THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF TALL BUILDINGS

Struct. Design Tall Build. 11, 309–328 (2002)

Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI:10.1002/tal.203

THE EFFECTS OF AXIAL DEFORMATION AND AXIAL FORCE

ON VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF TALL BUILDINGS

S. SWADDIWUDHIPONG*, S. SOELARNO SIDJI AND S.-L. LEE

Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore

SUMMARY
A tall building comprising frames and shear walls coupled together is idealized as a shear–flexure cantilever
through the continuum approach. The effects of axial deformation as well as axial force in the frames are
considered and incorporated in the formulation of the governing equations. Numerical examples are solved
through the Galerkin method and the results compared with finite element solutions. The study indicates that the
effect of axial deformation in the frame should be considered for tall and/or slender buildings while the effect of
axial force in the column should be included for buildings with soft-storeys resulting from the termination of core
walls in the lower portion of the building. Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

1 INTRODUCTION
Tall buildings are prominent features in city centres all over the world. The building comprising
frames and shear walls properly coupled together is one of the most efficient and economical structural
systems. Various methods have been developed for the analysis of frame–shear-wall structures in the
past few decades. Khan and Sbarounis (1964) adopted the iterative method to study the interaction of
frames and shear walls in a building. Chan and Cheung (1979) employed the finite element model for
shear walls in the analysis of these structures. A more economical approach is to use the finite strip
method (proposed by Cheung and Swaddiwudhipong, 1978). Wang (2000) studied the free vibration of
coupled core wall structures using the finite member element method. The third approach idealizes the
connecting beams and frame structures as shear continua and treats the whole structure as a shear–
flexure cantilever. Several researchers (including Balendra et al., 1984; Swaddiwudhipong and Lee,
1985) employed the latter to study the behaviour of core–frame interaction in tall buildings. Li and co-
workers (Li and Cau, 1994; Li, Fang and Jeary, 1999) adopted a similar approach to study the free
vibration of structures with axial force for tall towers with variable cross-sections and for multi-storey
buildings with a narrow rectangular plane configuration.
With only a few exceptions, most studies up to now have concentrated on analysing the interaction
of frames and shear walls, neglecting the effect of axial deformation and axial force in frames. The
present paper focuses on deriving the governing equations of motion for the frame–shear-wall building
based on the continuum approach. The effects of axial deformation and axial force in the frames are
considered and incorporated in the formulation of the governing equations of motion. The Bubnov–
Galerkin method of weighted residuals is used to transform the coupled differential equations to a set
of algebraic equations that can readily be solved.

* Correspondence to: S. Swaddiwudhipong, National University of Singapore, Department of Civil Engineering, Block E1A,
# 07-031 Engineering Dr. 2, Singapore 117576.

Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Received August 2001
Accepted September 2001
310 S. SWADDIWUDHIPONG, S. SOELARNO SIDJI AND S.-L. LEE

2 GOVERNING EQUATIONS
A tall building comprising frames and shear walls coupled together under transverse loading will
deform as a shear–flexure cantilever. The walls will deform predominantly in flexural mode and the
frames suffer shear deformation. Owing to the presence of floor slabs, which are very rigid in-plane,
the whole structure is assumed to deflect as a rigid section displacement The equations of motion of the
system can be obtained by superimposing the contributions of the two structural components.

2.1 Shear walls

When the shear walls are subjected to lateral loads, we(z,t), at height z and time t, the lateral
displacements, ue and ve, and twist, e, of shear walls in their principal directions, u, v, and , are
expressed as
8 9
> u z; t† >
< e =
fwe z; t†g ˆ ve z; t† 1†
>
: >
;
e z; t†

