Reported Speech

He said, "I am going to market"

He said that he was going to market.

2
1. He said, "She will be coming home soon.”

He said that she would be coming home soon.

2. You said, "They are doing their homework now.”

You said that they were doing their homework then.

3. He said to me, "You are an intelligent boy.”

He told me that I was an intelligent boy.

3
4. You said him, "You are an intelligent boy".

You told him that he was an intelligent boy.

5. You said, "I am not prepared today”.

You said that you were not prepared that day.

6. He said, "I am not ready today".

He said that he was not ready that day.

4
 ASSERTIVE SENTENCES
1. Raju said to Manu," I am studying".

Raja told Manu that he was studying.

2. They said. "He is our leader.”

They said the he was their leader.

3. He said to me, "I do not understand you".

5
He told me that he did not understand me.
 INTEROGATIVE SENTENCES

1. He said to me, "Where is your Car?”

He asked me where my car was.

2. You said to her, "Who did you speak to?”

You asked her who she had spoken to.

6
3. He said to you, "Where are you going?”

He asked you where you were going.

4. I said to her, "What is the matter?”

I asked her what the matter was.

7
 YES OR NO QUESTIONS
1. Deepu asked Roma, "Are you going to market?"

Deepu asked Roma whether she was going to market.

2. He asked me, "Is this your pen?”

He asked me whether/if that was my pen.

8
 IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

1. The teacher said to Meera, "Stop making noise".

The teacher ordered Meera to stop making noise.

2. Raju's father said to him, “You must work hard for your exams”.

Raju’s father advised him to work hard for his exams.

9
 EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES, WISHES
Instead of say, tell → exclaim, wish, cryout, pray,…..

1. She exclaimed, "What a beautiful child!".

She exclaimed that it was a beautiful child.

2. He: "What a beautiful house!.”

He exclaimed that it was a beautiful house.

10
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS

1. "I never drink milk" she explained.

She explained that she never drank milk.

2. I have explained it to her". Meenu said.

Meenu said that she had explained it to her.

11
3. He said, "I will/shall be in London soon".

He said that he would be in London soon

4. He said, "What happened?"

He asked what had happened.

5. He asked, "What do you want?”

He asked him what he wanted.

12
6. He asked, "Is anyone there?”

He asked if/whether anyone was there.

7. Raju said to Manu, "Are you coming with me?”

Raju asked Manu if he was coming with him.

8. He said, "Lie down, Manu”

He told Manu to lie down.

9. Priya said to me: "Don't go there."

13
Priya ordered me not to go there.
 WORDS THAT CAN MODIFY A NOUN
Articles Numerals Ordinals
a, an, the Three, Five, First, second,
Twelve last, etc

Adjectives Possessives Interogative

grandfather's, which, what, Distributive
old, long,
teacher’s, my, when, who, All, both,
smart,
his, her, your, what, whose. each, either,
beautiful,
either, etc etc Neither, half
etc

Demonstratives Quantifiers
this, that, All, some, few, 14
these, those many, etc
 MODEL AUXILIARIES
Has to/have to
Used to Should
To express
To express habit in To express duty,
compulsion in
past advice, polite request
present or future

Would
May Shall
To express
To express possibility, To express order, threat,
determination,
permission, wish, promise, determination,
habitual, action, wish,
purpose intention
willingness
15
 Will
Need Could
To express intention,
To express obligation, To express ability,
necessity promise, threat, polite request
determination
Can Had
Dare To express ability, To express obligation
To express courage permission or compulsion in the
past

Might
Must
To express
To express
suggestion,
compulsion
possibility
16
Creative Writing Skills
 Letter Writing (Formal)
Parts of a Letter
A letter consists of the following parts:

1. Sender's Name and Address. It includes the writer's address. It is written at

the top on the left hand corner of the page. If the address consists of several
parts, each part is given a separate line as follows:
125, Punjabi Basti
Anand Parvat
New Delhi
2. Date. While writing the date, note that the day is written in figures, month in
words and year in full figures. The year is preceded by a comma, when the
date is written before it. The date should be written as follows: 18
20 May 20XX Or May 20, 20XX
3. Recelver's Address/The Inside Address. The official letters are not
addressed to the individual but to his/her official capacity; as,
The Editor
The Times of India
Bahadurshah Zafar Marg
New Delhi-1100XX

4. Subject. It is a must in official letters. It must be as brief as possible,

maximum three or four words. It must be the pivot on the body of
the letter.

