Magnetism and Matter sn OINTS TO [REMEMBER 1. Magnets and Magnetism A magnet is a material that has both directive and attractive properties. + Iauracts small piece of iron, nickel, cobalt etc. This property of attraction is called magnetism. 2. Basic Properties of Magnets (@ When a magnet is brought near a heap of iron fillings, the ends of magnet show the maximum auraction, These ends where the magnetic attraction is maximum, are called poles of the magnet. © Every magnet has two poles (North and South pole). (i) When a magnet is suspended or pivoted freely, it aligns itself in the geographical north-south direction. Hence it shows directive property. (ii) Unlike poles attracts and like poles repel each other. (iv) Magnetic poles always exist in pairs. (@) A magnet induces magnetism i called magnetic induction. a magnetic substance placed near it. This phenomenon is 3. Magnetic Dipole An arrangement of wo equal and opposite poles of bar magnet separated by a small distance is called magnetic dipole. 4. Magnetic Dipole Moment The magnetic dipole moment is defined as the product of its pole strength and small distance between two poles (-e., magnetic length) Mathematically, rebte| A) Ata Os Moma | L@La! m= qq X 2d where qy is the pole strength and 2/ is the magnetic length of the dipole measured in the direction ofS WN pole. SI unit of magntic dipole moment is ampere metre” (Am®). + The pole strength gq isalso called magnetic charge. Thus we assign magnetic charge +4q to the north poles and ~4,, to the south pole © The direction of magnetic dipole moment m is from $-pole to N-pole. Note: When a magnet of pole strength q,, is cut into two equal parts: (a) along its axis (longitudinally), the pole strength of each half becomes q,/2. (0) perpendicular to its axis (transversely), the pole strength of each half still remains qq (same) Magnetism and Matter 1815. Magnetic length ‘The distance between the wo poles of 2 Magnetic axis magnet is called the magnetic length of the magnet © We is slighly less than the geometrical length of the magnet. i Magneticlength() 5 ie, Gcomsnicd lena) 7 37 084 Geometrical length (Z) 6 6. Magnetic Field Lines ‘The continuous curve in a magnetic field such that the tangent at any point on it gives the direction of magnetic field at that point. Properties of Magnetic Field Lines: (@ Magnetic field lines in a magnetic field is a close and continuous curve such that the tangent drawn at any point on it shows the direction of field intensity at that point. (fi) Magnetic field lines begin normally from north-pole and enter normally on south-pole. (iii) Magnetic field lines tend to contract longitudinally. For this reason, two unlike poles attract each other. (fv) Magnetic field lines tend to expand laterally. For this reason, two like poles repel each other (») Magnetic field lines within a magnet is directed from south-pole to north-pole. For this reason, magnetic field lies within a magnet. (vi) [magnetic field lines are parallel, then the magnetic field is uniform, (i) If magnetic field lines are not parallel, then the magnetic field is not uniform, (viii) A stronger magnetic field is represented by more number of magnetic field lines. (&) Two magnetic field lines never intersect. If they intersect, then at the point of intersection, there will be two tangents on the two magnetic field lines showing two values of magnetic field, ata point which is {er Ww oO = rr a a [a e) 7 ) Fe z fe) a 7. Magnetic Field Intensity due to a Magnetic Dipole (bar Magnet) P Magnetic field intensity at a general point having polar coordinates (r, 0) due toa short magnet is given by _ tom, 2 Ba Gray il + 3cos'@ ‘ where M is the magnetic moment of the bar magnet. ._— Special Cases 7 Ataxial point 0 = 0°, _ Ho 2M ‘at an (f) At equatorial point 8 = 90" 182 Xam idea Physics-Xil8. Gauss’s law in magnetism ‘The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero. ie, fB.ds =O 9, Important Terms in Magnetism (@ Magnetic permeability (1): It is the ability ofa material to allow magnetic lines of force to pass through itand is equal to = 4, where Bis the magnetic field strength and H isthe magnetic field intensity. ‘The relative magnetic permeability 1, = - a where pg is the permeability of free space and By is the magnetic field strength in vacuum, (ii) Intensity of magnetisation (M): It is defined as the magnetic moment per unit volume of a magnetised material. Its unit is Am”. ie, M=% > v (iii) Magnetising field intensity (ZJ): It is the magnetic field used for magnetisation of a material. IfTis the current in the solenoid, then magnetising field intensity H=n/, where n = number of turns per metre. His unit is Am! (jv) Magnetic susceptibility: It is defined as the intensity of magnetisation per unit magnetising field, Le, y= ca Itmeasures the ability ofa substance to take up magnetisation when placed in a magnetic field. 