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics
with two master debaters and also performed extremely well.
o Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual
assistant and which had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and lady on
other side didn't notice that she was talking with the machine.

FOUNDATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

The Foundations of Artificial Intelligence is a research area within

Georgia Tech’s School of Computer Science (SCS) that focuses on the
development of algorithms that leverage data and statistical tools to solve
complex human tasks, to explore novel applications of such tools, and to better
understand the apparent success of AI in practice.

The Foundations of Artificial Intelligence area at SCS has made significant

contributions in:

 Online learning
 Reinforcement learning
 Systems support for distributed ML frameworks
 Resource management for distributed ML frameworks
 Continual learning
 Learning theory
 Federated learning
 AutoML
 Explainable ML
 Systems support for heterogeneity-aware ML inference
 Neural Architecture Search (NAS)
 Neuro-inspired AI

Our major sources of funding are the National Science Foundation

(NSF) and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA). Additionally, we participate in interdisciplinary research that brings
together machine learning, neuroscience, biology, mathematics and statistics,
and theoretical computer science.

We welcome the involvement of graduate and undergraduate students

in our research projects and the broader intellectual community.

THE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE OF ENVIROMENT

An environment in artificial intelligence is the surrounding of the agent.

The agent takes input from the environment through sensors and delivers the
output to the environment through actuators. There are several types of
environments:
 Fully Observable vs Partially Observable
 Deterministic vs Stochastic
 Competitive vs Collaborative
 Single-agent vs Multi-agent
 Static vs Dynamic
 Discrete vs Continuous
 Episodic vs Sequential
 Known vs Unknown

1. Fully Observable vs Partially Observable

 When an agent sensor is capable to sense or access the complete state of an
agent at each point in time, it is said to be a fully observable environment
else it is partially observable.
 Maintaining a fully observable environment is easy as there is no need to
keep track of the history of the surrounding.
 An environment is called unobservable when the agent has no sensors in all
environments.
2. Deterministic vs Stochastic
 When a uniqueness in the agent’s current state completely determines the
next state of the agent, the environment is said to be deterministic.
 The stochastic environment is random in nature which is not unique and
cannot be completely determined by the agent.
3. Competitive vs Collaborative
 An agent is said to be in a competitive environment when it competes against
another agent to optimize the output.
 The game of chess is competitive as the agents compete with each other to
win the game which is the output.
 An agent is said to be in a collaborative environment when multiple agents
cooperate to produce the desired output.
4. Single-agent vs Multi-agent
 An environment consisting of only one agent is said to be a single-agent
environment.
 A person left alone in a maze is an example of the single-agent system.
 An environment involving more than one agent is a multi-agent environment.
 The game of football is multi-agent as it involves 11 players in each team.
5. Dynamic vs Static
 An environment that keeps constantly changing itself when the agent is up
with some action is said to be dynamic.
 A roller coaster ride is dynamic as it is set in motion and the environment
keeps changing every instant.
 An idle environment with no change in its state is called a static environment.
6. Discrete vs Continuous
 If an environment consists of a finite number of actions that can be
deliberated in the environment to obtain the output, it is said to be a discrete
environment.
 The game of chess is discrete as it has only a finite number of moves. The
number of moves might vary with every game, but still, it’s finite.
 The environment in which the actions are performed cannot be numbered i.e.
is not discrete, is said to be continuous.
7.Episodic vs Sequential
 In an Episodic task environment, each of the agent’s actions is divided into
atomic incidents or episodes. There is no dependency between current and
previous incidents. In each incident, an agent receives input from the
environment and then performs the corresponding action.
8. Known vs Unknown
 In a known environment, the output for all probable actions is given.
Obviously, in case of unknown environment, for an agent to make a decision,
it has to gain knowledge about how the environment works.
CHALLENGES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

The application of artificial intelligence has much significance for many

businesses. Artificial intelligence (AI) shares the same risks and challenges as any
other modern commercial technology:

1. Data Availability

In most organizations, data is isolated, siloed, inconsistent and has poor

quality. Such data poses a significant challenge for businesses looking to derive
value from AI.

Businesses need to identify a clear strategy from the beginning so that AI

prerequisite data can be retrieved from data sources in an organized and consistent
manner.

2. Lack of Talent

Organizations seeking to harness the benefits of AI can face a shortage

of internal and potential employees with the skills and experience needed to fully
realize the potential of artificial intelligence.

The lack of AI skills and the limited availability of technical staff with
the required expertise make it clear that

Businesses need to consider investing in employee training to effectively

implement and operate AI solutions.

