SP 2390 Stress

SP-2390 Version-1.
0
Petroleum Development Oman LLC Effective: Dec.-2021
Petroleum Development Oman L.L.C.
Document title: Pipe Stress Analysis
Document ID SP-2390
Document Type Specification
Security Restricted
Discipline Mechanical – Static/Piping
Owner Abdulnabhi Al-Balushi, UEMS
Issue Date 05 Dec. 2021
Version 1.0
Keywords: This document is the property of Petroleum Development Oman, LLC. Neither the whole nor any part of this
document may be disclosed to others or reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means
(electronic, mechanical, reprographic recording or otherwise) without prior written consent of the owner.
Page 1 Pipe Stress Analysis Printed 05/12/2021

The controlled version of this CMF Document resides online in Livelink®. Printed copies are UNCONTROLLED.
SP-2390 Version-1.0
Petroleum Development Oman LLC Effective: DEC -2021
This page was intentionally left blank

SP-2390 Version-1.0
i Document Authorisation
Authorised For Issue

SP-2390 Version-1.0
ii Revision History
The following is a brief summary of the 4 most recent revisions to this document. Details of all revisions prior to
these are held on file by the issuing department.
Version No. Date Authors Scope / Remarks
Version 1.0 05 DEC 2021 Mahesh Manjakuppam Srinivasan UEMS1 & First Issue
K.Saravanan UEMS5

SP-2390 Version-1.0
iii Related Business Processes

Code Business Process (EPBM 4.0)
EP 64 Design, Construct, Modify or Abandon Facilities
iv Related Corporate Management Frame Work (CMF) Documents

The related CMF Documents can be retrieved from the Corporate Business Control Documentation Register TAXI.

SP-2390 Version-1.0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
i Document Authorisation ...................................................................................................................................... 3
ii Revision History .................................................................................................................................................. 4
iii Related Business Processes .............................................................................................................................. 5
iv Related Corporate Management Frame Work (CMF) Documents ..................................................................... 5
1.0 Scope ............................................................................................................................................................ 9
2.0 Reference Documents ................................................................................................................................... 9
2.1 PDO/Company specification ......................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 International Codes & Standards ................................................................................................................ 10
3.0 General Requirement .................................................................................................................................. 11
4.0 Pipe stress Analysis .................................................................................................................................... 12
5.0 Stress Critical Line List ................................................................................................................................ 12
6.0 Analysis software......................................................................................................................................... 13
6.1 Caesar II software ....................................................................................................................................... 13
6.2 Caesar II set up file ..................................................................................................................................... 13
6.3 Bourdon effect ............................................................................................................................................. 13
7.0 Allowable Stress .......................................................................................................................................... 14
8.0 Analysis input requirement .......................................................................................................................... 14
8.1 Stress Critical lines ...................................................................................................................................... 14
8.2 Non Critical lines.......................................................................................................................................... 14
8.3 Design Conditions ....................................................................................................................................... 14
8.3.1 Design Basis .............................................................................................................................. 14
8.3.2 Line list ....................................................................................................................................... 15
8.3.3 Pressure .................................................................................................................................... 15
8.3.4 Temperature .............................................................................................................................. 15
8.4 Installation Temperature.............................................................................................................................. 15
8.5 Expansion Stress Range ............................................................................................................................. 15
8.6 Stress Intensification Factor ........................................................................................................................ 15
8.7 Pressure Relief Valve Loads ....................................................................................................................... 16
8.8 Slug Load .................................................................................................................................................... 16
8.9 Fatigue & Cyclic Loads ................................................................................................................................ 17
8.10 Wind Load ................................................................................................................................................... 17
8.11 Seismic Load ............................................................................................................................................... 17
8.12 Surge ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
8.13 Soil Settlement ............................................................................................................................................ 17
8.14 Vessel Skirt growth ...................................................................................................................................... 17
8.15 External Displacement ................................................................................................................................ 18
8.16 Restraints .................................................................................................................................................... 18
8.17 Spring Hanger Supports .............................................................................................................................. 19
SP-2390 Version-1.0
8.17.1 Variable Spring Hangers: .......................................................................................................... 19

8.17.2 Constant Spring Hangers .......................................................................................................... 19
8.18 Friction Effects ............................................................................................................................................. 19
8.19 Displacement at the tie-in points ................................................................................................................. 20
8.20 Buried piping................................................................................................................................................ 20
8.21 Thermal Displacement of Equipments ........................................................................................................ 20
8.22 Expansion Joints / Expansion Bellows ........................................................................................................ 20
8.23 Rigid element data ...................................................................................................................................... 20
8.24 Support lift off .............................................................................................................................................. 21
8.25 Insulation Density ........................................................................................................................................ 21
8.26 Density less than water ............................................................................................................................... 21
8.27 Expansion Loops ......................................................................................................................................... 21
8.28 Cold Spring .................................................................................................................................................. 21
8.29 Rotating Equipment ..................................................................................................................................... 21
8.30 Flowline ....................................................................................................................................................... 22
8.31 Flare sysem ................................................................................................................................................. 22
9.0 Analysis output requirement ........................................................................................................................ 23
9.1 Code Compliance ........................................................................................................................................ 23
9.2 Analysis Method .......................................................................................................................................... 23
9.3 Pipe sag ....................................................................................................................................................... 24
9.4 Flange Leakage ........................................................................................................................................... 24
9.5 Two Phase Flow .......................................................................................................................................... 24
9.6 Allowable Nozzle Loads .............................................................................................................................. 24
9.6.1 Pressure Vessel & Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger................................................................. 25
9.6.2 Air Cooler\Dump Condensor ..................................................................................................... 25
9.6.3 Plate type Heat Exchanger. ....................................................................................................... 25
9.6.4 Fired Heaters ............................................................................................................................. 25
9.6.5 Flare Stack ................................................................................................................................. 25
9.6.6 Centrifugal Pump ....................................................................................................................... 25
9.6.7 Rotary Pump .............................................................................................................................. 26
9.6.8 Reciprocating Pump .................................................................................................................. 26
9.6.9 Vertical In-line Pump ................................................................................................................. 26
9.6.10 Metering Pump .......................................................................................................................... 26
9.6.11 Centrifugal Compressor ............................................................................................................. 26
9.6.12 Reciprocating Compressor ........................................................................................................ 26
9.6.13 Rotary Compressor ................................................................................................................... 27
9.6.14 Liquid ring vacuum pumps and Compressors ........................................................................... 27
9.6.15 Storage Tanks ........................................................................................................................... 27
9.6.16 Steam Turbine ........................................................................................................................... 27

SP-2390 Version-1.0
9.6.17 Auxilary Boiler/HRSG ................................................................................................................ 27