10. Classification of Magnetic Materials Magnetic materials may be classified into three categories : (i) Diamagnetic substances: These are the substances in which feeble magnetism is produced in a direction opposite to the applied magnetic field. These substances are repelled by a strong magnet. These substances have small negative values of susceptibility z and positive low value of relative permeability 1, ie.. -1S%,<0 and 0S4,<1 The examples of diamagnetic substances are bismuth, antimony, copper, lead, water, nitrogen {at STP) and sodium chloride. (ii) Paramagnetic substances: These are the substances in which feeble magnetism is induced in the same direction as the applied magnetic field. ‘These are feebly attracted by a strong. magnet. These substances have small positive values of M and x and relative permeability 1, greater than L, i., 0>1, H,>>1 Distinction between Dia-, Para- and Ferromagnetics ‘Property | Diamagnetic | Paramagnetic | Ferromagnetic Remark @ | Magnetic | B< By B>B, B>>B, 2 is magnetic induction induction in free space (@ | Imensity of | small and small and very high and | mis magnetic moment smagnetiation negative positive positive Bere Magnetism and Matter 183 vu iS Zz | Ww S| (e) BS) faa cs i ES ow ima Feel(ii) | Magnetic | smalland | small and very high and susceptibility | negative positive postive _M x (@) | Retative B B,>> Loot permeability the order the a thousands) “Ho 11, Curie Law It states that the magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic substances is inversely proportional to absolute temperature, i.e, c love i %p_ OF K= FP where Cis called Curie constant 12, Curie Temperature ‘When temperature is increased continuously, the magnetic susceptibility of ferromagnetic substances decrease and at a stage the substance changes to paramagnetic. The temperature of transition at which a ferromagnetic substance changes to paramagnetic is called Curie temperature. It is denoted by Ty. Itis different for different materials. In paramagnetic phase the susceptibility is given by =e %u= TT Note: Diamagnetism is universal properties of all substances but it is weak in para and ferromagnetic substances and hence difficult to detect. 13. Electromagnets and Permanent Magnets Electromagnets are made of soft iron which is characterised by low retentivity, low coercivity and permeability. The hysteresis curve must be narrow. The energy dissipated in magnetisation and demagnetisation is consequently small. Permanent magnets are made of steel which is characterised by high retentivity, high permeability and high coercivity. They can retain their attractive property for a long period of time at room temperatures. {er Ww oO = rr a a [a e) 7 ) Fe z fe) a Multiple Choice Questions Choose and write the correct option(s) in the following questions. 1. The material which is not suitable for making a permanent magnet is [CBSE 2020 (55/2/2)] (@) Steel © Ticonal (©) Lead (d) Alnico 2. A magnetic needle is kept in a uniform magnetic field. It experiences (a) aforce and a torque (©) a force but nota torque (©) atorque but nota force (@) neither a torque nor a force 3. A magnetic needle is kept in a non-uniform magnetic field. Tt experiences (@) aforce and a torque © a force but not a worque (9 atorque but nota force (@) neither a force nora torque 4, A bar magnet of magnetic moment iv is placed in a uniform magnetic field of induction B. The torque exerted on it is @) mB ©) mB (© mxB (@) -m xB 184. Xam idea Physics-Xil10. 1. 12. 13. 