3. Cost and Implementation Time

From both a time and economic perspective, the cost of implementing an

AI solution is a key factor in deciding to undertake these types of projects.
Companies that lack in-house functionality or are not familiar with AI technology.

AI experts can address integration challenges to ensure systems/platforms'

ease of use and interoperability.
4. Security and Compliance

One of the biggest challenges for AI in businesses is the amount of data

collected and ensuring data collected is secured.

Additional security measures such as strong authentication and regulatory

data protection and security governance are maintained.

5. Organizational Support:

When deploying new technologies, organizational support plays an

important role in their successful deployment and implementation.

Business leaders must drive organizational change and industry leaders

need to make infrastructure, training, education, and other forms of workforce
support available to eliminate any form of hesitation about this change.

6. Transparency

Understanding how AI determines diagnosis and prediction is

paramount, especially in making business decisions.

Businesses must have proper systems in place to ensure that human

biases and prejudices are not reflected in the AI system's decision protocols.

7. Job Redundancy

AI helps reduce costs and pressure for businesses, and can also make some
tasks redundant.

AI is great assistance at lower-level, repetitive tasks and humans and AI

need to work together for maximum productivity. This means putting AI in a
supporting role rather than replacing human capabilities.

UNIT-3

BIG DATA

Big data is larger, more complex data sets, especially from new data
sources. These data sets are so voluminous that traditional data processing software
just can't manage them.
ELEMENTS OF BIG DATA IN INDUSTRY 4.0

The amount of information produced by IoT and today’s manufacturing

systems must be translated into actionable ideas. That’s why Big Data classifies the
information collected and draws relevant conclusions that help improve
companies’ operations in the following ways:

 Improving warehouse processes: Thanks to sensors and portable

devices, companies can improve operational efficiency by detecting
human errors, performing quality controls and showing optimal
production or assembly routes.
 Elimination of bottlenecks: Big Data identifies variables that can affect
performance, at no extra cost, guiding manufacturers in identifying the
problem.

 Predictive demand: More accurate and meaningful predictions thanks to

the visualization of activity through internal analysis (customer
preferences) and external analysis (trends and external events) beyond
historical data. This allows the company to modify/optimise its product
portfolio.
 Predictive maintenance: Data fed sensors identify possible failures in
the operation of machinery before it becomes a breakdown, by identifying
breakdowns in patterns. The system sends an alert to the equipment so
that it can react in time.

COMPONENTS OF A BIG DATA

Most big data architectures include some or all of the following components:

 Data sources. All big data solutions start with one or more data sources.
Examples include:
o Application data stores, such as relational databases.
o Static files produced by applications, such as web server log files.
o Real-time data sources, such as IoT devices.
 Data storage. Data for batch processing operations is typically stored in a
distributed file store that can hold high volumes of large files in various
formats. This kind of store is often called a data lake. Options for
implementing this storage include Azure Data Lake Store or blob containers
in Azure Storage.
  Batch processing. Because the data sets are so large, often a big data
solution must process data files using long-running batch jobs to filter,
aggregate, and otherwise prepare the data for analysis.
 Real-time message ingestion. If the solution includes real-time sources, the
architecture must include a way to capture and store real-time messages for
stream processing. This might be a simple data store, where incoming
messages are dropped into a folder for processing.
 Stream processing. After capturing real-time messages, the solution must
process them by filtering, aggregating, and otherwise preparing the data for
analysis. The processed stream data is then written to an output sink.
 Machine learning. Reading the prepared data for analysis (from batch or
stream processing), machine learning algorithms can be used to build models
that can predict outcomes or classify data. These models can be trained on
large datasets, and the resulting models can be used to analyze new data and
make predictions
 Analytical data store. Many big data solutions prepare data for analysis and
then serve the processed data in a structured format that can be queried using
analytical tools.
 Analysis and reporting. The goal of most big data solutions is to provide
insights into the data through analysis and reporting. To empower users to
analyze the data, the architecture may include a data modeling layer, such as
a multidimensional OLAP cube or tabular data model in Azure Analysis
Services
 Orchestration. Most big data solutions consist of repeated data processing
operations, encapsulated in workflows, that transform source data, move data
between multiple sources and sinks, load the processed data into an
analytical data store, or push the results straight to a report or dashboard

CHARACTERICES OF BIG DATA

Volume
Volume, the first of the 5 V's of big data, refers to the amount of data that
exists. Volume is like the base of big data, as it is the initial size and amount of
data that is collected.