19
5. Salutation. It is the complimentary little greetings to the person to
whom the letter is addressed. It is a formal way of beginning a
letter. The form of greeting or salutation depends on the relation
and degree of intimacy between the writer and the addressee in
personal letters. But in official letters 'Dear Sir' or 'Dear Madam' is
used mostly.

Note. If the person, who will read the letter, is known to you, you can
address him by name: as Dear Mr. Gupta
The appropriate title, Mr, Mrs, or Miss, is to be placed before the
name.

20
21
6. Body of the letter. This is the main part of the letter. it consist of
three parts :an introduction which give the reason for the letter,
the message which includes the main information and a
conclusion which is always expressed politely or gives suggestion
about the problems expressed.

7. The Subscription (or the complimentary close). The most common form in
business letters is 'Yours faithfully'. If you have used a personal name in
the salutation, the subscription should be 'Yours sincerely'. In case of
personal letters, the most common form is 'Yours affectionately:’

8. Signature. The formal letters require your full signature. Below the
signature, the name of the person and the position are mentioned. In
personal letters write the name by which you are known among your 22
relatives and friends.
23
Complaint Letter

24
You are Rajesh/Rajni Roy of 105 C, Chatterjee Lane, Kolkata. You
have received a letter from your brother who is staying in the
hostel of Shakti Mandir Public School, Darjeeling, stating that he is
being bullied by some senior students who threatened him with
dire consequences, if he complained. Write a letter to the Hostel
Warden requesting him to take urgent action.

25
26
 Letter of Inquiry
An inquiry letter is usually written to gain some information from the
recipient. While writing an inquiry letter it is important to provide
some information about yourself so that the recipient can authenticate
the source of the inquiry.
Suggestions to write an inquiry letter:
 Give a brief introduction about yourself. Your organisation.
 Provide the details about the thing or subject of inquiry.
 If you require a detailed information, write your questions
accordingly.
 If you require the information by a particular date, then do mention
in the letter. 27
 Thank them for their time and consideration at the end.
You are interested in a short-term course in computer graphics
during the holidays. Write a letter to the Director, Fortune Graphics
Computers, inquiring about their short-term courses and asking for
all the necessary details. You are Anuj/Anju of 28 A, Uttam Nagar,
New Delhi.

28
29
 Placing Order
Order letters are written to assign orders for goods or items They are
written in a very well formatted and specific manner. They are quite
common and are written on daily basis. The language of the letter is
very formal. You should be very careful to impart complete and
accurate information because incomplete information results in
delayed deliveries. Moreover, these letters are to be written to the
point only. You don't need to add any extra information.

30
 Format
Address Given
Date
Ref. No. _________
The Manager
Name of company
Address of company
Dear Sir/Madam
Subject: _________
Body of the letter
 Ref. to quotation dated
 List of requirement/items to be ordered
 Date on which delivery is required
 Mode of payment
 Items to be in good condition and as per requirement
Yours faithfully
31
Name
Designation
You are Rakesh/Sonia of Cambridge Senior Secondary School,
Noida. Write a letter to the Sales Manager, Orient Blackson, Noida,
placing an order for some books for your school library.

32
Cambridge Senior Secondary School
Noida

18 September 20XX

The Sales Manager

Orient Blackson
Noida

Dear Sir
Subject: Supply of books for the School Library
Please refer to your quotations and booklist dated 2 September 𝟐𝟎𝐗𝐗. I am pleased to
place an order for the following books for the current session.