9.6.18 Packaged Equipment ................................................................................................................ 28
9.6.19 Well Head .................................................................................................................................. 28
9.6.20 Other Equipments ...................................................................................................................... 28
9.7 Anchor free Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 28
10.0 Vibration ...................................................................................................................................................... 28
11.0 Dynamic Analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 29
12.0 Exclusion for feed phase ............................................................................................................................. 29
13.0 Load Case ................................................................................................................................................... 30
14.0 Documentation ............................................................................................................................................ 30
15.0 Applicable Calculation ................................................................................................................................. 31
16.0 Pipe supports............................................................................................................................................... 31
17.0 Piping loads for design of structures ........................................................................................................... 32
18.0 Small bore piping ......................................................................................................................................... 32
19.0 Piping adjacent to equipment ...................................................................................................................... 33
19.1 Pressure Vessel Piping ............................................................................................................................... 33
19.2 Level Gauges .............................................................................................................................................. 33
19.3 Utility Piping ................................................................................................................................................. 33
19.4 Tank Farm Piping ........................................................................................................................................ 33
19.5 Piping for Truck Loading and Jetty Facilities .............................................................................................. 34
20.0 Checklist ...................................................................................................................................................... 34
APPENDIX A: PIPE SPANS FOR PIPES RESTING ON MORE THAN TWO SUPPORTS ................................... 35
APPENDIX B: SCREENING REQUIREMENTS FOR AVOIDING VIBRATION INDUCED FATIGUE FAILURE OF
PIPING SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................................................... 39
APPENDIX C: DYNAMIC ANALYSIS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR PIPING SYSTEMS ............................. 43
APPENDIX-D: TYPICAL LOAD CASE (FOR REFERENCE ONLY) ...................................................................... 48
APPENDIX-E: PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS CHECKLIST-INPUT/OUTPUT .............................................................. 51
APPENDIX-F: SMALL BORE PIPING ..................................................................................................................... 56
APPENDIX-G: DETAILED ANALYSIS CONDITIONS FOR CRITICAL PIPING SYSTEMS ................................... 57
APPENDIX–H: USER FEEDBACK FORM .............................................................................................................. 59
APPENDIX–I: MAIN CHANGES .............................................................................................................................. 60

SP-2390 Version-1.0
1.0 SCOPE
This document defines the requirements of static and dynamic stress analysis for piping connected to
various types of processing equipment for the facilities designed according to ASME 31.3 process
piping code and also should be applied to B31.1 power piping and other utility facilties.
This document also defines the requirements of documentation of the piping stress analysis.
All piping systems shall be evaluated and analysed for adequate flexibility in accordance with this
document, applicable COMPANY specifications, International Codes and Standards referenced
herein. This document specifies the requirement for performing the pipe stress analysis.
Piping covered under equipment design codes is excluded from the scope of this specification.
This specification is intended for use in facilities related to oil and gas production, gas handling, oil
refining, chemical processing, gasification, distribution and supply. This specification may also be
applied in other similar facilities.
When this specifiation is applied, a Management of Change (MOC) process shall be implemented;
this is of particular importance when existing facilities are to be modified.
2.0 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
2.1 PDO/Company specification
SP-2339 - Low Energy Centrifugal Pumps Specification

(Aligned with international stds.)
SP-2340 - High Energy Pumps Specification (Aligned with

international stds.)
SP-2341 - Specification for Reciprocating Compressor

Packages (Aligned with international stds.)
SP-2355 - Specification for Centrifugal Compressor Packages

(Aligned with international stds.)
SP-2069 - Specification for Pressure Vessels
SP-2070 - Specification for Air cooled heat exchangers
SP-2170 - Specification for Shell & Tube heat exchangers
SP-2187 - Specification for Storage Tanks
SP-2279 - Specification for Flare System
SP-2373 - Specification for Piping – Process design

requirements
SP-2376 - Specification for Piping - Engineering layout

requirements
SP-2092 - GRP Specification (Qualification and Manufacturing)

Revision: Version 1.0
SP-2404 - Specification for shop & field fabrication /installation

of piping
SP-2411 - Specification for the primary supports
GU-629 - Application & Selection of Standard Pipe Supports
2.2 International Codes & Standards
ASME B31.1 - Power Piping
ASME B31.3 - Process Piping
ASME B31.4 - Pipeline transport system for liquid
ASME B31,8 - Gas transmission and distribution of piping system
AWWA M45 - Fibreglass Pipe Design
ASME Sec. -I - Power Boilers
ASME Sec. VIII - Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
ASME B16.5 - Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings NPS 1/2 through
NPS 24 Metric/Inch Standard
ASME B16.47 - Large Diameter Steel Flanges NPS 26 through NPS

60 Metric/Inch Standard
ASME B36.10M - Welded and seamless wrought steel pipe
ASME B36.19M - Stainless Steel Pipe
API 560 - Fired Heaters for General Refinery Service
API 610/ ISO 13709 - Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Service
API 617 - Axial and Centrifugal Compressors for petroleum,

Chemical and Gas Service
API 618 - Reciprocating Compressor for Petroleum, Chemical,

and Gas Industry Service
API RP520 - Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-

Relieving Devices in Refineries
API 650 - Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
API 661/ISO 13706 - Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger for General Refinery

Service
API 674 - Positive Displacement Pumps - Reciprocating
API 676 - Positive Displacement Pumps – Rotary
API RP686 - Recommended practise for machinery installation &

installation design
API 6A - Specification for wellhead and Christmas tree

equipment
ISO 13705 - Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries

- Fired heaters for general refinery service
ISO 15547 - Plate and Frame Heat Exchagers
NEMA SM 23 - Steam Turbines for Mechanical Drive Service
EJMA - Standards of the Expansion Joint Manufacturers

Association, Inc.
MSS SP-58 - Pipe hangers and supports-Material, design and

manufacture
WRC BUL-297 - Local stresses in cylindrical shells due to external

loading on nozzle
WRC BUL- 449 - Guidelines for the design/Installation of Pumps.
WRC BUL-537 - Precision equations and enhanced diagrams for local

Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells due to
external loadings for Implementation of WRC Bulletin
107.
ISO 14692 - Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries – Glass

Reinforced Plastics (GRP) Piping
Energy Institute Guide lines for the avoidance of

vibration induced fatigue Failure in process pipe
work.
Note : The applicable DEM1 DEPs shall be referred for the SHALL (PS) compliance.
3.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENT

Piping systems shall have sufficient flexibility to accommodate thermal expansion or contraction and
to prevent:
- Failure of piping or supports from overstress or fatigue.
- Leakage at joints.
- Excessive loads and moments on connected equipments, anchor points, flanged connections,
etc.
- Detrimental stresses or distortion in piping and valves or in connected equipment.
And also should be rigid enough to withstand dynamic loads due to slug, surge , water hammering
etc. and to be free of any undesirable vibrations
4.0 PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS

The purpose of the pipe stress analysis is to calculate the thermal expansion / sustained or dynamic
stresses, nozzle loads on the connected equipment and determine the type of pipe supports required.
5.0 STRESS CRITICAL LINE LIST

Pipe Stress Engineer shall be responsible to identify the critical lines on the project line-list and
prepare a critical line list log during the FEED and Detail engineering.
i) The following lines SHALL [PS] be included on the critical line-list and investigated by the
Contractor’s pipe stress engineer using formal comprehensive computer analysis:
a. pipe size DN 80 to DN 200 (NPS 3 to NPS 8) with design temperature above 230 °C
(450 °F);
b. pipe size DN 250 to DN 300 (NPS 10 to NPS 12) with design temperature above
175 °C (350 °F);
c. pipe size DN 350 to DN 450 (NPS 14 to NPS 18) with design temperature above
120 °C (250 °F);
d. pipe size DN 500 (NPS 20) and larger;
e. pipe size DN 80 and above (NPS 3 and above) connected to rotating equipment;
f. pipes of size DN 80 and above (NPS 3 and above) connected to air-cooled heat
exchangers;
g. pipes of size DN 80 and above (NPS 3 and above) connected to pulsating
equipment (reciprocating pumps or reciprocating compressors);
h. piping systems of size DN 80 (NPS 3) and larger where external movements, such
as differential settlement of equipment and/or supports could cause unacceptable
stresses or reaction forces;
i. all pipe sizes in cyclic service (regeneration/batch process) resulting in a stress
range factor f<0.7 per ASME B31.3 Fig. 302.3.5;
j. pipes of size DN 80 (NPS 3) and larger where engineered items are required like
spring supports, expansion joints, snubbers;
k. piping systems of size DN 80 and above (NPS 3 and above) subjected to slug flow
or water hammer;
l. piping systems of size DN 80 and above (NPS 3 and above) subjected to two-phase
flow;
m. pipes of size DN 80 (NPS 3) and above subjected to relief loads;
n. pipes of size DN 80 (NPS 3) and larger in very toxic services with design
temperatures above 200 °C (390 °F);
o. glass Reinforced Plastic piping systems sized DN 80 (NPS 3) and larger;
p. piping systems of size DN 80 (NPS 3) and larger subjected to steam out design and
which are not classified as critical lines in accordance with (5.0, Item i.a, i.b, i.c and
i.d);
q. jacketed piping systems of size DN 80 and above (NPS 3 and above);
r. piping systems of size DN 80 and above (NPS 3 and above) containing cryogenic
fluid (below -100 °C (-150 °F));
s. pipes connected to Wellheads and X-mas trees;