14. A uniform magnetic field exists in space in the plane of paper and is initially directed from left to right. When a bar of soft iron is placed in the field parallel to it, the lines of force passing through it will be represented by aS (@) ) ——— og —B (d) a Points A and B are situated perpendicular to the axis of a 2 cm long bar magnet at large distances x and 3x from its centre on opposite sides. The ratio of the magnetic fields at A and B will be approximately equal to @ 1:9 29 (27:1 (91 A paramagnetic sample shows a net magnetisation of 8 Am™' when placed in an external field of 0.6 T at a temperature of 4K, When the same sample is placed in an external field of 0.2 T at a temperature of 16 K, the magnetisation will be [NCERT Exemplar] (@) Bam © Fam" (© 6am (@) 24 Amt A long solenoid has 1000 turns per metre and carries a current of 1 A. It has a soft iron core of 2, =1000. The core is heated beyond the Curie temperature, T., then [NCERT Exemplar] (a) the H field in the solenoid is (nearly) unchanged but the B field decreases drastically. (®) the H and B fields in the solenoid are nearly unchanged. (©) the magnetisation in the core reverses direction. (@) the magnetisation in the core diminishes by a factor of about 10, A bar magnet AB with magnetic moment M is cut into two equal parts perpendicular to its axis. One part is kept over the other so that end B is exactly over A. What will be the magnetic moment of the combination so formed? @ # o om (2) Zero ‘A magnet of magnetic moment m is cut into two equal parts. The two parts are placed perpendicular to each other so that their north poles touch each other. The resultant magnetic moment is: @ V2m 0) m f a © ym (d) Be ‘The meniscus of a liquid contained in one of the limbs of a narrow U-tube is placed between the pole-pieces of an electromagnet with the meniscus in a line with the field. When the electromagnet is switched on, the liquid is seen to rise in the limb. This indicates that the liquid is (a) ferromagnetic (0) paramagnetic (©) diamagnetic (@) non-magnetic Electro-magnets are made of soft iron because soft iron (@) small susceptibility and small retentivity (6) large susceptibility and small retentivity (©) large permeability and large retentivity (d) small permeability and large retenti Ina permanent magnet at room temperature INCERT Fxemplar] (@) magnetic moment of each molecule is zero. () the individual molecules have non-zero magnetic moment which are all perfectly aligned. (©) domains are partially aligned. (d) domains are all perfectly aligned. Ifa magnetic substance is kept in a magnetic field, then which of the following substances is thrown out? (@) Paramagnetic () Ferromagnetic (0. Diamegnetic (@) Antiferromagnetic Magnetism and Matter 185,15. Above Curie temperature, a [CBSE 2020 (55/2/1)) (a) ferromagnetic material becomes diamagnetic. (0) ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic. (9) paramagnetic material becomes ferromagnetic. (@) paramagnetic material becomes diamagnetic. 16. In the hysteresis cycle, the value of H needed to make the intensity of magnetisation zero is called (a) retentivity © coercive force (© Lorentz force (@) none of the above 17. Susceptibility is positive for (a) paramagnetic substances () ferromagnetic substances (© non-magnetic substances (@) diamagnetic substances 18, A bar magnet has magnetic dipole moment M. Its initial position is parallel to the direction of uniform magnetic field B . In this position the magnitudes of torque and force acting on it respectively are [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1] (@) Oand MB © MB and MB (© Oando (@) |M x Blando 19. A diamagnetic substance is brought near the north or south pole of a bar magnet. It will be (a) repelled by both the poles. [CBSE 2023 (55/1/1)) () attracted by both the poles. (©) repelled by the north pole and attracted by the south pole. (d) auracted by the north pole and repelled by the south pole. 20. The magnetic field lines near a substance are as shown in the figure. The substance is tg [CBSE 2023 (55/4/1)] (@) Copper (©) Lon (© Sodium @ Aluminium Answers 1 © 20 3. (@) 4 5.0) 6. (0) 7.) 8 @@ 9% @) 10. () 11. ® 12.6) 13. © 14.0) 15. 6) 16. (0) 17.@),@) 18. © 19. (@) 20. (a) Assertion-Reason Questions In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices. (@) o Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (©) Ais true but R is false. (@) Ais false and R is also false. 