33
You are requested to send the above books as per the terms and conditions at the
earliest. I do hope and expect the books will reach us in good condition, well-bound and
packed properly, and the discounts offered in the past shall be applicable this year too.
Thanking you

Yours faithfully
Rakesh
34
 Analytical Paragraph Writing
While writing an analytical paragraph for a school magazine, the
following features should be kept in mind:
 It should be brief but complete.
 It should be to the point.
 It should be interesting and humorous.
 The language should be simple and correct.

35
The following pie chart shows the percentage distribution of the
expenditure incurred in publishing a book, Study the pie chart and
write a paragraph in 100-120 words analyzing the given data.

36
As we all know book publishing is not an easy job. It requires the
efforts of many people and the expenditure incurred in publishing
the book can also be distributed under various heads. As we can
see in the pie chart above that the major cost is involved in binding
and paper. We can say that these two are the major raw material
for publishing a book. About 20% of the cost goes into printing the
book whereas promotion and transportation cost around 10%
each of the total book publishing expenditure. As much as 15% of
the total book publishing cost is put aside for the royalty purpose.
We can conclude by saying that book publishing involves a lot of
things which we do not even bother about when we are reading
the book.

37
Tenses
 PRESENT TENSE
As the name shows, it is the verb that indicates in the present time.
It takes four principal forms.

39
 i. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Form : Subject + do / does + verb
Examples with personal pronouns:
1. I hear strange noises.
2. We hear strange noises.
3. You hear strange noises.
4. He hears strange noises.
5. She hears strange noises.
6. They hear strange noises.

40
Usage :
1. To show a habitual action
Eg: Krishna wakes up 4 o' clock every day.
2. To express a universal truth, action true of all times.
Eg: The sun rises in the east.
3. To express a present or immediate action; as,
Eg: You say you think you know who lives there, but are you really sure?
4. To indicate a future action which is planned or arranged or when it is
implied by the context.
Eg: He goes abroad next month.
We go on a picnic next Friday. 41
 ii. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Form: Subject + is / am / are + Verb + ing
Examples with personal pronouns:
1. I am studying my lessons.
2. We are studying our lessons.
3. You are studying your lessons.
4. He is studying his lessons.
5. She is studying her lessons.

42
 iii. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Form: Subject + has (singular) / have (plural) + 3rd form (past participle)
of the verb
Examples with personal pronouns:
1. I have heard strange noises.
2. We have heard strange noises.

43
 iv. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Form: Subject + has (singular) / have (plural) + been + verb + ing
Note: A past time should not be indicated in the present perfect. If a past
time is to be specified, simple past tense should be used.
I have met him yesterday (wrong)
I met him yesterday (right)

44
 PAST TENSE

The action that happens in the past time is Past Tense.

They also take four principal forms.
i. Simple Past:
ii. Past Continuous
iii. Past Perfect
iv. Past Perfect Continuous

45
 i. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
form: subject + did + verb
Examples with personal pronouns:
1. I practised sitar. 4. He practised sitar.
2. We practised sitar. 5. She practised sitar.
3. You practised sitar. 6. They practised sitar.
Usage :
1. To express an action that happened in the past.
Eg : India got independence in 1947.
2. To express a habitual action in the past.
Eg: Everyday my grandmother read the Gita. (here it means 'used to
46
read')
 ii. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Form: Subject + was (singular) / were (plural) + verb + ing
Examples with personal pronouns:
1. I was practising sitar.
2. We were practising sitar.
3. You were practising sitar.
4. He was practising sitar.
5. She was practising sitar.
6. They were practising sitar.
Usage:
1. To denote an action which was 'in progress' at a past time. 47
Eg : A number of boys were writing their answers then.
 iii. PAST PERFECT TENSE
Form: Subject + had + 3rd form / Past Participle form of the verb.
Examples with personal pronouns:
1. I had practised sitar.
2. We had practised sitar.
3. You had practised sitar.
4. He had practised sitar.
5. She had practised sitar.
6. They had practised sitar.