t. piping systems of size DN 80 (NPS 3) and larger with hub clamp connectors or
compact flanges;
u. pipes of size DN 80 (NPS 3) and larger along the derrick and the flare structure;
v. for all sizes of glass-lined pipe or piping connected to glass-lined equipment.
ii). For the following piping systems, as a minimum, a formal simplified or approximate
analysis (using manual methods) shall be performed:
a. size DN 80 to DN 200 (NPS 3 to NPS 8) with design temperatures from 93 °C
(200 °F) to 230 °C (450 °F);
b. size DN 250 (NPS 10) with design temperatures from 93 °C (200 °F) to 175 °C
(350 °F);
c. size DN 300 (NPS 12) with design temperatures from 40 °C (100 °F) to 175 °C
(350 °F);
d. size DN 350 to DN 400 (NPS 14 to NPS 16) with design temperatures from
40 °C (100 °F) to 120 °C (250 °F);
e. size DN 450 (NPS 18) with design temperatures from -18 °C (0 °F) to 120 °C
(250 °F);
f. sizes DN 250 (NPS 10) and above with lower design temperature from minus
50 °C (minus 58 °F) to minus 100 °C (minus 148 °F).
The formal simplified or approximate analysis method includes analytical and chart
methods that provide an evaluation of the forces, moments and stresses caused by
displacement strains.
iii). For existing piping systems, the applicable requirement from (5.0, Items i through ii)
shall be applied if a change to the piping system leads to an increase in the pipe
stresses.
iv). All critical lines shall be identified as such on the project line-list.
v). The Contractor shall ensure the integrity and flexibility of lines that are not on the
critical line list (“non-critical”).
6.0 ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
6.1 Caesar II software
The approved program for the purpose of computer analysis is “CAESAR II” latest version
unless otherwise agreed mutually with the Company (Petroleum Development Oman LLC). All
computer runs shall include temperature, pressure, weight and insulation if any as a minimum.
In case the latest version of Caesar II has not included important changes made to the latest
design code ASME B 31.3. The design contractor shall include these changes in the
calculations.
6.2 Caesar II set up file
Caesar default unit file (mm.fil) shall be used for the analysis or for deriving project specific unit
file.
6.3 Bourdon effect
The Bourdon effect shall be considered only in the translation and shall be considered for 900
# & above.
7.0 ALLOWABLE STRESS

Allowable stress value shall be in accordance with ASME B31.3 / ASME 31.1 according to the
respective system applicable code unless otherwise specified for metallic pipes.
Allowable stress value for GRP and non metallic piping material shall be obtained from manufacturer
for the analysis.
8.0 ANALYSIS INPUT REQUIREMENT
8.1 Stress Critical lines
All stress critical lines shall be analysed using the Caesar II software unless otherwise agreed
mutually with the Company.
The documentation shall be prepared and submitted in the form of stress analysis reports as per
section 14.0.
8.2 Non Critical lines
Lines which are not categorised as stress critical shall be verified by use of engineering experience
or approximate method, Non-critical piping systems shall be adequately flexible and wherever
possible, this should be achieved by the natural flexibility of the pipe-work configuration.
Documentation is not mandatory for these lines.
However, for any non-critical lines connected to equipment, ensure the loads on the equipments are
limited by using good engineering practice. It is consultant’s / contractor’s accountability to provide
the right pipe routing and adequate supports to meet the design and technical integrity.
For small bore piping, refer Appendix-F.
8.3 Design Conditions
8.3.1 Design Basis
A)All critical piping systems identified through (5.0, Item i to iii) SHALL [PS] be checked
for stresses caused by the following:
- pressure (internal/external pressures);
- weight effects of piping components and fluids;
- equipment vibration;
- thermal expansion and contraction;
- external loadings such as:
i. wind loads;( if applicable)
ii. seismic loads;( If applicable)
iii. settlement;
- stiffness changes;
- enforced displacements;
- shock loadings;
- as limited by the nozzle loading requirements in applicable code / approved vendor
drawing.
B)All critical piping systems identified through (5.0, Item i to iii) shall be analysed for the
detailed analysis conditions listed in Table provided in Appendix-G.
8.3.2 Line list
Project line list shall be the basis for all the pipe stress calculation.
8.3.3 Pressure
Ref . APPENDIX-G for the pressure conditions to be considered in the Analysis
8.3.4 Temperature
The maximum design temperature to be considered for the stress analysis for un-insulated
aboveground pipes shall be the black bulb temperature (82 deg C) or maximum design
temperature stated in the line list whichever is higher.
The minimum design temperature to be considered for the stress analysis for un-insulated
aboveground pipes shall be the lowest ambient temperature during winter (5˚C) or minimum
temperature stated in the line list whichever is lower.For the case of rotating equipment , the
nozzle loads shall be analysed with respect to Operating temperature and upset maximum &
minimum temperature.
Ref . APPENDIX-G for the Temperature conditions to be considered in the Analysis
8.4 Installation Temperature
Installation temperature shall be considered as 21°C unless otherwise specified.

Being a desert environment, the installation temperature of 35 deg C can be considered for the
lines operated at low temperature (less than zero) excluding blow down system in order to
evaluate the maximum stress range.
8.5 Expansion Stress Range
Expansion stress range SHALL [PS] be evaluated using a differential temperature of maximum
metal temperature and minimum metal temperature of piping system (the piping system could
possible reach as per process condition) to confirm that the calculated stress range is within
the Code allowable.
8.6 Stress Intensification Factor
Branch connection shall be modelled as per branch table of the applicable piping class. Stress
intensification factors (SIF) indices for 45° connection shall be considered carefully and stated
in all the calculations.
In the absence of any SIF Calculation, as a guideline SIF value for 45° can be considered as
2.25 times the SIF values of 90° branch.
For line with the diameter to thickness (D/t) ratio exceeds 100 (Example 42 inch or 48 inch lines
with standard wall thickness). Code ASME B31.3 does not provide any guidelines to calculate
the SIF for fittings of such size. For such cases, the SIF should be obtained from Vendors and
in case it is not available, SIF shoudl be calculated by Finite element analysis (FEA).
8.7 Pressure Relief Valve Loads
Reaction forces shall be calculated for both open and closed relief system in line with API RP
520 Part II. A dynamic loading factor (DLF) of 2 shall be considered for all reaction forces.
However, this is not applicable for thermal relief valves.
Safety relief valve discharge piping SHALL [PS] be designed to withstand both the dead loads
and the reactive or thrust loads taking into account the most severe case, such as possible
flashing conditions and liquid entrainment in vapour flows.
8.8 Slug Load
In multiphase flow where slugging is expected in a piping system, slug loads shall be calculated
and applied in both axes axial (Fx) & orthogonal (Fy) directions as shown in the fig - 1 below at
all changes of direction.
However Slug force need not to be applied at the elbow in the vertical down comer. For Tee
connection the slug load need not to be considered.
Slug force shall be calculated based on formula given below. The slug forces will be acting on
the different elbows at different time and the input in the software shall consider the same.
Fx= (р) (A) (V²) (DLF)*(1-cos θ )
Fy= (р) (A) (V²) (DLF)*(sin θ)
Fig-1
Where,
F - Load due to slug, at change in direction in Newton.
p - Density of the slug in kg/m³
A - Inside area of pipe cross-section in m²
V - Velocity of moving slug in m/sec
θ - Angle of bend (Degrees)
DLF - 1 for dynamic analysis & 2 for static analysis *
If the calculated slug forces (static) with dynamic load factor 2 are extremely high which results
in huge civil foundations, then it is recommended to carryout dynamic analysis using Caesar-II
module: Water Hammer / Slug Flow (spectrum).
8.9 Fatigue & Cyclic Loads
The piping analysis shall consider the effects of pressure cycling, thermal cycling, and other
cyclic loading. The stress analyst shall determine the number of cycles a piping system to be
designed.
If the full displacement thermal cycle exceeds 7000, then fatigue analysis to be carried out as
per the code ASME B31.3
8.10 Wind Load
Wind loading shall be considered in all four directions of the horizontal plane +X, -X,+Z & -Z
and not acting simultaneously. For calculating wind load on pipe, the shape factor shall be taken
as 0.7.
Wind force shall be considered for the following piping:
Pipe outside diameter 200 mm (including insulation thickness) and larger for elevation 10 m
and above from the finished ground level. Wind velocity/wind pressure shall be as per civil
design basis or metrological data.
8.11 Seismic Load
Seismic loads need not be considered unless otherwise specified as Oman is considered to be
under safe Zone. This should be consulted and confirmed with the civil team on each site zone
specific.
8.12 Surge
Surge analysis requirement shall be as per relevant clauses of SP-2373/DEP 31.38.01.25(Gen)