186 Xam idea Physics-Xil1. Assertion (4) : The susceptbility of a diamagnetic substance is independent of temperature. Reason (R): Every atom of a diamagnetic substance is characterised by electron pairs of opposite spin; so with change of temperature, the motion of electrons are aflected by same amount in opposite directions. Magnetic susceptibility is a pure number, The value of magnetic susceptibility for vacuum is one. [AIMS 2009} Soft iron is used a transformer core. 2. Assertion (4) Reason (R) 3. Assertion (4) Reason (R) 4. Assertion (4) : Soft iron has a narrow hysteresis loop. Susceptibility is defined as the ratio of intensity of magnetisation / to magnetic intensity H. sreater the value of susceptibility, smaller the value of intensity of magnetisation [. [4UMS 2018} 5. Assertion (4): For making permanent magnets, steel is preferred over soft iron. Reason (R): As retentivity of steel is smaller, 6. Assertion (4): When radius of a current carrying loop is doubled, its magnetic moment becomes four times, Reason (): Reason (R): The magnetic moment ofa current carrying loop is directly proportional to the area of the loop. [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1] + The poles ofa magnet cannot be separated by breaking into wo pieces. ‘The magnetic moment will be reduced to half when a magnet is broken into two equal pieces. : The fasion substances do not obey Curie’s law. ‘At Curie point a ferromagnetic substance start behaving as a paramagnetic substance. 9. Assertion (4): When a bar of copper is placed in an external magnetic field, the field lines get concentrated inside the bar. Copper is a paramagnetic substance. [CBSE 2023 (55/1/1)) Diamagnetic substances exhibit magnetism. Reason (R) 10. Assertion (4 Reason (R): Diamagnetic materials do not have permanent magnetic dipole moment. [CBSE 2023 (55/1/1)] Answers 1. @) 2© 3. (a) 4.0 5. (6) 6. @) 7.) 8 2 @ 10. () Case-based/Passage-based Questions Read the paragraph given below and answer the questions that follow: Ferromagnetism: In the absence of an external magnetic field, some of the electrons in a ferromagnetic material have their magnetic dipole moments aligned by mean of a quantum. physical interaction called exchange coupling, producing regions (domains) within the material with strong magnetic dipole moments, An external field B,, can align the magnetic dipole moment of those regions, producing a strong net magnetic dipole moment for the material as a whole, in the direction of B,,- This net magnetic dipole moment can partially persist when field Bay is removed. If B,, is nonuniform, the ferromagnetic material is attracted to region of greater magnetic field. These properties are called ferromagnetism. Exchange coupling disappears when a Magnetism and Matter 187sample's temperature exceeds its Curie temperature, and then the sample has only paramagnetism, (Susceptibility is positive and small for (a) paramagnetic substances ()) ferromagnetic substances (©) non-magnetic substances (@) diamagns (éi) The B—H curves (a) and (b) shown in the figure are associated with (a) a diamagnetic and a paramagnetic substance respectively (0) a paramagnetic and a ferromagnetic substance respectively (©) soli iron and steel respectively (d) steel and soft iron respectively ic substances ii) If bar magnet of pole strength m and magnetic moment M is cut equally in five parts parallel to its axis and again four equal parts perpendicular to its axis then the pole strength and magnetic moments of each piece are, respectively, © oo ore ote w eet (iv) If the magnetizing field on a ferromagnetic material is increased, its permeability (a) is decreased (is increased (© is unaffected (@) may be increased or decreased OR ‘The variation of magnetic susceptibility with the temperature of a ferromagnetic material can be plotted as (a) & ()® ©*% | (dye Explanations (@ (@) iis positive and small for paramagnetic materials (i) (© The retentivity of soft iron is greater than steel while coercivity of soft iron is less than steel. Hence area of (B-H) loop for soft iron is smaller than that of steel (ii) (¢) Magnetic moment, M X2L where, m = pole strength. When it cuts in to 5 equal parts parallel to its axis, then m’ 5 QL Again, when it cuts in to 4 equall parts perpendicular to its axis, So, 20° == Now, M’ = m'x2L' ve =2 4 pet () (@) Weknow, p= FF 2 weg Permeability of a ferromagnetic material decreases with the increase in magnet field intensity H. oR (0) x of a ferromagnetic material decreases with the increase in temperature and above Curie temperature T,, it becomes paramagnetic. Hence, TE cording to Curie law, 1 According to Curie law, x « 188 Xam idea