48
Usage :
1. To refer to the earlier of two past actions.
Eg : When I reached the station, the train had left. (when two actions
are given, the first action should be written in Past Perfect Tense and
the latter action in Simple Past Tense).

49
 iv. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Form: Subject + had been + verb + ing
Examples with Personal Pronouns:
1. I had been practising sitar.
2. We had been practising sitar.
3. You had been practising sitar.
4. He had been practising sitar.
5. She had been practising sitar.
6. They had been practising sitar.
Usage :
1. To refer to an action begun in the past and was still continuing at some
point in the past. 50
Eg : He had been reading when I entered the room.
 FUTURE TENSE
A verb that denotes an action in the future is said to be in Future Tense.
Note: Unlike the other two Tenses, two additional auxiliaries take the
determining factors in the Future Tense. They are: will/shall.

Shall shows the determination/assurance in the case of I person, (I, we)

whereas with the II & III persons it applies in the opposite sense, i.e. shall
for possibility and will for determination.
Eg : (i) I will come with you. (probably there is a chance)
(ii) I shall come with you. (definitely there is a chance)
(iii) He shall come with me. (definitely there is a chance) 51
(iv) He shall come with me. (giving permission)
 i. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
Form: Subject + will / shall + base form of Verb
Examples with Personal pronouns:
1. I shall invite him to the party.
2. We shall invite him to the party.
3. You will invite him to the party.
Usage:
To show a single act that has still to take place.
eg: I shall see him tomorrow morning.
52
 ii. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Form: Subject + will / shall + be + verb + ing
Examples with Personal pronouns:
1. I shall be inviting him to the party
2. We shall be inviting him to the party
3. You will be inviting him to the party
Usage:
To represent a possible or sure action as going on at some point in future
time.
eg: I shall be reading the paper then. 53
 iii. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Form: Subject + will / shall + have + Past Participle form of the Verb
Examples with personal pronouns:
1. I shall have finished writing when you arrive.
2. We shall have finished writing when you arrive.
3. You will have finished writing when you arrive.

54
 iv. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Form: Subject + will / shall + have + been + verb +ing
Examples with Personal Pronouns:
1. I shall have been inviting him to the party.
2. We shall have been inviting him to the party.
3. You will have been inviting him to the party.
4. He will have been inviting him to the party
5. She will have been inviting him to the party
55
Usage:
To refer to an action that will start functioning in future and
keep going on for long.
eg: I shall have been completing my work.

56
(a) Arjun ______ (be) a good friend of Lord Krishna.
(i) was (ii) is (iii) has been (iv) will be

(b) He never ______ (want) to fight with his brother Duryodhan.

(i) wanted (ii) wants (iii) will want (iv) has wanted

(c) It was Krishna who _______ (inspire) Arjun by giving him Upadesas of Gita.
(i) inspired (ii) inspiring (iii) will inspire (iv) would inspire

(d) Arjun _______ (bow) before his Guru and then he started fighting.
(i) bows (ii) bowed (iii) bowing (iv) has bowed

(e) The Mahabharata _______ (write) by Ved Vyasji.

(i) wrote (ii) Was written (iii) is writing (iv) will write

(f) The Mahabharata _______ (be) an epic. 57

(i) is (ii) was (iii) has (iv) had been
Ans. (a) (i) was
(b) (i) wanted
(c) (i) inspired
(d) (ii) bowed
(e) (ii) was written
(f) (i) is

58
Fill in using correct tense forms of the verbs in the brackets:

1. My father is not here. He ......... (go) to Mumbai one month ago. Since
then he .......... (look) for a job. He .......... (pass) the examination three
years ago; but he (not succeed) in getting a job yet.
2. I often .......... (write) with a pen. Now I ..........(use) a pencil.
3. I ......... (learn) grammar when I .......... (be) a private soldier on the pay
of six pence a day. Now. I .......... (think) I am a master of it. I ..........
(publish) my recent studies on grammar soon.
4. It .......... (be) five o'clock now. They .......... (learn) Mathematics since
4.30. At seven o'clock they..........(start) doing their homework. They
.......... (go) to bed everyday at 10 a.m.