The kinetic and the total potential energy for the shear walls, Tw and Pw, respectively, are given as
Z H
1
Tw ˆ ‰ w †e Š
fw_ e z; t†g2 dz 2†
2 0

and
Z H 
1 00 2 1 2
w ˆ ‰ EIw †e Š
fwe z; t†g ‡ ‰ GJw †e Š
fwe z; t†g dz
0
0 2 2
Z H
‰ffpe z; t†g fqe z; t†gg
fwe z; t†gŠdz 3†
0

where
[(w)e] = [w, w, (Im)w], the mass diagonal matrix;
[(EIw)e] = [(EIwy)e, (EIwx)e, (EIww)e], the bending stiffness diagonal matrix;
[(GJw)e] = [0, 0, GJw], the torsional rigidity diagonal matrix;
{pe(z,t)} is the external distributed load vector;
{qe(z, t)} is the interactive distributed force vector between the walls and frames;
H is the height of the building; subscript w indicates contribution from the shear-wall system; subscript
e denotes element local coordinate system; a dot over a variable indicates the differential with respect
to time; a prime indicates the partial differential with respect to z.
Hamilton’s principle (Shames and Dym, 1985) states that
Z t2  Z t2 
 T †dt ˆ Ldt ˆ0 4†
t1 t1

Substituting Equations (2) and (3) in Equation (4) and integrating by parts, the following basic

Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Build. 11, 309–328 (2002)
 AXIAL DEFORMATION AND FORCE 311

equations of motion for the shear wall system are obtained:

‰ w †e Šf
we g ‡ ‰ EIw †e Šfwiv
eg ‰ GJw †e Šfw00e g ˆ ffpe g fqe gg 5†

or, in a more comprehensive form, as

2 38 9 2 3 8 iv 9
w > 
u EIwy
< e> < e >
> u
= =
6 7 6 7
4 w 5 ve ‡ 4 EIwx 5 ve iv
: >
> ; >
: >
;
Im †w e e EIww e e iv

2 3 8 00 9 8 9
0 > u p qx † e >
< e> = >
< x =
6 7 00
4 0 5 ve ˆ py qy † e 6†
: 00 >
> ; >
: >
;
GJw e e p q † e

The boundary conditions at z = 0 and z = H are either

2 3 8 00 9
EIwy > u
< e> =
6 7
4 EIwx 5 v00e ˆ f0g 7†
: >
> ;
EIww e 00e

or
8 09
> u
< e> =
v0e
: 0>
> ;
e

is specified, and either

2 3 8 000 9 2 38 09
EIwy > u 0 u
< e > = < e>
> =
6 7 6 7
4 EIwx 5 v000 4 0 5 v0e ˆ f0g 8†
: 000 >
> e
; : >
> ;
EIww e e GJw e 0e

or
8 9
> u
< e> =
ve
: >
> ;
e

is specified.

2.2 Frame System

The deformation of a rigid joint frame under lateral load is similar to that of a shear beam. When

Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Build. 11, 309–328 (2002)
312 S. SWADDIWUDHIPONG, S. SOELARNO SIDJI AND S.-L. LEE

frames are tall and slender, neglecting the effect of axial deformation may lead to results with
appreciable errors (Swaddiwudhipong, Zhou and Lee, 2001). Considering the effect of axial
deformation, the total displacements in the principal directions of the frame system can be expressed as

8 9 8 9 8 9
> u z; t† > > us z; t† > > ua z; t† >
< e = < = < =
fwe z; t†g ˆ ve z; t† ˆ vs z; t† ‡ va z; t† ˆ fws ge ‡ fwa ge 9†
>
: >
; >
: >
; >: >
;
e z; t† s z; t† e 0 e

in which subscript s denotes shear deformation, and subscript a indicates axial deformation. The effect
of axial deformation due to twist is neglected. The following relations are adopted:

f 's †e g ˆ fw0s ge 10†

and

f 'a †e g ˆ fw0a ge 11†

where {'} is the rotation vector.

The kinetic energy and the total potential energy of the frame Tf and Pf, respectively, can be
expressed as
Z H
1
Tf ˆ ‰ f †e Š
fw_ e z; t†g2 dz 12†
2 0

and
Z H 
1 1
f ˆ ‰ GA†e Š
fw0e g f 'a †e g† ‡ ‰ EIa †e Š
f '0a †e g2
2
fqe g
fwe g dz 13†
0 2 2

where
[(f)e] = [f, f, (Im)f], the mass diagonal matrix;
[(GA)e] = [GAx, GAy, GJf], the shear and torsional stiffness diagonal matrix;
[(EIa)e] = [EIay, EIax, 0], the flexural rigidity diagonal matrix of the frame; Subscript f indicates the
contribution from the frames.
The expressions used for evaluating shear values of GA and EIa have been given elsewhere
(Swaddiwudhipong et al., 1989). If the effect of axial force in columns is considered, the shear
stiffness, GA, can be determined from
* + 1
IC s 1 c2 †
GA ˆ EIC s 1 2
c † ‰ lCE † ‡ lDE †
2 2
lCE lDE †Š ‡   ‰lCE ‡ lDE Š 14†
I I
3 l AE ‡ l EB
AE EB

Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Build. 11, 309–328 (2002)
 AXIAL DEFORMATION AND FORCE 313

where
1 2 cot2 †
sˆ 15†
tan
2 sin 2
cˆ 16†
sin 2 2 cos 2
r
 P
ˆ 17†
2 Pcr
P and Pcr are, respectively, the axial and critical forces acting on the columns, I is the moment of
inertia and l is length. The values of s and c are tabulated in Horne and Merchant (1965). Details of the
derivation of Equation (14) are given in Appendix A. For subscript notation, see Figure A.1.
Applying Hamilton’s principle, the equations of motion for the frame system are as follows:

 

we g ‡ ‰ GA†e Š fw00e g f '0a †e g ‡ fqe g ˆ 0
f †e f 18†
 
 
GA†e fwe 0 g f 'a †e g ‡ EIa †e 'a †00e ˆ 0 19†

or, in comprehensive form, as

2 38 9 2 3 8 00 9 2 3
f > 
ue > GAx > ue > GAx
> > > >
6 7< = 6 7 < 00 = 6 7
6 f 7 ve 6 GAy 7 ve ‡ 6 GAy 7
4 5> > 4 5> > 4 5
>
: ; > > >
: 00 ;
Im †f e e GJf e e GJf e
8 0 9 8 9
> 'ax †e > > qxe >
>
< >
= > < > =
'ay †0e ˆ qye 20†
>
> >
> > >
: ; > : > ;
0 q e
" #( 0) " #( ) " #( )
GAx ue GAx 'ax †e EIay 'ax †00e
‡ ˆ f0g 21†
GAy e v0e GAy e 'ay †e EIax e 'ay †00e

The boundary conditions at z = 0 and z = H are either

2 38 09 2 38 9
GAx > u GAx ' †
< e> = < ax e >
> =
6 7 6 7
4 GAy 5 v0e ‡ 4 GAy 5 'ay †e ˆ f0g 22†
: >
> ; >
: >
;
GJf e 0e GJf e 0

8 9
> u
< e> =
or ve is specified
: >
> ;
e

Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Build. 11, 309–328 (2002)
314 S. SWADDIWUDHIPONG, S. SOELARNO SIDJI AND S.-L. LEE

Figure 1. Coordinate systems

and either
" #( )
EIay 'ax †0e
ˆ f0g 23†
EIax e
'ay †0e

( )
'ax †e
or is specified.
'ay †e

2.3 Global and Local Systems

Referring to Figure 1, let z in the global and local coordinate systems be in the same direction and, if b
is an orientation angle of the local with respect to the global system, the transformation of the
displacement and force vectors can be shown to be

fwe g ˆ ‰TŠfwg 24†

and

fqg ˆ ‰TŠT fqe g 25†

where {w} and {q} are the global displacement and force vectors and [T] the transformation matrix,
which is expressed as

‰TŠ ˆ ‰RŠ‰TT Š 26†

Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Build. 11, 309–328 (2002)
 AXIAL DEFORMATION AND FORCE 315

where [R], the rotation transformation matrix, is given by

2 3
cos sin 0
6 7
‰RŠ ˆ 4 sin cos 05 27†
0 0 1
and [TT], the translation transformation matrix, is given by
2 3
1 0 yc
6 7
‰TT Š ˆ 4 0 1 xc 5 28†
0 0 1
After transformation, the equation of motion for the shear-wall system in the global coordinate system
can be written as
‰Mw Šf
wg ‡ ‰EIw Šfwiv g ‰GJ Šfw00 g ˆ fp qg 29†
where
‰Mw Š ˆ ‰TŠT ‰ w †e Š‰TŠ 30†