Piping – Process Design Requirement. The surge force shall be obtained from Process
simulation by process team. The surge analysis force screening shall be carried out as per
Energy institute Guideline. The surge pressure generated at a particular section/location may
be dispersed and stabled over the length of pipe due to back pressure, hence the surge force
should be imposed only in vicinity of those section subject to surge pressure.
The contractor shall obtain COMPANY (PDO) approval on the outcome result of Surge force
analyis if huge pipe supports / foundations ( more than 3T) are envisaged to absorb the surge
force.
8.13 Soil Settlement
Settlement expected post hydro test shall be considered for all storage tanks or vessels. The
settlement values shall be estimated by civil engineer.
Differential settlement between for new tank/vessel and connected piping shall be considered
as sustained vector in stress calculation. For existing tanks (five years since installed)
settlement not required to be considered.
8.14 Vessel Skirt growth
Vessel skirt growth is to be considered and modelled in the stress model; the vessel skirt growth
can be calculated with the following formula
Average temperature for skirt is (Ts) = [(Tv-Tamb) x F]+ Tamb
Where
Ts - Average skirt temperature in degree Fahrenheit
Tv - Vessel temperature in degree Fahrenheit
Tamb - Ambient temperature in degree Fahrenheit
F - skirt factor (to be calculated from the below table)
K*h/√t 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
F 1 0.8 0.54 0.38 0.28 0.22 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.1
K*h/√t 24 26 28 30 32 34
F 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
Where,
K - Insulation factor
= 1 for fully insulated line
= 1.7 for fire brick insulation (Applicable for skirt and to check for
saddles)
= 2.7 for un insulated (applicable for trunnions)
h - height of the skirt
t - thickness of the skirt.
8.15 External Displacement
External displacement where piping connected or supported should be considered if

applicable. The effect on piping systems of relative movement between modules, module
deflection, well head movements and other imposed deflections shall be investigated where
applicable.
8.16 Restraints
Lateral guides shall be provided as maximum as possible to control pipe movements and to
prevent buckling at the pipe section level. And also the line stops should be provided at
appropriate locations so as to prevent pipe linear displacement occured during any process
/operation upset scenario.
Guides/Stops should normally be modelled with no gaps and friction needs not be considered,
as it is insignificant. Any specific gaps provided on support must be noted on the stress sketches
and the isometrics. Friction shall be included in the analysis for vertical restraint
8.17 Spring Hanger Supports
When the piping system moves up or down due to thermal expansion, conventional rigid
support is not feasible, as it may not take load at all or it may act as a pivot. Under such
condition, it is recommended to use flexible support such as spring hangers. These spring
hangers sustain the primary load by their resistance against compression while allowing for free
thermal expansion.
Spring hangers are of two types:
 Variable Spring Hangers

 Constant Spring Hangers
For Pedestal support (“F” type spring), the horizontal displacement of the pipe is limited to ± 6
mm only. However, the horizontal displacement can be permitted up to ± 15 mm if sliding
assembly is considered on the load flange. The limitation on horizontal displacement of pipe is
to avoid overturning of load column of spring due to friction load.
For Hanging supports (Spring Hanger), the angle of deflection due to horizontal displacement
of pipe shall be limited to ± 4 deg.
8.17.1 Variable Spring Hangers:
Variable spring hangers are recommended where the load variation is not exceeding the values
given below for various systems:-
6% for the systems connected to Compressor and turbines.
15% for the systems connected to Pumps
25% for the systems connected to Static equipments
8.17.2 Constant Spring Hangers
Constant effort hangers provide constant supporting force in both cold and operating conditions.
When piping stresses and reactions are known to be close to allowable, most preferred type of
flexible support is constant support hanger. For critical, high temperature piping, at hanger
location where the vertical movement of piping is high or the load variation is above the limiting
value indicated in clause 8.17.1, then constant effort hangers are recommended.
8.18 Friction Effects
The reaction loads resulting from thermal movement shall include the effects of friction of the
pipe or pipe shoes on the pipe supports.
Generally, friction shall be considered at all vertical supports, particularly local to sensitive
equipment nozzles and long pipe runs. Application of Teflon or PTFE to supports should be
minimized due to prevailing environmental conditions at Oman (Sand storms in desert
condition)
Following Static friction coefficient shall be used in the calculations
 Steel to Steel - 0.3
 Steel to Concrete - 0.6
 Steel to PTFE/Teflon,
 St. Steel to St.Steel and
Steel to graphite - 0.1
8.19 Displacement at the tie-in points
Piping model shall be extended up to the first fixed point on the tie-in/terminal point. In the
absence of fixed point the model shall be extended upto minimum two change of directions(
line stop & Guide) to get the effect of thermal displacement.
Boundary condition shall be considered up to guide & Line stop support and terminated with
appropriate rotational restraint if no anchor is existing.
In case tie-in with the buried pipeline, the model shall be extended till the first virtual anchor.
8.20 Buried piping
Analysis of buried piping shall be carried out up to virtual anchor for metallic pipe. In case of
non metallic piping entire buried portion to be included in the model.
For buried pipeline, analysis shall be as per applicable ASME pipeline codes ASME
B31.4/ASME B31.8/ISO 14692(GRE Piping).
8.21 Thermal Displacement of Equipments