59
Concord
 CONCORD
Subject verb agreement
Rule 1: Ramu and Raju are best friends
Tense Singular Plural
Present am, is are
Past was were
present perfect has have

1. sing.
Sing-sings help-helps
2. He sings
do - does cry-cries
3. She sings.
go -goes laugh-laughs.
4. we sing 61
Rule 2: When two subjects joined by 'and' represent a single idea.
use only singular verb.
Eg: Time and Tide waits for none.
Chicken and rice is my sister's favorite meal.

Rule 3: Verb should be singular

If the words ‘no’ ’each’, or ’every’ come before the subject0
Eg: Each boy and each girl was given a bunch of flowers.
Every man and every woman has achieved the target
No man is an island.

62
Rule:4 If two Singular nouns represent same person or thing.
The verb will be singular.
Eg: The poet and politician has left the city.
The accountant and cashier is absconding.
Rule:5 If 2 or more singular subject is joined by the words ; or, either...or,
neither...nor → singular verb
Eg: Our joy or our grief is the result of our own actions.
Neither he nor his uncle was ready to come.

63
Note :- If a compound subject consists of both singular and plural
nouns/pronouns ; it is the nouns/pronoun, closest to the verb that
determine if the verb is plural or singular.
Eg : My cat or my dogs greet me at the door.
Either Raju or you are responsible.
Neither my parents nor my sister is present.

64
Rule 6 :
Collective nouns such as ‘team’, ‘staff’, ‘family’, ‘board’, 'class', and ‘police'
will take a singular verb.
The exception is when we talk about the various members that make up the
collective noun. If that is the case, the subject will be plural.
Eg : The police has apprehended the culprit.
The board are in disagreement about the decision. (members)

Rule 7 :
When two nouns are joined by ‘with’, ‘along with’, ‘together with’,
‘accompanied by’, ‘escorted by', ‘as well as’, ‘in company of’ → verb agrees
with the first subject.
Eg : The mother as well as all her daughters was summoned.
65
The politician with all his supporters was sent to the prison.
Rule 8 :
Either, neither, each, everyone, many a, no one, any one, everybody,
somebody, nobody, someone → follows a Singular verb
Eg : Neither of the two men was ready to accept the challenge.
Each of the students was asked to contribute to the fund.

66
Rule 9 :
Mathematics, Physics, gallows, news, wages → follows singular verb
Eg : Mathematics is the language of physics.

Rule 10 :
When a plural noun represent a whole, quantity or quality, then
singular verb is used.
Eg : Twenty tonnes of coal is loaded on the truck.
Rule 11 :
If a plural noun is the name of a place or thing, then singular verb
follows.
Eg : The United States is a developed country
67
Rule 12 :
Some nouns do not have Singular form. So plural verbs are used.
Eg : Pants, socks, trousers
Mumps, measles
Billiards
Scissors, tongs, pincers, bellows
Alms, ashes, premises, remains
Eg : His trousers need alteration.

68
1. One of the soldiers ____ killed by the enemies.
(are, has, have, is)

2. Two kilos of potatoes _____ nothing to carry.

(have, are, were, is)

3. The girls as well as their teacher _______ left.

(has, have, was, is)

69
 Subject - Verb Concord
When you write or speak a sentence you have to make sure that the
verb matches the subject. This is called verb agreement or concord.
You have already learnt that the sentence has two parts - Subject and
Predicate. The part that refers to a person or thing is called the subject,
and the part that gives more information about the subject is called the
predicate of the sentence.
However, difficulties can arise when we have a third-person subject,
i.e., a noun or third-person pronoun. You have to decide whether it is
singular or plural.
A subject can be
Singular - a book, an eraser
Plural - men, leaves 70
Uncountable - sugar, furniture
The subject and the verb must agree. If the subject is singular, the verb
should also be singular. If the subject is plural, the verb should also be plural.
The verb agrees with the subject in number and person.
 The given words look like plurals (i.e. they end in '𝒔'). But they are, in fact,
singular nouns. For these nouns we use a singular verb.