‰EIw Š ˆ ‰TŠT ‰ EIw †e Š‰TŠ 31†

‰GJ Š ˆ ‰TŠT ‰ GJw †e Š‰TŠ 32†

and
8 9
> p qx † e >
< x =
fp qg ˆ ‰TŠ T
py qy † e 33†
>
: >
;
p q † e
The boundary conditions become either
‰EIw Šfw000 g ‰GJ Šfw0 g ˆ f0g 34†
or {w} is specified, and either
‰EIw Šfw00 g ˆ f0g 35†
or {w'} is specified.
For the frame element, there are two sets of displacements, {w} and {'}. The transformation from
local to global system gives

fwe g ˆ ‰TŠfwg 36†

fqg ˆ ‰TŠT fqe g 37†

f 'a †e g ˆ ‰RŠf'a g 38†

f 'a †e g ˆ ‰R  Šf'a g 39†

Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Build. 11, 309–328 (2002)
316 S. SWADDIWUDHIPONG, S. SOELARNO SIDJI AND S.-L. LEE

where
" #
cos sin
‰R  Š ˆ 40†
sin cos

Thus the equations of motion for the frame in the global system can be expressed as
‰Mf Šf
wg ‰GAf Šfw00 g ‡ ‰GAa Šf'0a g ˆ fqg 41†

‰GAŠfw0 g ‰GA Šf'a g ‡ ‰EIa Šf'00a g ˆ f0g 42†

where
‰Mf Š ˆ ‰TŠT ‰ f †e Š‰TŠ 43†

‰GAf Š ˆ ‰TŠT ‰ GA†e Š‰TŠ 44†

‰EIa Š ˆ ‰R  ŠT ‰ EIa †Še ‰R  Š 45†

‰GAa Š ˆ ‰TŠT ‰ GA†e Š‰RŠ 46†

‰GA Š ˆ ‰R  ŠT ‰ GA†e Š‰R  Š 47†

‰GAŠ ˆ ‰R  ŠT ‰ GA†e Š‰TŠ 48†

8 9
( ) > u>
ue < >
> =
ˆ ‰TŠ v 49†
>
> >
ve : > ;

and
" #
cos ' sin ' y cos ' ‡ x sin '
‰TŠ ˆ 50†
sin ' cos ' y sin ' ‡ x cos '

The boundary conditions are either

‰GAf Šfw0 g ‡ ‰GAa Šf'a g ˆ f0g 51†

or {w} is specified, and either

‰EIa Šf'a 0 g ˆ f0g 52†
or {'a } is specified.
After assembling the contribution from both frames and shear walls, the governing equations are
given as follows:

‰MŠf
wg ‡ ‰EIw Šfwiv g ‰GAŠfw00 g ‡ ‰GAa Šf'0a g ˆ fpg 53†

‰GAŠfw0 g ‰GA Šf'a g ‡ ‰EIa Šf'a 00 g ˆ f0g 54†

Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Build. 11, 309–328 (2002)
 AXIAL DEFORMATION AND FORCE 317

in which
‰MŠ ˆ ‰Mw Š ‡ ‰Mf Š 55†
and
‰GAŠ ˆ ‰GAf Š ‡ ‰GJw Š 56†
The boundary conditions are, at z = 0,
fwg ˆ f0g 57†
fw0 g ˆ f0g 58†

f'a g ˆ f0g 59†

and, at z = H,
‰EIw Šfw000 g ‰GAŠfw0 g ‡ ‰GAa Šf'a g ˆ f0g 60†

‰EIw Šfw00 g ˆ f0g 61†

‰EIa Šf'a 0 g ˆ f0g 62†

3 METHOD OF SOLUTION

3.1 Galerkin’s Technique

The displacement variables are assumed to be:

X
n
uˆ uj aj ei!t ˆ ‰u ŠT fagei!t 63†
jˆ1

X
n
vˆ vj bj ei!t ˆ ‰v ŠT fbgei!t 64†
jˆ1

X
n
ˆ j cj ei!t ˆ ‰ ŠT fcgei!t 65†
jˆ1

X
n
'ax ˆ 0uj dj ei!t ˆ ‰0u ŠT fdgei!t 66†
jˆ1

and

X
n
'ay ˆ 0vj ej ei!t ˆ ‰0v ŠT fegei!t 67†
jˆ1

Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Build. 11, 309–328 (2002)
318 S. SWADDIWUDHIPONG, S. SOELARNO SIDJI AND S.-L. LEE

or, collectively, as:

8 9 2 38 9
> fag >
T
= 6 ‰u Š
> u
< > 7< =
fwg ˆ v ˆ 64 ‰v ŠT 7 fbg ei!t ˆ ‰ŠT f1 gei!t
5> 68†
: >
> ; : >
;
q ‰ ŠT fcg

and
( ) " #( )
'ax ‰0u ŠT fdg
f'a g ˆ ˆ ei!t ˆ ‰ 0 † ŠT f2 gei!t 69†
'ay ‰0v ŠT feg

where ! is the natural frequency; [f]T and [(f')*]T are the assumed displacement shape function
matrices and where 1 and 2 are the undetermined parameter vectors:
8 9
> fag >
< =
f1 g ˆ fbg 70†
>
: >
;
fcg

and
8 9
> fdg > ( )
< = f2 g
f2 g ˆ feg ˆ 71†
>
: >
; f0g
f0g

Substituting Equations (68) and (69) into the governing equations [Equations (53) and (54)],
multiplying the governing equations with weighting functions and integrating over the domain yields,
respectively:

Z H Z H Z H Z H
‰Š‰ !2 Š‰MŠ‰ŠT f1 gdz ‡ ‰00 Š‰EIw Š‰00 ŠT f1 gdz ‡ ‰0 Š‰GAŠ‰0 ŠT f1 gdz ‰0 Š‰GAa Š‰0 ŠT f2 gdz
0 0 0 0
‡ ‰‰Š‰EIw Š‰000 ŠT f1 gŠH
0 ‰‰ Š‰EIw Š‰00 ŠT f1 gŠH
0
0 ‰‰Š‰GAŠ‰0 ŠT f1 gŠH 0 0 T H
0 ‡ ‰‰ Š‰GAa Š‰ Š f2 gŠ0 ˆ 0 72†

and

Z H Z H
0 
‰  † Š‰GAŠ‰ Šf1 gdz0
‰ 0 † Š‰GA Š‰ 0 † ŠT f2 gdz
0 0
Z H
‡ ‰‰ 0 † Š‰EIa Š‰ 00 † ŠT f2 gŠH
0 ‰ 00 † Š‰EIa Š‰ 00 † ŠT f2 gdz ˆ f0g 73†
0

Applying the boundary conditions [(Equations ((56)–(62))], Equations (72) and (73) become,

Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Build. 11, 309–328 (2002)
 AXIAL DEFORMATION AND FORCE 319

respectively:
Z H Z H
‰Š‰ ! Š‰MŠ‰Š f1 gdz ‡
2 T
‰00 Š‰EIw Š‰00 ŠT f1 gdz
0 0
Z H Z H
0 0 T
‡ ‰ Š‰GAŠ‰ Š f1 gdz ‰0 Š‰GAa Š‰0 ŠT f2 gdz ˆ f0g 74†
0 0

and
Z H Z H Z H
0  0  0  T
0 T
‰  † Š‰GAŠ‰ Š f1 gdz 
‰  † Š‰GA Š‰  † Š f2 gdz ‰ 00 † Š‰EIa Š‰ 00 † ŠT f2 gdz ˆ 0
0 0 0
75†

It can be shown that

Z Z  ( )
H
0 0 T
H
0 T 0  T
f2 g
‰ Š‰GAa Š‰ Š f2 gdz ˆ ‰ Š‰GAŠ ‰  † Š dz
f‰DŠg 76†
0 0 f0g

where

T
‰DŠ ˆ ‰0Š‰0Š ‰0 ŠGJf ‰0 Š 77†
Z H
‰M Š ˆ ‰Š‰MŠ‰ŠT dz 78†
0
Z H
‰BŠ ˆ ‰00 Š‰EIw Š‰00 ŠT dz 79†
0
Z H
‰CŠ ˆ ‰0 Š‰GAŠ‰0 ŠT dz 80†
0
Z H
‰DŠ ˆ ‰0 Š‰GAŠT ‰ 0 † ŠT dz 81†
0
Z H
‰EŠ ˆ ‰ 0 † Š‰GA Š‰ 0 † ŠT dz 82†
0
Z H
‰FŠ ˆ ‰ 00 † Š‰EIa Š‰ 00 † ŠT dz 83†
0