If the volume of data is large enough, it can be considered big data. What
is considered to be big data is relative, though, and will change depending on the
available computing power that's on the market.
Velocity
The next of the 5 V's of big data is velocity. It refers to how quickly data
is generated and how quickly that data moves. This is an important aspect for
companies need that need their data to flow quickly, so it's available at the right
times to make the best business decisions possible.

An organization that uses big data will have a large and continuous flow
of data that is being created and sent to its end destination. Data could flow from
sources such as machines, networks, smartphones or social media. This data needs
to be digested and analyzed quickly, and sometimes in near real time.

Variety
The next V in the five 5 V's of big data is variety. Variety refers to the
diversity of data types. An organization might obtain data from a number of
different data sources, which may vary in value. Data can come from sources in
and outside an enterprise as well. The challenge in variety concerns the
standardization and distribution of all data being collected.

Collected data can be unstructured, semi-structured or structured in nature.

Unstructured data is data that is unorganized and comes in different files .

Veracity
Veracity is the fourth V in the 5 V's of big data. It refers to the quality and
accuracy of data. Gathered data could have missing pieces, may be inaccurate or
may not be able to provide real, valuable insight. Veracity, overall, refers to the
level of trust there is in the collected data.

Value
The last V in the 5 V's of big data is value. This refers to the value that big
data can provide, and it relates directly to what organizations can do with that
collected data. Being able to pull value from big data is a requirement, as the value
of big data increases significantly depending on the insights that can be gained
from them.

APPLICATIONS OF BIG DATA

In today’s world, there are a lot of data. Big companies utilize those
data for their business growth. By analyzing this data, the useful decision can be
made in various cases as discussed below:
1.Tracking Customer Spending Habit, Shopping Behavior:
In big retails store (like Amazon, Walmart, Big Bazar etc.) management
team has to keep data of customer’s spending habit (in which product customer
spent, in which brand they wish to spent, how frequently they spent), shopping
behavior, customer’s most liked product (so that they can keep those products in
the store).
2.Recommendation:
By tracking customer spending habit, shopping behavior, Big retails store
provide a recommendation to the customer. E-commerce site like Amazon,
Walmart, Flipkart does product recommendation. They track what product a
customer is searching, based on that data they recommend that type of product to
that customer.
3. Smart Traffic System:
Data about the condition of the traffic of different road, collected through
camera kept beside the road, at entry and exit point of the city, GPS device placed
in the vehicle (Ola, Uber cab, etc.). All such data are analyzed and jam-free or less
jam way, less time taking ways are recommended.

4. Secure Air Traffic System:

At various places of flight (like propeller etc) sensors present. These
sensors capture data like the speed of flight, moisture, temperature, other
environmental condition. Based on such data analysis, an environmental
parameter within flight are set up and varied.
5.Auto Driving Car:
Big data analysis helps drive a car without human interpretation. In the
various spot of car camera, a sensor placed, that gather data like the size of the
surrounding car, obstacle, distance from those, etc. These data are being analyzed,
then various calculation like how many angles to rotate, what should be speed,
when to stop, etc carried out. These calculations help to take action automatically.
6.Virtual Personal Assistant Tool:
 Big data analysis helps virtual personal assistant tool (like Siri in Apple
Device, Cortana in Windows, Google Assistant in Android) to provide the answer
of the various question asked by users. This tool tracks the location of the user,
their local time, season, other data related to question asked, etc. Analyzing all
such data, it provides an answer.
7. IoT:
Manufacturing company install IOT sensor into machines to collect
operational dat a. Analyzing such data, it can be predicted how long machine will
work without any problem when it requires repairing so that company can take
action before the situation when machine facing a lot of issues or gets totally down.
Thus, the cost to replace the whole machine can be saved.
8.Education Sector:
Online educational course conducting organization utilize big data to search
candidate, interested in that course. If someone searches for YouTube tutorial
video on a subject, then online or offline course provider organization on that
subject send ad online to that person about their course.
9.Energy Sector:
Smart electric meter read consumed power every 15 minutes and sends this
read data to the server, where data analyzed and it can be estimated what is the
time in a day when the power load is less throughout the city.
By this system manufacturing unit or housekeeper are suggested the time
when they should drive their heavy machine in the night time when power load
less to enjoy less electricity bill.
10.Media and Entertainment Sector:
Media and entertainment service providing company like Netflix, Amazon
Prime, Spotify do analysis on data collected from their users. Data like what type
of video, music users are watching, listening most, how long users are spending on
site, etc are collected and analyzed to set the next business strategy.

UNIT-4

INTERNET OF THINGS

INTRODUCTION OF (IOT)

IoT stands for Internet of Things. It refers to the interconnectedness of

physical devices, such as appliances and vehicles, that are embedded with
software, sensors, and connectivity which enables these objects to connect and
exchange data.
 This technology allows for the collection and sharing of data from a vast
network of devices, creating opportunities for more efficient and automated
systems.