The thermal displacement of equipments shall be accounted by modelling equipments as rigid
elements unless otherwise nozzle displacements are provided by vendor.
For centrifugal compressor, steam turbine the thermal movement shall be obtained from vendor
and to be considered in the stress model. In the absence of compressor vendor nozzle
displacement values, the fixed point shall be considered largest suction nozzle.
However, local nozzle flexibility may be included wherever it becomes necessary to avoid over
conservative design. For equipments, Nozzle flexibility shall be as per WRC 297/537.
Vessel skirt/saddle expansion may be considered if the fluid temperature is more than 82 deg
C. Appropriate temperature may be used for skirt/saddle growth taking into account of heat
loss from the surface of the skirt/saddle.
Differential thermal expansion between piping and equipment shall be taken in to account for
all design cases.
8.22 Expansion Joints / Expansion Bellows
Expansion joints / Expansion bellows and other such mechanical devices such as sway braces,
snubber, strut, swivel joint etc., shall not be used without COMPANY (Petroleum Development
Oman) approval.
Expansion & Swivel joints SHALL [PS] not be used for either of the following:
i. in very toxic (1.3.2) services or;
ii. in systems with fluid services other than Category D where they would be
subjected
to torsional loads.
8.23 Rigid element data
Pipe data-Pro database or any equivalent software may be used for rigid weight when actual
weight or weight in CAESAR software library is not available. Bolts weight shall be considered
for the pipe flanges as per the following:-
150# - 600# - Pipe size 10” and above
900# and above - pipe size 2” and above
However, bolt weight shall be considered for all sizes at the equipment nozzles.
Actuated Valve weight can be considered as 1.5 times the manual valve if no vendor data is
available.
8.24 Support lift off
All the inactive supports in the maximum temperature design cases shall be checked with the
Code Compliance in sustained case as per the typical load case provided in Appendix-D.
For unloaded supports, the more conservative result obtained by the following iterative
procedure shall be applied whenever a pipe is lifted-off:
i). Calculate the vertical pipe centreline displacements at the applicable support locations in the
operational load case.
ii). Re-run all load cases for a new support arrangement where the supports unloaded in the
first iteration are now showing a vertical clearance equal to the in the first iteration determined
displacements at the applicable locations.
iii). Alternatively, the method suggested in the Appendix P of ASME B31.3 may be followed.
To prevent pipe lift-off from its supports, realistic wellhead growth shall be confirmed during
commissioning and startup through regular field measurements.
8.25 Insulation Density
Insulation density shall be– as perapplicable material standard / code and if not, equivalent
densities shall be calculated and input in software.
8.26 Density less than water
If the line is in vapour service, or in liquid service with density less than water, then the
hydrostatic test weight shall be included in the analysis.
8.27 Expansion Loops
Expansion loops or offsets shall be provided in piping systems where improved flexibility is
required.
8.28 Cold Spring
Cold-spring SHALL [PS] not be used to reduce thrust and moments on flanged joints or
equipment nozzles (refer to para. 319.2.4 in ASME B31.3).
The application of cold-spring for purposes other than to reduce thrust and moments on
flanged joints or equipment nozzles shall be subject to approval of the COMPANY’s
(Petroleum Development Oman) designated Mechanical Static technical authority.
8.29 Rotating Equipment
For piping connected to rotating equipment, the pipe stress analysis shall be based on the
following methods:
a) calculate piping loads on rotating equipment nozzles and combine in accordance with API
methods;
b) conduct a static, pulsation and mechanical analysis on piping systems for reciprocation
machinery or machinery subject to pulsating flows where the equipment code/applicable PDO
standard requires pulsation analysis.
Suction and discharge nozzle mating piping flanges (of rotating/reciprocating equipment) shall
be designed to maintain the misalignment within tolerances as specified in Appendix E of SP-
2404
The lateral misalignment shall be measured by disconnecting the piping flange with the
connected equipment.
The required support(Spring supports /adjustable supports / Guide ) adjacent to rotating
equipment nozzles to be considered in the analysis so that the flange alligment can be
achieved within the allowable limit . The constant spring support is highly preferred rather
than variable spring support at such critical location where the alignment of rotating equipment
nozzle is quite sensitive.
Refer APIRP 682 for the allowable measured misalignment limits.
In order to prevent transmission of vibrations to a compressor house, compressor piping shall
not be supported or otherwise connected to the building structure.
Pulsation study results shall be implemented in piping stress analysis for finalising pipe
support design of piping system. Piping system design, pulsation study report and pipe stress
analysis calculation results shall be submitted to the COMPANY (Petroleum Development
Oman) for approval.
To prevent fatigue failure of compressor piping, the following checks shall be performed:
a. screen for the potential for flow induced vibrations per Appendix B;
b. conduct a piping flexibility analysis including pressure surge scenarios;
Compressor inter-stage and discharge piping shall be sufficiently flexible to allow expansion
due to the heat of compression.
8.30 Flowline
The fundamental natural frequency (using modal analysis) of flowlines shall be in excess of 4
Hz.
Flowline movements shall be below the level that would have a detrimental effect on operating
and maintenance personnel.
Production flowlines shall be designed for slugging loads anticipated during the life time of the
well.
8.31 Flare sysem
Flare piping systems shall be analysed based on the project specific design envelop and to
consider the requirements for flare piping systems subject to two-phase flow.
9.0 ANALYSIS OUTPUT REQUIREMENT
9.1 Code Compliance
The minimum requirements for pipe stress analysis result shall be in compliance with the
applicable design code i.e. ASME B31.3/ISO 14692.
9.2 Analysis Method
a) The analysis method and design load cases shall be subject to review and approval by the
COMPANY (Petroleum Development Oman) for the critical systems identified in the DCAF
b) The method of analysis shall be determined by the requirements of ASME B31.3
para. 319.4.2.
c) Detailed computerised analysis shall be used for all the critical lines including the following
scenarios:
i) when the service conditions are cyclic, low temperature (< - 45 °C (- 49 °F));
ii) when the service conditions are vibratory, when significant external displacements are
applied, when the terminal reactions are of concern or;
iii) when the maximum combined displacement stress range, (incorporating appropriate
applicable stress intensification factors, estimated by approximate or simplified methods)
exceeds the allowable stress range.
d) Buried lines operating at temperatures above 100 °C (210 °F) SHALL [PS] be checked for
upheaval buckling.
e) Stress analysis by manual methods shall be applied only when the conditions of
ASME B31.3, para. 319.4.2(b) are met and when the piping is symmetrical in all places, is of
simple configuration and is within the scope of published handbook methods.
i). Complex piping systems shall not be reduced to simple configurations by the otherwise-
unnecessary introduction of intermediate anchors or guides
f) All lines likely subject to vibration due to high velocity flow (where the classification of
susceptibility to failure is "high" based on (Appendix B, B.1), high-pressure drop, water
hammer or mechanical excitation (pulsation beyond the criteria specified in (Appendix B, B.2)
shall be analysed by dynamic analysis in accordance with (Appendix C).
i). Also refer to section 10.0 for additional guidance on piping in vibrating service.
g) For piping systems greater than DN 50 (NPS 2):.
i) excitation forces of two-phase slug and plug flow piping system shall be determined per
Section 2.3.5 of DEP 31.38.01.25-Gen. specification SP-2373.
ii) dynamic analysis shall be carried out in accordance with (Appendix C).
h) At points where flow conditions change (e.g., where diameter or flow direction change) the
possible occurrence of movements shall be analysed and adequate measures taken to hold
the pipes in place, without the pipes and the supporting structure being over-stressed by
expansion or settlement.
i) Longitudinal pressure strain shall only be taken into account for long runs of pipe for high
pressure piping systems (Category K system in accordance with Appendix D, Table D.2 of
DEP 31.38.01.24-Gen. specification SP-2376)
j) Consideration should be given to the following when determining whether the loads/stresses
resulting from nozzle/wellhead displacements will be regarded as primary (sustained loads)
or secondary (displacement strains):
i). secondary stresses are compared to secondary allowable values;
ii) secondary allowables are higher than primary allowables (the secondary stress may even
exceed the material yield stress) due to the self-limiting character of loads.
k) In the case of nozzle/wellhead displacement, it shall be verified whether the displacement
induced loads are self-limiting, paying special attention to when a support is unloaded (pipe
lifted-off) in the operational load condition.
l) On wellheads, provisions shall be made (markers) to facilitate regular measurement and
checking of wellhead growth.
9.3 Pipe sag
Pipe sag due to weight of piping and contents should be kept minimum and shall not exceed
15mm in sustained and hydro test. Where deflection exceeds this amount, pipe supports shall
be added or pipe support span to be reviewed. Temporary supports may only be added to
limit such deflection during hydro test only.
Allowable pipe sag for GRP shall be 12.5mm as per ISO 14692.
Where free draining is required, the pipe sag shall be limited to 3mm
Sagging of 15mm is allowed in steam lines (under ASME B31.3 code) in operating condition
provided adequate drip leg/ steam traps are provided at appropriate location.
9.4 Flange Leakage
Flanges and mechanical pipe joints shall be assessed for the applied external forces and
moments in critical stress lines to ensure that flange and bolt stresses are not excessive and
joint leakage will not occur for size 12” and above.
All sizes under high critical sour service defined in SP-1190 and piping identified as K-service
flange leakage calculation shall be carried out based on Equivalent Pressure Method as per
ASME Sec III Div.1, NC-3658.1 or based on bending moment method as per ASME Sec III
Div.1, NC-3658.2 and NC- 3658.3.
For flanges which are designed as per API 6A, in the flange leakage calculation the force and
moments shall be within the limits mentioned in API 6A & 6F.
9.5 Two Phase Flow
Two phase lines shall be supported properly withhold downs, guides and axial stop to
avoid/minimize any possibility of vibration, which may occur during operation.
Mode analysis shall be performed for all the multi phase flow systems. The natural frequency
of those lines shall be in excess of 4 Hz and to ensure that the pipe supports are also provided
with natural frequency more than piping in the corresponding mode shape or with higher
stiffness.
In order to keep friction factor in dynamic condition consistent with static friction factor of 0.3,
friction stiffness factor 25 can be considered.
9.6 Allowable Nozzle Loads
Unless the Manufacturer/Supplier can submit documented design analysis or validation test
that higher loads/moments can be tolerated, allowable loads and moments on equipment
nozzles SHALL [PS] be in accordance with the relevant section for various equipments listed
below / applicable COMPANY (Petroleum Development Oman) equipment specifications
and their associated standards (e.g., ASME, API, ISO standards).
The nozzle loads shall be qualified for various operating conditions that occur under various
credible scenarios. Stress analysis temperature (at which nozzle load to be checked) should
be checked with process group where large difference occur (> 30 deg C) between operating
and design temperature condition within the line list.
In case of multiple line from equipments connected to a common header, all possible
operating combination shall be considered. Where nozzle load exceeds stated allowable
loads, loads are to be transferred to equipment group in order to communicate this
requirement to the equipment vendor(s).
In case compressor various possible operating scenario including recycle case are to be
considered.
For qualifying the nozzle load of static equipments consider the design temperature and for
rotating equipments consider operating temperature as given in line list. Stress check shall be
carried out for minimum design temperature, minimum and maximum temperature range,
thermal expansion, sustained, hydrotest and occasional loads.
For qualifying the existing equipment nozzle in the absence of nozzle allowable details where
piping system is changed, it is recommended to run pipe stress analysis of the existing piping
system than compare the nozzle load of existing and new piping system. If required WRC can
also be performed to qualify the nozzles.
9.6.1 Pressure Vessel & Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Pressure vessel nozzle loads shall be qualified based on SP 2069, Appendix-4. Where
required, nozzle flexibility may be included in the calculation. All calculation shall be
accordance with WRC 537 /WRC297
For the nozzle sizes above 24” & Pressure class rating #2500 and above, the calculated loads
shall be verified with static equipment engineer and to be included in the equipment
specification.
9.6.2 Air Cooler\Dump Condensor
The allowable forces and moments on the Air cooled heat exchanger shall be qualified as per
clause 7.1.10 of SP-2070.
9.6.3 Plate type Heat Exchanger.
The allowable forces and moments on the plate type heat exchanger shall be qualified as as
per ISO 15547 for severe Service.
9.6.4 Fired Heaters
The allowable forces and moments on the fired heater shall be qualified as per clause 9.2 of
API 560/ISO 13705.
9.6.5 Flare Stack
The piping nozzle load on the flare stack shall be as per SP 2069 and to be confirmed with
vendor.
9.6.6 Centrifugal Pump
Loads acting on API centrifugal pump suction and discharge nozzles shall be limited to the
nozzle loadings permitted by the API 610 with factor for Table-5 allowable as 2. For Non-API
pumps nozzle loading shall be limited to allowable values provided by manufacturer.
9.6.7 Rotary Pump
Loads acting on API rotary pump suction and discharge nozzles shall be limited to the nozzle
loadings permitted by two (2) times the allowable as per clause 6.2 of API 676. For Non-API
pumps nozzle loading shall be limited to allowable values provided by manufacturer.
Anchor-free analysis/Nozzle disconnected case (WNC Case) shall be performed based on
allowable displacement of 3 mm in axial direction and 2 mm in lateral direction. In case of
system with spring hanger, this check shall be performed with spring in unlocked condition.
This will ensure strain free alignment of rotating equipment with connected piping.
9.6.8 Reciprocating Pump
Loads acting on API reciprocating pump suction and discharge nozzles shall be limited to two
(2) times the nozzle loadings permitted as per clause 6.6 of API 674. For Non-API pumps
nozzle loading shall be limited to allowable values provided by manufacturer. For the case of
pressure pulsation, the piping shall be supported with rigid supports to accommodate the
pulsation force and the pipe system routing / support types to be confirmed with vendor.
9.6.9 Vertical In-line Pump
Small vertical in-line Pumps (15 kW & less) shall be supported immediately adjacent to suction
and discharge flanges using conventional pipe supports. Piping forces shall be determined
considering pump as a rigid but as an un-anchored system of the piping system.
Large vertical pumps furnished with casing foot-mount shall be supported on suitable
foundations
Loads shall be in accordance with two (2) times API 610 as a minimum.
9.6.10 Metering Pump
Allowable nozzle loads for metering pumps (designed to API Small vertical in-line Pumps (15
kW & less) shall be supported immediately adjacent to suction and discharge flanges using
conventional pipe supports. Piping forces shall be agreed with the vendor.
9.6.11 Centrifugal Compressor
As guide line centrifugal compressor nozzle loads shall be three (3) times API 617 (Annex
2E) or corresponding equivalent of NEMA SM 23 (Clause 8.4.6). This needs to be confirmed
with Rotating discipline engineer prior to finalise the analysis.
Nozzle load shall be evaluated considering friction on pipe support as well as without friction
on pipe support.
Whenever the calculated loads on the nozzle are above the allowable loads, the same shall
be verified with rotating equipment engineer and to be included in the equipment specification.
9.6.12 Reciprocating Compressor
The allowable nozzle loads shall be discussed and agreed with rotating equipment engineer
during the start of the project and to be included in the equipment specification.
In order to prevent the vibration from the pressure pulsation, piping system should be
supported such a way that its frequency is higher than the critical frequency (normally 3rdh
Harmonic frequency of the compressor) to avoid resonance. If the piping system is not able
to be maintained with the natural frequency more than compressor 3rdh harmonic frequency,
at least the natural frequency should be higher than the 2.4 times of max. run speed. It is
recommended to keep the piping system with minimum elbows on both suction and discharge
piping until the anchor point and to avoid frequent change of directions.
Compressor vendor shall carry out analogue (Pulsation) study for compressor suction and
discharge piping between compressor, suction/discharge knock out drums and air cooler on
the piping layout, which meets the requirement of static and dynamic stress analysis. Ensure
the required Hold down supports are placed in as per the recommendation by Pulsation study.
If there are changes in piping configuration as an outcome of analogue study, stress analysis
is to be performed again to meet the requirement of nozzle loads. It shall be ensured that the
system meets both the requirement i.e. static analysis and analogue study
Pipe rack, pipe supports and all related structures shall be designed to cater for analogue
study outcomes in all aspects.
The above work shall be completed before the compressor vendor carries out an acoustic
simulations/mechanical response study in accordance with API 618 para 3.9.
9.6.13 Rotary Compressor
Rotary compressor nozzle loads shall be as follows:

Three (3) times the nozzle allowable as per Annex C of API 619 or corresponding equivalent
of NEMA SM 23(Clause 8.4.6)
For the calculated nozzle loads which exceed the above shall be discussed and agreed with
rotating equipment engineer during the start of the project and to be included in the equipment
specification.
9.6.14 Liquid ring vacuum pumps and Compressors
The allowable nozzle loads shall be as per manufacturer’s standard.
9.6.15 Storage Tanks
Allowable nozzle loads using nozzle flexibility shall comply with API 650, Appendix-P. As a
guideline, the forces and moments on the tank nozzle to be limited to 20 D and 40 D
respectively, where “D” is the diameter of the nozzle in mm, force in “Newton” and Moments
in “Newton-meter”.
Tank settlement, outward movement of the shell and nozzle inclination under full liquid load
conditions shall be taken into account when calculating bending moments and forces on tank
nozzles.
While considering the tank settlement, the first support foundation settlement also to be taken
into account while analysising the nozzle loads on the shell side.
9.6.16 Steam Turbine
The allowable forces and moments on the steam turbine nozzles shall comply with the nozzle
load criteria of NEMA SM 23
9.6.17 Auxilary Boiler/HRSG
The allowable forces and moments on the auxiliary boiler/HRSG nozzles shall be as
recommended by the vendor.
9.6.18 Packaged Equipment
Packaged equipment such as Manifold, MSV, Metering skid etc., to be analysed as an integral
part of connected system for the critical lines as per clause 5.0 of this specification. Unless
agreed otherwise, the piping to packaged equipment shall be anchored on the vendor piping
as close as to the vendor interface as practical.
Vendor shall provide the required rigid supports (Gudies/line stops) on the pipings so as to
withstand the loads imposed during material handling & transport.
9.6.19 Well Head
Stress analysis for piping connected to well head (Christmas tree) has to be carried out to
check for the allowable loads on the nozzle of Christmas tree.
Allowable flange loading for Christmas tree shall be as per API TR 6AF.and API TR AF2.
The maximum potential well head growth shall be obtained from sub-surface team.
9.6.20 Other Equipments
For equipment not specified in clause 9.6.1 to 9.6.19 above, allowable loads and moments
SHALL [PS] be followed in accordance with vendor specified values in agreement with
Mechanical discipline lead. It is recommended that these discussions take place at the early
stages of the project.
The Contractor should provide additional flexibility in the piping rather than require additional
nozzle reinforcement.
Dynamic/cyclic piping loads transferred from the piping to equipment shall within the defined
allowable equipment nozzle loads.
9.7 Anchor free Analysis
Anchor-free analysis/Nozzle disconnected case (WNC Case) shall be performed for the piping
connected to the rotating equipments.
Anchor-free analysis/Nozzle disconnected case (WNC Case) shall be performed based on
allowable displacement of 3 mm in axial direction and 2 mm (effective) in lateral direction. In
case of system with spring hanger this check shall be performed with spring in unlocked
condition. This will ensure strain free alignment of rotating equipment with connected piping.
Ref. section 8.29 for the required criteria to ensure the missalligment within the allowable
limit.
.
10.0 VIBRATION
The effects of vibration in piping systems shall be investigated where appropriate. Where
necessary, additional stops, guides and hold-downs shall be added in order to reduce
vibration effects.
Areas of consideration as follows:
a) Vibration directly or indirectly imposed by rotating equipments.
b) Valves( e,g control valves/Blow down valves/Relive valve) or RO subject to large
pressure drops.
c) Shock due to water hammer.