The governing equations can be expressed as

" #( )
‰BŠ ‡ ‰CŠ !2 ‰M Š ‰DŠ f1 g
ˆ f0g 84†
‰DŠT ‰EŠ ‡ ‰FŠ f2 g

Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Build. 11, 309–328 (2002)
320 S. SWADDIWUDHIPONG, S. SOELARNO SIDJI AND S.-L. LEE

Figure 2. Structural plan of the superstructure (example 1)

Static condensation gives

 
‰BŠ ‡ ‰CŠ ‰DŠf‰EŠ ‡ ‰FŠg 1 ‰DŠT !2 ‰M Š f1 g ˆ f0g 85†

or


‰KŠ !2 ‰M Š f1 g ˆ f0g 86†

Figure 3. Structural plan of the basement (example 1)

Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Build. 11, 309–328 (2002)
 AXIAL DEFORMATION AND FORCE 321

Table 1. Geometric properties of the building (example 1)

Column
Average storey Wall thickness dimension Beam dimension
Segment no. height (m) (m) (m2) b  d (m2)

1 (B6 to B1 floors) 3
3 0
4 1
4  1
4

2 (1st to 4th storeys) 4
5 0
4 1
4  1
4 0
5  1
0 (in frame)
3 (5th to 14th storeys) 3
5 0
4 1
4  1
4
1
5  0
3 and 3
0  0
3
4 (15th to 24th storeys) 3
5 0
3 1
2  1
2 (in core wall)
5 (25th to 44th storeys) 3
5 0
3 1
0  1
0

B = basement; b = width; d = depth.

The natural frequencies and the mode shapes for the frame–shear-wall system are obtained,
respectively, from the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of Equation (86).

3.2 Displacement Shape Function

Any admissible functions satisfying essential boundary conditions may be used in the displacement
field. The buckling shape of a cantilever column expressed as

j ˆ 1 cos j z† 87†

in which

2j 1†
j ˆ 88†
2H

is adopted to span the displacement field. Different functions may be used for various displacement
components.

4 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
4.1 Example 1
Free vibration analyses with and without the effect of axial deformation were carried out. The model is
a building 50 storeys high with 6 basement levels. The lateral stiffness of the building is provided by a
core wall–frame system, which is present throughout the height of the building and 0
8 m retaining
wall in the basement. The structural plan of the superstructure and basement are shown in Figures 2
and 3, respectively. The storey height of the first basement (B1) is 5
0 m, and is 3
0 m for each of the
other lower basement levels. The height of each level of the superstructure is 3
5 m, except for the first
four storeys, where each level is 3
5 m high. The building is treated as a four-segment problem to take
care of the change in the sectional properties. The modulus of elasticity E = 25 000 MN m 2, and the
Poisson ratio u = 0
2. The geometric and stiffness properties of the structural components are given in
Tables 1 and 2.
The first six fundamental periods and the corresponding mode shapes are shown in Table 3 and
Figure 4, respectively. Results from finite element computer package ETABS are also included in
Table 3. The natural periods obtained from the proposed method taking into account the effect of axial
deformation in-frame are higher than those neglecting the effect of axial deformation. This is expected

Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Build. 11, 309–328 (2002)
 322

Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Table 2. Stiffness properties of the building (example 1)

EIyy (1014 EIxx (1014 EIww (1014 GJ (1015 EIay, EIax m (105 kg mr2 (108
10
Segment no. Nm2) Nm2) Nm2) GAxx,GAyy (10 N) Nm2) (1014 Nm2) m 1) kg m)

1
A 0
305 0
398 2
358 0
634 0
012 1
508 6
888 2
325
B 1
260 1
352 2
358 0
634 1
325 1
508 6
888 2
325
2 0
286 0
398 2
358 1
099 0
016 2
183 5
051 1
705
3 0
302 0
398 2
358 1
448 0
020 2
183 6
494 2
192
4 0
302 0
313 1
800 1
348 0
019 1
604 6
494 2
192
5 0
302 0
313 1
800 1
161 0
017 1
114 6
494 2
192