 Words such as audience, congregation, crowd, group, family take a singular

or plural verb, depending upon the sentence. But it is always safe to use
plural verbs with these nouns. 71
 Nouns plural in form but singular in meaning take a plural form.
For example: compasses, scissors, tongs, goggles, jeans.
 Everybody, somebody, nobody, anybody, anyone and each takes a
singular verb.
 When two subjects (nouns) are joined by 'and', they require a plural
verb.
For example: The cow and the goat are grazing.
 We use a singular verb if two subjects (nouns) separated by 'and'
refer to the same person or thing.
For example: Dal and rice is my grandfather's favourite,
Mr Madan, my friend and philosopher, sits next to me.
 If subjects are joined by or, nor, either, neither the verb agrees with
the subject. 72
If subjects are joined by or, nor, either, neither the verb agrees with the
subject.
For example: Neither he nor his friend was there.
Either the boy or his sisters have broken the tray.
He or his friends are to be blamed.
 The title of a book, play, story or a musical composition, takes a
singular verb even though they are in plural.
 Words or phrases expressing periods of time, fractions, weights,
measurements and amount of money are considered as singular and
take a singular verb.
 When a plural noun comes between a singular subject and its verb,
the verb agrees with the subject and not with the nearest plural.
For example: Each of the watermelons is sweet.
Each one of our group is enthusiastic. 73
Neither of the men was busy.
Semi-modal Verbs - Uses
The semi-modal verbs are : need, dare, ought, used. They are verbs that
have some of the characters of lexical-verbs and some of the characters
of modal verbs. Examples:
 Dare and need
They are sometimes used with a to-infinitive and sometimes with a
base form alone:
 Dare and need
 I daren't tell her.
 I need to look at a file on this computer.
 You need not wait for me.
74
 Ought and used
Ought and used do not change form, but they are always used with a
to-infinitive:
 I ought to learn more grammar.
 I used to enjoy grammar.

75
Read the following dialogue and fill in the blanks with appropriate
determiners.
Sahil : Will you get (a) ................ orange in the market?
(a) (i) any

Mother : If I get, I will buy (b) ................. .

(b) (ii) some

Sahil : Please take (c) ................ keys also along.

(c) (iii) the

76
Editing
1. Tense
eg 1 : I went to Delhi last week and meet my friend.
eg 2 : When I visited her home yesterday, she is studying.
eg 3 : Tomorrow I will visited Delhi.

am was
is, are were
has, have had
do did
does played
plays

78
2. Singular plural
is, was, has, does → Singular
are, were, have, do → plural
eg : He have completed his work.
They was coming.
He play football.
They play football.
He write a book.

3. Has, have, had

has, have, had +𝑼𝟑
He has went outside.
They have wrote their homework.
We had finishing the work. 79
4. Modal auxilary
Modal auxilary + 𝑽𝟏
He can sung a song.
They will went there.

5. To infinitive
To + 𝑽𝟏
They decided to going there.
They are planning to visited Calicut.

6. If clause
If you study well, you ____ pass.
If you studied well, you _____ pass.
80
If you had studied, you _____ passed.
7. Passive forms
English is speak all over the world.
8. Last year I have gone to a village to inaugurate a programme.
9. Shyam is one of the brilliant student in the school.
10.Everyone in the class have taken the vaccine.
Everyone + Singular verb
11.Ronaldo told that they will win the match
Reported speech → would
12.The university offer different courses.
13.If you had reached before 10 minutes, you got the Chennai Express.
14.He did suicide
He committed suicide
15.He don't know much about it. 81
16.He was born in 𝟐nd Oct on Porbandar at Gujarath.
SYLLABUS
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8
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9
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0
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1
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