Internet of Things (IoT)

The networking of physical objects that contain electronics embedded

within their architecture in order to communicate and sense interactions amongst
each other or with respect to the external environment.

In the upcoming years, IoT-based technology will offer advanced levels

of services and practically change the way people lead their daily lives.
Advancements in medicine, power, gene therapies, agriculture, smart cities, and
smart homes are just a very few of the categorical examples where IoT is
strongly established.

IoT is network of interconnected computing devices which are embedded

in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data.

Over 9 billion ‘Things’ (physical objects) are currently connected to the

Internet, as of now. In the near future, this number is expected to rise to a
whopping 20 billion.

INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATIONS

The Internet of Things (IoT) provides the ability to interconnect

computing devices, mechanical machines, objects, animals or unique identifiers
and people to transfer data across a network without the need for human-to-human
or human-to-computer is a system of conversation.

IoT applications bring a lot of value in our lives.

 A traffic camera is an intelligent device. The camera monitors traffic
congestion, accidents and weather conditions and can access it to a common
entrance.

1. Wearables

Wearable technology is the hallmark of IoT applications and one of the

earliest industries to deploy IoT. We have fit bits, heart rate monitors and
smartwatches these days.

Guardian glucose monitoring device has been developed to help people

with diabetes. It detects glucose levels in our body, uses a small electrode called
the glucose sensor under the skin, and relates it to a radiofrequency monitoring
device.

2. Smart Home Applications

The smart home is probably the first thing when we talk about the IoT
application. The example we see the AI home automation is employed by Mark
Zuckerberg. Alan Pan's home automation system, where a string of musical notes
uses in-house functions.

3. Health care

IoT applications can transform reactive medical-based systems into active

wellness-based systems. Resources that are used in current medical research lack
important real-world information.

It uses controlled environments, leftover data, and volunteers for clinical

trials. The Internet of Things improves the device's power,
precision and availability. IoT focuses on building systems rather than just tools.
Here's how the IoT-enabled care device works.

4. Smart Cities

Most of you have heard about the term smart city. Smart city uses
technology to provide services. The smart city includes improving transportation
and social services, promoting stability and giving voice to their citizens.

The problems faced by Mumbai are very different from Delhi. Even global
issues, such as clean drinking water, declining air quality, and increasing urban
density, occur in varying intensity cities. Therefore, they affect every city.

5. Agriculture

By the year 2050, the world's growing population is estimated to have

reached about 10 billion. To feed such a large population, agriculture needs to
marry technology and get the best results. There are many possibilities in this area.
One of them is Smart Greenhouse.
The greenhouse makes it easy to monitor and enables to control the climate inside
it.

6. Industrial Automation

It is one of the areas where the quality of products is an essential factor for a
more significant investment return. Anyone can re-engineer products and their
packaging to provide superior performance in cost and customer experience with
IoT applications. IoT will prove as a game-changer.

In industrial automation, IoT is used in the following areas:

o Product flow monitoring

o Factory digitization
o Inventory management
o Safety and security
o Logistics and Supply Chain Optimization
o Quality control
 o Packaging customization

7. Hacked Car

A connected car is a technology-driven car with Internet access and a WAN

network. The technology offers the user some benefits such as in-car infotainment,
advanced navigation and fuel efficiency.

8. Healthcare

Healthcare do real-time monitoring with the help of smart devices. It

gathers and transfers health data such as blood pressure, blood sugar levels, weight,
oxygen, and ECG. The patient can contact the doctor by the smart mobile
application in case of any emergency.

9. Smart Retail

IoT applications in retail give shoppers a new experience. Customers do

not have to stand in long queues as the checkout system can read the tags of the
products and deduct the total amount from the customer's payment app with IoT
applications' help.

10. Smart Supply Chain

Customers automate the delivery and shipping with a smart supply chain. It
also provides details of real-time conditions and supply networks.

11. Smart Farming

Farmers can minimize waste and increase productivity. The system allows
the monitoring of fields with the help of sensors. Farmers can monitor the status of
the area.

Internet-connected devices go from 5 million to billions in just one year.

Business Insider Intelligence estimates 24 billion IoT devices will install and
generate more than 300 billion in revenue in the future.

UNIT-5
IMPACT OF INDUSTRY 4.0

Industry 4.0 will address and create solutions for some of the challenges
facing the world today such as resource and energy efficiency, urban production
and demographic change.