Note: A Excluding the contribution of the retaining wall; B, including the contribution of the retaining wall with the effect of shear lag.
Note: EI, bending stiffness; GA, shear and torsional stiffness; GJ, torsional rigidity; m is the mass; r is the radius of gyration; subscripts x and y refer to the
coordinate system; subscripts w refers to the shear-wall system.
S. SWADDIWUDHIPONG, S. SOELARNO SIDJI AND S.-L. LEE

Struct. Design Tall Build. 11, 309–328 (2002)

 AXIAL DEFORMATION AND FORCE 323

Table 3. Natural periods (seconds) of the building (example 1)

Axial deformation Axial deformation

neglected considered ETABS
Mode no. Direction
A B A B A B

1 u 3
686 3
284 4
500 3
997 4
514 4
096

2 v 3
541 3
181 4
286 3
837 4
101 3
824
3  2
488 2
038 2
488 2
038 2
422 2
077
4 u 0
985 0
867 1
049 0
913 1
358 1
189
5 y 0
943 0
844 1
001 0
887 1
057 0
957
6  0
832 0
695 0
832 0
695 0
807 0
700

Note: A excluding the contribution of the retaining wall; B, including the contribution of the retaining wall
with the effect of shear lag, ETABS, finite
element computer package.

since the contribution of axial deformation in-frame helps to soften the frame action. Table 3 also
shows that the former agree well with the results obtained by ETABS. Since axial deformation in-
frame does not affect the stiffness in the  direction, the natural periods for rotation generated by the
proposed method with and without the effect of axial deformation in the frame share the same value
and agree well with results obtained from ETABS.

4.2 Example 2
Effects of axial deformation as well as axial force in frames are considered in this example. The same
building adopted in the previous example is reanalysed taking into consideration the effect of axial
forces in columns. The geometric and stiffness properties of the buildings were tabulated in Tables 1
and 2.
Free vibration analyses of the building were carried out. The first six natural periods of the building
with various levels of axial forces in columns with and without the effect of axial deformation are
tabulated in Tables 4 and 5, respectively. It is observed that axial forces and axial deformation in
vertical members reduce the stiffness of the building and consequently the higher natural periods. The
combined effects may increase the natural periods of the building up to 100%, depending on the height
of the building and levels of axial forces in columns. The corresponding mode shapes are similar to
those depicted in Figure 4.

Table 4. Natural periods (seconds) of the building, considering only the effect of the axial force (example 2)

Mode no. Direction  = 0
2  = 0
6  = 0
9  = 1
0

1 u 3
270 3
421 4
075 6
952

2 v 3
088 3
225 3
793 5
854
3  2
015 2
088 2
403 3
860
4 u 0
881 0
909 0
996 1
292
5 v 0
812 0
835 0
903 1
157
6  0
694 0
728 0
857 1
018

Note:  = P/Pcr.

Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Build. 11, 309–328 (2002)
324 S. SWADDIWUDHIPONG, S. SOELARNO SIDJI AND S.-L. LEE

Figure 4. The first six mode shapes of the building (example 1)

Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Build. 11, 309–328 (2002)
 AXIAL DEFORMATION AND FORCE 325

Table 5. Natural periods (seconds) of the building, considering the effects of axial force and axial deformation
(example 2)

Mode no. Direction  = 0
2  = 0
6  = 0
9  = 1
0

1 u 3
949 4
052 4
511 7
077

2 v 3
694 3
774 4
163 5
967
3  2
084 2
159 2
484 4
008
4 u 0
939 0
957 1
023 1
344
5 v 0
859 0
873 0
924 1
176
6  0
718 0
752 0
886 1
033

Note:  = P/Pcr.

5 CONCLUSIONS
Free vibration analyses of frame–shear-wall tall buildings were carried out by using the continuum
approach. Each structure is idealized as a shear–flexural cantilever due to the nature of the response of
the two main structural components. Results from the study demonstrate that the effect of axial
deformation should be considered for tall and/or slender buildings and that the effect of axial force in
columns should be included for structures under high column load, which may occur for buildings with
soft-storeys, resulting from the termination of shear walls in the lower portion of the building. The
method requires substantially less computing time and resources is suitable for implementation on
personal computers and provides results that are sufficiently accurate for engineering purposes.