Physics-XilCONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS QL. Which of the following substances are diamagnetic? Bi, Al, Na, Cu, Ca and Ni [CBSE Delhi 2013) Ans. Diamagnetic substances are (i) Bi (#) Cu. Q.2. What are permanent magnets? Give one example. [CBSE Delhi 2013] Ans. Substances that retain their attractive property for a long period of time at room temperature are called permanent magnets. Examples: Those pieces which are made up of steel, Alnico, cobalt and Ticonal. Q.3. Mention two characteristics of a material that can be used for making permanent magnets [CBSE Delhi 2010) Ans. For making permanent magnet, the material must have high retentivity and high coercivity (eg. steel). Q.4. Why is the core of an electromagnet made of ferromagnetic materials? _ [CBSE Dethi 2010] ‘Ans. Ferromagnetic material hasa high permeability. suflicient magnetism immediately. Q.5. The permeability of a magnetic material is 0.9983. Name the type of magnetic materials it represents. [CBSE Delhi 2011) Ans. jis 0, so magnetic material is diamagnetic. So on passing current through windings it gains Q.6. A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 30° with a uniform external magnetic field of 0.25 T experiences a torque of magnitude equal to 4.5 x 10 N-m, What is the magnitude of magnetic moment of the magnet? [NCERT] Ans. Given, B = 0.25 T,t = 4.5 x 10° N-m, 8 = 30° Wehave t= mBsin@ Es 4.5x10% _ 4.5x10~ Bsind 0.25xsin30° — 0.25x05 Q.7. In what way is the behaviour of a diamagnetic material different from that of a paramagnetic, when kept in an external magnetic field? [CBSE Central 2016] Ans. A diamagnetic specimen would move towards the weaker region of the field while a paramagnetic = Magnetic moment, m 0.36 A-m* specimen would move towards the stronger region. Q.8. The magnetic susceptibility of magnesium at 300 K is 1.2 x 10°, At what temperature will its magnetic susceptibility become 1.44 x 10°? [CBSE 2019 (55/2/1)] Ans. From Curie law, 1 Xo7 % x, ‘a Now, T= 37, % . LEXI 599 144x10 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (55/2/1)) Q9 The magnetic susceptibility x of a given material is - 0.5. Identify the magnetic material. [CBSE 2019 (55/2/1)) Ans. The susceptibility of material is~0.5, which is negative. Hence, material is diamagnetic substance Magnetism and Matter 189Q10. Ans. Qu. Ans. Q12. Ans. Qs. Ans. Write one important property of a paramagnetic mates [CBSE 2019 (55/5/1)) Any one property of paramagnetic materials. (€.g,) (@ Itattracts field lines, weakly (i It moves from weaker towards stronger field. or any other property.) 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (55/5/1)) Do the diamagnetic substances have resultant magnetic moment in an atom in the absence of external magnetic field? [CBSE 2019 (55/5/1)) No, diamagnetic substances have no resultant magnetic moment in the absence of external magnetic field. How does the (i) pole strength and (ii) magnetic moment of each part of a bar magnet change if itis cut into two equal pieces transverse to length? When a bar magnet of magnetic moment (1 = m2Z) is cut into two equal pieces transverse to its length, m I m2 m2 (@ the pole strength remains unchanged (since pole strength depends on number of atoms in, cross-sectional area) (i) the magnetic moment is reduced to half (since M x length and here length is halved), A hypothetical bar magnet (AB) is cut into two equal parts. One part A__C1/ G2 8 is now kept over the other, so that the pole C; is above C,. If M is the magnetic moment of the original magnet, what would be the magnetic moment of the combination, so formed? 8 The magnetic moment of each half bar magnet ict bu oppositely gM —> Nc, rr + Ms |e, M Mo Gero), N28 Very Short Answer Questions Each of the following questions are of 2 marks. Qt Ans. Write any two points of difference between a diamagnetic and a paramagnetic substance. [CBSE 2023 (55/3/1)] ‘Diamagnetic Substance ‘Paramagnetic @ They are feebly reppeled by magnets @ They are feebly attracted by magnet i) Suscepubility is independent of (i Susceptibility varies inversely with temperature, temperature ie, Xpeoh Le XO 7 (ii) 157 U Hence, RE is minimum in case 2. ( Since + = MB sin @ Case 2: Each of the following questions are of 3 marks. Q. 1. (@ Mention two properties of softiron due to which itis preferred for making an electromagnet. (ii) State Gauss's law in magnetism. How is it different from Gauss's law in electrostatics and why? [€BSE South 2016) Ans. (i) Low coercivity and high permeability (ii) Gauss's Law in magnetism: The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is zero. fBds=0 Gauss’s Law in electrostatics: The net electric flux through any closed surface is the net charge enclosed by the surface. = fEds= ‘The difference between the Gauss's law of magnetism and that for electrostatic is a reflection of the fact that magnetic monopole do not exist é., magnetic poles always exist in pairs. 