Chemistry lab (Chapter: 1)

Prepared by:-Farag AL-jebaly Dagane.

.Identification of acid – base radicals ( Anions and Cations )

It is well known that an acid reacts with a base to form a salt and -
.water

Acid + Base ➡ Salt + Water

HCl + NaOH ➡Na+Cl- + H2O

-: Thus the salt is composed of two parts

.The part derived from the acid is known as the acid radical (anion)-1

.'' The part derived from the base is known basic radical '' cation-2

''Acid radicals ''anions *

Dilute hydrochloric acid group :- group reagent = dilute HCl -1

This group includes salts whose free acids are decomposed by Dilute
.HCl giveng off gases which can be identified by color , odor ,….. etc

-: Anions in this group -

-
Carbonates CO3-2 2-Bicabonates HCO3-1

Nitrites NO2- 4-Sulfides S-2-3

Sulfites SO3-2 6-Thiosulfates S2O3-2-5

-:General notes*

1
All carbonates are insoluble in water except sodium, potassium and-1
.ammonium carbonates

.All bicarbonates are soluble in water-2

.''All nitrites are soluble in water except silver nitrite '' AgNO2-3

All sulfides are insoluble in water except sulfides of the alkali -4

.metals and ammonium are soluble in water

All sulfites are insoluble in water except sulfites of the alkali metals -5
.and ammonium are soluble in water

All thiosulfates are insoluble in water except alkali metals are -6

.soluble in water

- :‫أوال الكشف عن اول ايون في مجموعة حمض الهيدروكلوريك المخفف‬

Carbonates CO3-2-1

a'' Dilute HCl acid''

.place some solid carbonate in test tube-

.add few drops of dilute HCl-

Observatio
n

''Example ''1-

'' Sodium carbonate '' Na2CO3

.Place some solid salt in test tube; add few drops of dilute HCl-

-: Observation-

2
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

-:Equation-

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

b'' Magnesium sulfate MgSO4''

When Added MgSo4 solution to the cold carbonate solution a white -

.precipitate of MgCO3 is formed

Example ''2'' Sodium carbonate Na2CO3-

.add MgSO4 solution to sodium carbonate solution-

-:Observation-

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

-:Equation-

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

- :‫*ثانيا الكشف عن االيون الثاني ف مجموعة حمض الهيدروكلوريك المخفف‬

-
Bicarbonate HCO3-2

.a'' Dilute HCl :- The same as carbonates''

''Example ''3-

Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3

. Place some solid salt in test tube, add few drops of dilute HCl-

-:Observation-

3
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

-:Equation-

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

''b'' Magnesium sulfate ''MgSO4''

When Added MgSo4 solution to the cold solution of a bicarbonate no-

.ppt , is formed because Mg(HCO3)2 is soluble in water

.When the mixed solution is boiled white ppt of MgCO3 is formed

Example''4'' Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3-

.add MgSO4 solution to sodium bicarbonate solution -

-:Observation-

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

-:Equation-
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
......…………………………………………………………………………

After heating-

4
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

-:‫*ثالثا الكشف عن االيون الثالث في مجموعة حامض الهيدروكلوريك المخفف‬

-
Nitrites NO2-3

a'' Silver nitrate AgNO3''

When Added silver nitrate solution to a concentrated nitrite solution

.a white crystalline ppt of silver nitrate is formed

Example''5'' Sodium nitrite NaNO2-

.add silver nitrate solution to a concentrated nitrite solution

-:Observation-

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

-:Equation-

……………………………………………………………………………
.……………………………………………………………………………

-: ‫*رابعا الكشف عن االيون الرابع في مجموعة حامض الهيدروكلوريك المخفف‬

Sulfides S-2-4

a'' Silver nitrate AgNO3''

when Added silver nitrate to sulfide solution a black ppt of silver -

.sulfide

Example''6'' Sodium sulfide Na2S-

5
.add silver nitrate to sulfide solution-

-:Observation-

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

-:Equation-

……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………

Q1- By one experiment with write chemical equation how can you *
-:difference between

Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 -1

NaNO2 and Na2S -2