APPENDIX A
A.1 Determination of shear rigidity, GA, considering the effect of axial forces in columns
The slope–deflection equation of member AB shown in Figure A.1(a) is expressed as

EIAE EIAE
MAE ˆ 4 a ‡ 2 ˆ0 A.1†
lAE lAE
EIAE EIAE
MEA ˆ 4 ‡2 a A.2†
lAE lAE

Equation (A.1) gives


a ˆ A.3†
2

Equilibrium of the free body of member AE requires that the reaction at end A is:

1 3EIAE 
RA ˆ ‰MAE ‡ MEA Š ˆ A.4†
lAE lAE †2

Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Build. 11, 309–328 (2002)
326 S. SWADDIWUDHIPONG, S. SOELARNO SIDJI AND S.-L. LEE

Figure A.1. Derivation of equivalent shear stiffness. Note: D, deflection (D = D1 ‡ D2); g, angle; , rotation; A–E,
points; F, force; h, height; I, moment of inertia; lAE, lEB, lCE lED, length between points AE, EB, CE and ED,
respectively; P, axial force acting on the column; R A, R B, reactions at points A and B, respectively;

Similarly, the reaction at end B is:

3EIEA 
RB ˆ A.5†
lEB †2

Equilibrium of the whole panel at undeformed configuration gives

F lCE ‡ lED † ‡ R A lAE ‡ R B lEB ˆ 0 A.6†

Substituting Equations (A.4) and (A.5) into Equation (A.6) yields

  1
IAE IEB
 ˆ F lCE ‡ lED †3E ‡ A.7†
lAE lEB

The bending moments at the two ends of member CE, considering the effect of axial force in the
member, can be expressed as (Horne and Merchant, 1965):

EIC D
I E
MCE ˆ sc ‡ sc s 1 ‡ c† ˆ0 A.8†
lCE lCE
EI C D
1 E
MEC ˆ scC ‡ s s 1 ‡ c† A.9†
lCE lCE

where s and c are defined in Equation (15) and (16) in text.

Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Build. 11, 309–328 (2002)
 AXIAL DEFORMATION AND FORCE 327

Figure A.2. The variation of equivalent values of GA (shear stiffness) with P/Pcr (axial force acting on the column
divided by the critical force acting on the column)

Equilibrium of the free body of member CE requires that

FlCE ‡ MCE ‡ MEC ˆ 0 A.10†

which gives

 " # 1
EIC s 1 c2 † EIC s 1 c2 †

1 ˆ FlCE ‡ A.11†
lCE lCE †2

If the average effect of axial forces is adopted, equilibrium of member ED provides:

 " # 1
EIC s 1 c2 † EIC s 1 c2 †

2 ˆ FlED ‡ A.12†
lED lED †2

The total deflection, D, is

ˆ
1 ‡
2

Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Build. 11, 309–328 (2002)
328 S. SWADDIWUDHIPONG, S. SOELARNO SIDJI AND S.-L. LEE

Thus
*
1

ˆ F lCE ‡ lED † ‰ lCE †2 ‡ lED †2 lCE lED †Š‡
EIC s 1 c2 †

   1 +
IAE IEB
IC s 1 c † 3
2
‡ ‰lCE ‡ lED Š A.13†
lAE lEB

Deflection of the shear continuum panel shown in Figure A.1(b) is

Fh F lCE ‡ lED †

ˆ ˆ A.14†
GA GA

Equating Equation ((A.13)) to Equation ((A.14)) leads to

*
GA ˆ EIC s 1 c † ‰ lCE †2 ‡ lDE †2
2
lCE lDE †‡

   1 +
I AE IEB
IC s 1 c2 † 3 ‡ ‰lCE ‡ lDE Š A.15†
lAE lEB

The variation of equivalent values of GA for different levels of axial force ratio, P/Pcr, is depicted in
Figure A.2.

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Copyright  2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Struct. Design Tall Build. 11, 309–328 (2002)