192. Xam idea Physics-XilQ2 Ans. ‘A bar magnet of magnetic moment 1.5 JT“! lies aligned with the direction of a uniform magnetic field of 0.22 T. (a) What is the amount of work required by an external torque to turn the magnet so as to align its magnetic moment (@ normal to the field direction? and (ii) opposite to the field direction? (6) What is the torque on the magnet in cases (i) and (i)? INCERT] (@) Work done in aligning a magnet from orientation 8, to Oy is given by W = Uy—U, = mB cos @, ~ (-mB cos 6) = = mB (cos By ~ cos 8) ( Here 0, = 0°, 0, =90° 2. W= mB (cos 0° ~ cos 90°) = mB (1-0) = mB 1.5 x 0.22 = 0.33 (i) Here 8, = 0°, 65 =180" <. W= mB (cos 0° — cos 180°) =2mB =2x 15 x 0,22 = 0.66) (0) Torque t = mB sin 0 In (@ 0 = 90°, t = mB sin 90° = mB = 1.5 x 0.22 = 0.33 Nem This torque tends to align the magnet along the direction of field direction. In (i) 0 = 180°, t= mB sin 180° = 0 Draw the magnetic field lines for a current carrying solenoid when a rod made of (2) copper, (6) aluminium and (c) iron are inserted within the solenoid as shown. 1HI-—4) [CBSE Sample Paper 2018] (a) When a bar of diamagnetic material (copper) is placed in an external magnetic field, the field lines are repelled or expelled and the field inside the material is reduced. » >| ia (®) When a bar of paramagnetic material (Aluminium) is placed in an external field, the field lines gets concentrated inside the material and the field inside is enhanced. 4 a= (© When a ferromagnetic material (Iron) is placed in an internal magnetic field, the field lines are highly concentrated inside the material. Magnetism and Matter 193,Ans. Q6 Ans. In what way is Gauss's law in magnetism different from that used in electrostatics? Explain briefly. ‘The Earth's magnetic field at the equator is approximately 0.4 G. Estimate the Earth's magnetic dipole moment. Given: Radius of the Earth = 6400 km. [CBSE Patna 2015] ‘As we know that Isolated positive or negative charge exists freely. So, Gauss’s law states that fE dS ata Isolated magnetic poles do not exist. So, Gauss’s law states that Magnetic field intensity at the equator is = tom _ gm aap a m= 107. BRS 10” x 04 x 107 x (6400 x 103) = 1.05 x 10% Am® A bar magnet of magnetic moment 6 J/T is aligned at 60° with a uniform external magnetic field of 0-44 T. Calculate (a) the work done in turning the magnet to align its magnetic moment (@) normal to the magnetic field, (ii) opposite to the magnetic field, and (6) the torque on the ‘magnet in the final orientation in case (fi). [CBSE Examination Paper 2018] (a) Work done = mB(cos 8,— cos @3) © 6, =60°,0,-90° =. Work done = mB(cos 60°— cos 90") 1 = m(z-0) & z i 0, =60°,0, = 180° = Work done = mB(cos 60°— cos 180°) = a(S) 3a mB 2 X6X0.44 J=132 J a $x6x044 ]=3.96 J (b) Torque = |m xB |=mB sind 180° and B = 0.44 T we have 6 x 0.44 sin 180°=0 (@) An iron ring of relative permeability 1, has windings of insulated copper wire of n turns per metre. When the current in the windings is J, find the expression for the magnetic field in the ring. (&) The susceptibility of a magnetic material is 0.9853. Identify the type of magnetic material. Draw the modification of the field pattern on keeping a piece of this material in a uniform magnetic field. [CBSE Examination Paper 2019) (@) From Ampere’s circuital law, we have, $B dl = 161 Tented wn) For the field inside the ring, we can write $B al = § Bdl= B2Qnr (7 = radius of the ring) AM80, Logiaeg = (2mm) 2 Bidar = Hye, (nda) [Using equation ()] “B= at 194 Xam idea Physics-Xil(0) The material is paramagnetic. The field pattern gets modified as shown in the figure alongside. Q.7. (a) Show that the time period (7) of oscillations of a freely suspended magnetic dipole of magnetic moment (m) in a uniform magnetic field (B) is given by T= 2x. |Z where ris a moment of inertia of the magnetic