d) Fatigue due to vibration on piping components and particularly small branches.
e) Vibration on multi-phase flow lines.
f) Acoustic and flow induced vibration
g) Transport
As a ‘rule of thumb’ piping system shall be checked to the following criteria:
 Slug or Two phase flow –Natural frequency > 4 Hz. However, for the system
having small bore branch 2” & less is recommended to have natural frequency
of 7Hz at this location.
In addition to the above, a detailed Piping SHALL [PS] be screened using (Appendix B) to
determine the susceptibility to failure due to flow-induced vibrations.
All piping systems potentially subject to vibration due to high velocity flow where the
classification of susceptibility to failure is "high" based on (Appendix B, B.1), high-pressure
drop, water hammer or mechanical excitation (pulsation beyond the criteria specified in
(Appendix B, B.2) shall be considered to be piping systems in vibrating service.
Piping classified as “high” susceptibility category, per (Appendix B) SHALL [PS] be further
assessed and designed in accordance with the requirements in Section 3 of the “Energy
Institute guidelines for the avoidance of vibration induced fatigue failure in process pipework”.
Equipment induced pulsations shall be limited to within the requirements specified in
specification SP-2341and API 674, as applicable.
Piping subject to pulsating vibrations, shall be anchored and guided by means of heavy duty
pipe clamps specially designed for this type of service.
11.0 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

It is is preferred to carry out dynamic analysis for the following load cases.
Slug flow analysis
Pressure relief valve analysis
Surge analysis
Seismic analysis.
Pulsating flow
12.0 EXCLUSION FOR FEED PHASE

Stress analysis for lines 3” and below
Stress analysis for non-critical system
Effect of skirt growth
Type of springs whether Hanger/CAN type.
Wind/Seismic Load cases
Effect of Tank settlement
Flange leakage calculations
Trunnion calculation
Effect of Slug load
Effect of pressure Surge analysis
Effect of PRV loads (Except line connected to the rotating equipment)
Pulsation study on reciprocating compressor
Dynamic analysis of any system
Stress analysis of piping in RMS & Well pad
Effect of fatigue and cyclic loads
Vibration Analysis
Analysis of Steam Piping and Condensate piping during system warm up conditions
13.0 LOAD CASE

As a guideline, the following load cases as minimum are to be followed for stress analysis:-
Hydro-Test case
Operating load case
Sustained load case
Expansion load case
Occasional load case
A typical load case combination is attached as Appendix-D for reference.
14.0 DOCUMENTATION
The pipe stress analysis report shall contain the following as a minimum:-
Description of Input data, Assumption, Recommendation and conclusion.
Extract of Process critical line list for specified system
Process Engineering Flow Scheme (PEFS) with system identification
Applicable Equipment drawing with data sheet
Applicable Piping Class
Isometric drawing (If applicable)

Spring hanger data sheets (If applicable)
Load case report
Stress summary
Restraint summary extended report
Anchor free analysis displacement report if applicable
A Conclusion/Recommendation section to state the following:
compliance to code allowed stresses (with and without friction);
compliance to vendor allowed forces and moments on equipment nozzles with details of
nozzle flexibility considered, agreement with vendor for increased nozzle forces and moments
if any (with and without friction);
first natural frequency of the system (for piping subjected to acoustic induced vibration/flow
induced vibration or connecting to rotating equipment) and its acceptability with respect to
excitation frequency;
design misalignment of suction and discharge flanges of rotating/reciprocating equipment and
its acceptability with respect to. specification SP-2341 / API RP 682
15.0 APPLICABLE CALCULATION

 Equipment Nozzle Allowable analysis
 PSV Reaction force calculation
 Surge load Calculation
 Slug load calculation.
 Flange leakage check
 Trunnion calculation
 Anchor free analysis
 WRC 537/297 analysis
 Saddle width Calculation for GRP Pipe.
 Adhesive Joint Calculation for GRP Pipe.
16.0 PIPE SUPPORTS