Industry 4.0 enables contin uous resource productivity and efficiency gains
to be delivered across the entire value network.

IMPACT OF INDUSTRY 4.0 ON SOCIETRY

1. Customise everything in detail

New manufacturing processes will make it possible to customise products

on a whole new level:
“We will see a massive increase in customised solutions. You will be able to
customise and configure products to your needs on a detailed level, including
everything from cars to personalised medicine.”

2. Less shipping and increased supply

3d-printing on an industrial scale means less transportation and increased

supply:
“We are already working with companies that don’t ship but build spare parts
across the globe. Which means less global footprint and increases speed and
innovation and will also help us bring jobs back.”

3. A shift in jobs

Industry 4.0, especially when coupled with machine learning and artificial
intelligence, will substantially change conditions for workers:
“Many jobs will disappear while we will gain a lot of new jobs, and many
repetitive tasks will shift from manual labour to automation. It will have a big
impact.”

4. Robotics vs. China

Manufacturing will change, and this will affect industries on a global scale,
and the labour advantages China currently have will be less critical due to
automation and time-to-market:
“Many high-cost countries are scared about robotics, but already have
hundreds of these robots in their industries, which will increase into the thousands.
But it is important to make this shift carefully. Much manufacturing will move
back from China and closer to the consumers.”

5. How will blockchain impact society

Blockchain technology is not only disrupting banking and finance, but it

also has the potential to impact many industries and community as a whole. For
instance, this technology can enable a car to provide for itself during its lifecycle.

IMPACT OF INDUSTRY 4.0 ON BUSINESS

The industry 4.0 impact on business results in improved efficiencies, lower

costs, increased output, customized offering, and, more significantly, the
development of new revenue and business models. How can one achieve this? By
using the following Industry 4.0 components.

Some of the potential impacts of Industry 4.0 on business include:

1.Increased efficiency and productivity:

The use of advanced technologies can help streamline and automate many
business processes, leading to increased efficiency and productivity.

2.Improved decision-making:

The use of data analytics and machine learning can help businesses make
more informed decisions by providing real-time insights and predictions.

3.Enhanced customer experience:

Industry 4.0 technologies can be used to personalize and improve the

customer experience, for example by using IoT devices to track and optimize
delivery routes or using chatbots to provide quick and convenient customer
service.

5.New business models and revenue streams:

 Industry 4.0 technologies can enable businesses to create new products
and services and explore new revenue streams, such as by offering subscription-
based or pay-per-use models.

IMPACT ON GOVERNMENT:

As the physical, digital, and biological worlds continue to converge, new

technologies and platforms will increasingly enable citizens to engage with
governments, voice their opinions, coordinate their efforts, and even circumvent
the supervision of public authorities.

IMPACT ON PEOPLE:

It will affect our identity and all the issues associated with it: our sense of
privacy, our notions of ownership, our consumption patterns, the time we devote to
work and leisure, and how we develop our careers, cultivate our skills, meet
people, and nurture relationships.

1 Design and Production, University College Northern Denmark, 9220 Aalborg,

Denmark

2 Materials and Production, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark

3 Fagskolen Viken, 3616 Kongsberg, Norway

4 Institute of Vocational Education, University of Flensburg, 24943 Flensburg,

Germany

5 Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of

Technology, 19086 Tallinn,

THE EDUCATIONAL FRAMEWORK

As described, both the focus on context and tasks and the agility of the
design process are vital elements of an educational framework for Industry 4.0.

Hence, the framework development presented in this paper started with a

focus on these three elements. Nilsson argued that professional and vocational
skills and competence are consequences of the human’s task-related professions.
 It implies that the tasks dictate the obtained competencies .This realisation
is at the core of the Educational Framework. One of their major discoveries was
that reducing the tasks according to the training within industry principles led to
decreased learning outcomes and dropout from the study programmes.

These findings support the application of authentic holistic tasks at the

core of the learning process.

This strategy is supported by contemporary research. Merrill later

developed an instructional theory named ’First principles of instruction’, which
give explicit guidance on ensuring a higher learning outcome, taking a point of
departure in a task-centred approach.

A prominent feature of Merrill’s theory is that it places the task as the

central element in the learning process. It resonates well with Nilsson’s work, as he
argued that the task is imperative, developing teaching activities and material.

Accordingly, a learning process based on the ’First principles of

instruction’ places the core task at the centre and relates all learning activities. This
describes the organisational structure predicted in Table 1, where interdisciplinary
groups work on authentic tasks relevant to future employment.

the tasks are where the Industry 4.0 context is materialised by using
industrial relevant technologies as both case and learning vessel, as described in,
e.g.,