dipole. (®) Identify the following magnetic materials: ( A material having susceptibility (%m) = - 0.00015, (ii) A material having susceptibility (%m)= 10 [CBSE 2019 (55/3/1)) Ans. (a) Let usconsidera uniform magnetic field J exists in the region, in which a magnet of dipole moment m is placed. The dipole is making small angle @with the magnetic field. The torque acts on the magnet is given by T =-mBsin@ (Restoring torque) = -mB0 (+ 9 insmall) Also the torque on dipole try to restore its initial position é., along the direction of magnetic field. (/ = moment of inertia) In equilibrium -mB sin ® ‘Negative sign implies that restoring torque is in opposition to deflecting torque. 28 _ -mB 4 de T ‘Comparing with equation of angular SHM. #0 2 ure We have = (®) @ Diamagnetic substance. (i) Paramagnetic substance. Q.8. Write three points of differences between para-, dia- and ferro- magnetic materials, giving one example for each. [CBSE 2019 (55/1/1)) Paramagnetic The distance of point P from N-pole, ae pale n=) = & “te BP By ‘The distance of point P from S-pole, r= (r + 0) ¢ r > Let Band By be the magnetic field intensities at point P due to north and south poles respectively. ‘The directions of magnetic field due to north pole is away from N-pole and due to south pole is towards the S-pole. Therefore, Bo dn Ho Gm ' = ae Gg _pe om N to P and By = se pg from P wos a+? Clearly, the directions of magnetic field strengths Bi and Byare along the same line but opposite to each other and B,>Bs. ‘Therefore, the resultant magnetic field intensity due to bar magnet has magnitude equal to the difference of B, and By and direction from N to P. Hy Gn ey Mort Hy 1 1 B [@+)?-~-)? antl? +d?) ae Pe 196 Xam idea Physics-XilQ2 Ans. Ho rl Ho 2@u207 txla| P| > ae eT But g,, 2! =m (magnetic dipole moment) _ Mo 2m “a BP “8 If the bar magnet is very short and point P is far away from the magnet, the r >> J, therefore, equation (i) takes the form This is the expression for magnetic field intensity at axial position due to a short bar magnet. Derive an expression for magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole of a bar magnet at a point lies on its equatorial line, Consider a point P on equatorial position (or broad side on position) of short bar magnet of length 2, having north pole (N) and south pole (S) of strength +4, and ~ q, respectively. The distance of point P from the mid point (0) of magnet is r. Let B, and B, be the magnetic field intensities due to north and south poles respectively. NP: Me 4 Bs = Fey plone N to P Hoe Ba= ee gp along Ptos Clearly, magnitudes of By and By are equal ie, [Bi l=|B2| or B,=B, ‘To find the resultant of By and By», we resolve them along and perpendicular to magnetic axis SN. Components of By along and perpendicular to magnetic axis are B, cos® and By sin® respectively. Components of By along and perpendicular to magnetic axis are By cos 0 and B, sin 8 respectively. Clearly, components of By and 7 perpendicular to axis SN. B, sin @ and By sin ® are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction and hen the components of By and By along the axis are in the same direction and hence, add up to give to resultant magnetic field parallel to the direction NS. Resultant magnetic field intensity at P B= B, cos 0+ B,cos 0 Ho Ge = to al G4 EBs Ge But gq.2/=m, magnetic moment of magnet H B= 2B,cos8 = 2x +A" If the magnet is very short and point P is far away, we have [< a ae Cs 1, Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. ( Ifa diamagnetic substance is brought near the north or the south pole of bar magnet, itis (2) repelled by the north pole and attracted by the south pole () auwracted by the north pole and repelled by the south pole (©) attracted by both the poles (d) repelled by both the poles () Abar magnet having a magnetic moment of X 10* J T~!is free to rotate in a horizontal plane. A horizontal magnetic field B = 6 x 10 T exists in the space. The work done in taking the magnet slowly from a parallel to the field to a direction 60° from the field is, (a) 12J 6s 2) 06) 198 Xam idea Physics-Xil(ii), Above Gurie’s temperature ferromagnetic substances becomes (@) paramagnetic (0) superconductor () diamagnetic (@) no change () There are four light-weight-rod samples, 4, B, C, and D separately suspended by threads. A bar magnet is slowly brought near each sample and the following observation are noted (2) Bis feebly attracted () D remains unaffected @ A is feebly repelled Gi) C is strongly attracted Which one of the following is true? (@) 4 is of non-magnetic material () Bis ofa paramagnetic material (©) Cis ofa diamagnetic material (d) Dis ofa ferromagnetic material (@) The most appropriate /-H curve for a paramagnetic substance shown 1 in figure is (a) A wc OB wo a 2. In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices. (a) Both A and Rare true and R is the correct explanation of A. (6) Both A and Rare true but R is not the correct explanation of A. 3. 4, 5. 6. 7. The given graph shows the variation of intensity of magn (©) Ais true but R is false, (@) Ais false and Ris also false. (@ Assertion (A) : Diamagnetic materials can exhibit magnetism. Reason (R) : Diamagnetic materials have permanent magnetic dipole moment. (fi) Assertion (A) : The poles of a bar magnet cannot be separated. Reason (R) Magnetic monopoles do not exist. [CBSE 2022 (55/2/4), Term-1) Define magnetic length of a barmagnet. Also find the ratio of magnetic length and geometrical length of bar magnet. The su represents. Depict the behaviour of magnetic field lines in the presence of a diamagnetic mat ~ 4.210%, Name the type of magnet The susceptibility ofa magnetic materials represents. magnetic field H for two magnetic materials P and Q. I I (@ Identify the materials P and Q. (ii) For material P, plot the vari answer. — pubility of a magnetic material is 1.9 x 10“. Name the type of magnetic materials it ial ic materials it [CBSE 2011] nT with strength of applied 0 of intensity of magnetisation with temperature. Justify your 8. The relative magnetic permeability of a magnetic material is 800. Identify the nature of magnetic material and state its two properties. Magnetism and Matter 19910. i, 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. From molecular view point, discuss the temperature dependence of susceptibility for diamagnetism, paramagnetism and ferromagnetism. A short bar magnet of magnetic moment m = 0.82 JT~t is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.15 T. If the bar is free to rotate in the plane of the field, which orientation would correspond 10 its () stable and (i) unstable equilibrium? What is the potential energy of the magnet in each ee [NCERT] ‘A short bar magnet has a magnetic moment of 0.48 JT~!, Give the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field produced by the magnet at a distance of 10 cm from the centre of magnet on (a) the axis, (b) equatorial lines (normal bisector) of the magnet. INCERT] Explain the following: () Why do magnetic field lines form continuous closed loops? (ii) Why are the field lines repelled (expelled) when a diamagnetic material is placed in an external uniform magnetic field? [CBSE (F) 2011) A uniform conducting wire of length 12a and resistance & is wound up as current carrying coil in the shape of (#) an equilateral triangle of side a; (i) a square of sides a and, (ii) a regular hexagon of sides a. The coil is connected to a voltage source Mg, Find the magnetic moment of the coils in each case. A uniform magnetic field gets modified as shown below when two specimens X and Yare placed in it. Identify whether specimens X and ¥ are diamagnetic, paramagnetic or ferromagnetic. A closely wound solenoid of 2000 turns and area of cross-section 1.6 x 10% m2, carrying a current of 4.0 A is suspended through its centre allowing it to turn in a horizontal plane. (@) What is the magnetic moment associated with the solenoid? (®) What are the force and torque on the solenoid ifa uniform magnetic field of 7.5 x 102 Tis set up at an angle of 80° with the axis of the solenoid? (NCERT] (@) Draw the magnetic field lines due to a circular loop of area A carrying current f. Show that itacts as a bar magnet of magnetic moment m = 1A. (b) Derive the expression for the magnetic field due to a solenoid of length "22, radius ‘a’ havi ‘n’ number of turns per unit length and carrying a steady current ‘T at a point on the axial line, distant from the centre of the solenoid. How does this expression compare with the axial magnetic field due to a bar magnet of magnetic moment ‘’? ‘Answers LOM @® (it (@) @) oo 200 @®@ 10. @) 4.8 x 107] (ii) +4.8 x 107] IL. (a) 0.96 G (6) 0.486. 18. @) ¥3a"I (ii) Sal (iii) 3V3.a°T 15. (a) 1.28 Am” (b) Zero, 4.8 x 10%Nm. 200 Xam idea Physics-Xil