1. Pipe supports shall be in accordance with PDO Standards.
2. In the absence of specific pipe support span calculations, the span between horizontal pipe
supports shall be selected in accordance with Appendix A.
3. Where necessary to use spring supports, snubbers or sway braces, they shall be
permanently accessible or accessible by mobile platform.
4. Although the most commonly applied type of spring assembly is the "variable load" unit, if
very low variable loads are essential, such as pipes connected to strain-sensitive equipment
or for critical systems with large movements, "constant load" type units shall be used.
5. Supports should be located as close as practicable to changes in direction but allow

adequate flexibility for thermal expansion and settlement of the pipe.
17.0 PIPING LOADS FOR DESIGN OF STRUCTURES

As a minimum, the following type of piping loads shall be included in the piping load data for
the design of structures:
a. piping loads (including wind and seismic loads as applicable ) based on pipe stress analysis
conditions
b. piping loads based on operational conditions where the density of the liquid is higher than
water;
c. piping system’s pipe friction forces and (reaction) pipe anchor loads;
d. piping system test loads (hydrotest loads);
e. piping system empty weight loads;
f. piping system transient pipe loads.( i.e slug/surge etc.)
18.0 SMALL BORE PIPING

1. Small bore branch connections in vibrating service meeting any of the following criteria
SHALL [PS] have minimum branch size equal or larger than Table 2:
a. flow induced vibrations evaluated in accordance with screening criterion given in Appendix
B, B.2 with medium and high Classification for susceptibility to failure;
b.equipment induced vibrations exceeding the criterion in Appendix B, B.2;
c.high frequency acoustic excitation vibrations evaluated in accordance with screening
criterion given in (Appendix B, B.4) with sound power level (PWL) exceeding 155 dB.
Table 2 Minimum branch size to run pipe size
Run Size Branch Size
DN 20 through DN 50 (NPS ¾ DN 20 (NPS ¾)
through NPS 2)
DN 80 through DN 300 (NPS 3 DN 25 (NPS 1)
through NPS 12)
Greater than DN 300 (Greater than DN 40 (NPS 1 ½)
NPS 12)
2. From flow induced vibration perspective, where the classification of susceptibility to failure
is "high" based on (Appendix B, B.1), the design shall address the bracing of these branches
to the run-pipe .
3. The DSS small bore branch ( 2” & less) with forged branch fittings (e,g nippolet/ weldoet)
shall be provided with bracing irrespective service coniditons and the same needs to be
considered while carrying out any detail analysis of system natural frequency.
4. Tubing design installation and support shall be in accordance with Energy Institute
"Guidelines for the design, installation and management of small bore tubing assemblies" 2nd
edition May 2013.
19.0 PIPING ADJACENT TO EQUIPMENT
19.1 Pressure Vessel Piping
1. Vertical pipes branching from columns and other vertical vessels shall have a resting support
near the nozzle and be guided at regular intervals to protect the pipe against vibrations, wind
load and/or buckling.
a. If the loads on this resting support are too high, a spring support should be positioned
at a lower elevation in order to reduce them.
b. For the required flexibility of the piping, attention should be paid to the location of the
lowest guiding support.
2. Pipe supports on pressure vessels shall be bolted to cleats welded to the vessel.
a. The cleats designed by the Contractor shall form an integral part of the pressure vessel.
b. The cleats designed by the Contractor should be standardised where practical.
c. Cleats and the connected pipe supports or supporting steel shall be designed as part of
the insulation system to mitigate water ingress.
19.2 Level Gauges
1. Magnetic type level gauges with an operating temperature above 260 °C (500 °F) shall be
subjected to a differential thermal expansion stress analysis.
2. Loads on equipment nozzles, caused by the weight or thermal expansion of stand pipes with
level gauges or by magnetic type level gauges, shall be verified.
a. To verify the thermal expansion forces, it shall be assumed that the equipment is at design
temperature and the stand pipe or magnetic type level gauge is at ambient temperature.
19.3 Utility Piping
Large cooling water pipes should be assessed for special supports to prevent subsidence.
19.4 Tank Farm Piping
a. The first pipe support shall be located sufficiently far away from the tank to allow for tank
settlement and the thermal expansion of the vertical pipe leg.
i.The distances indicated in Table 3 may be used as a guide.
b. If tank settlement above an acceptable limit is expected, precautions shall be taken to

cope with this settlement (e.g., by using loops or expansion joints).
Table 3 Distance between a tank and first support
Pipe size Distance between tank

and first support
DN 100 and smaller 5 m (16 ft)
(NPS 4 and smaller)
DN 150 (NPS 6) 6 m (20 ft)
DN 200 (NPS 8) 7 m (23 ft)
DN 250 (NPS 10) 8 m (26 ft)
DN 300 (NPS 12) 9 m (30 ft)
DN 350 (NPS 14) 10 m (33 ft)
DN 400 (NPS 16) 10 m (33 ft)
DN 450 (NPS 18) 10 m (33 ft)
DN 500 and larger (NPS 12 m (40 ft)
20 and larger)
1. For tank pipes of DN 500 and larger (NPS 20 and larger), spring or balanced supports
may be considered.
19.5 Piping for Truck Loading and Jetty Facilities
Piping reaction forces on the loading arm flange shall be minimised.
20.0 CHECKLIST
The Checklist shall be completed by pipe stress engineer and checking engineer.
Format of checklist is attached as Appendix-E.
APPENDIX A: PIPE SPANS FOR PIPES RESTING ON MORE THAN TWO

SUPPORTS
A.1 CARBON STEEL AND HEAVY WALL STAINLESS STEEL
1. For systems where (A.1, Item 2) does not apply, refer to Table A.1 for span data applicable
to the following:
a. carbon steel pipes for sizes DN 50 (NPS 2) and above, STD wall and heavier, with a
maximum temperature of 350 °C (660 °F);
b.austenitic stainless steel pipes, schedule 40S and heavier, DN < 400 (NPS < 16), with a
maximum temperature of 350 °C (660 °F);
c.carbon steel pipes for sizes DN 15 (NPS ½) to DN 40 (NPS 1 ½), schedule 80 wall and
heavier, with a maximum temperature of 350 °C (660 °F).
2. For free draining pipes with a slope shallower than 1:240, Table A.1 shall not be used.
3. Spans shown in Table A.1 are based on straight pipe; other configurations shall be multiplied
by a shape factor in accordance with the sketch shown in Table A.1.
Table A.1 Maximum spans for carbon steel and heavy wall stainless steel
Pipe size Maximum span1)

Vapour service Liquid service
Bare Insulated2) Bare Insulated2)
DN 15 900 mm 800 mm 900 mm 800 mm
(NPS ½) (3 ft) (2 ½ ft) (3 ft) (2 ½ ft)
DN 20 1400 mm 1200 mm 1400 mm 1200 mm
(NPS ¾) (4 ½ ft) (3.9 ft) (4 ½ ft) (3.9 ft)
DN 25 3600 mm
(NPS 1)
(11.8 ft) 2300 mm (7.5 ft) 3450 mm (11.3 ft) 2250 mm (7.3 ft)
DN 40 3600 mm
(NPS 1 ½)
(11.8 ft) 3000 mm (9.8 ft) 3450 mm (11.3 ft) 2800 mm (9.1 ft)
DN 50 3600 mm
(NPS 2)
(11.8 ft) 3450 mm (11.3 ft) 3450 mm (11.3 ft) 3300 mm (10.8 ft)
DN 80
(NPS 3) 6550 mm (21.4 ft) 4600 mm (15 ft) 5450 mm (17.8 ft) 4200 mm (13.7 ft)
DN 100
(NPS 4) 7500 mm (24.6 ft) 5550 mm (18.2 ft) 6100 mm (20 ft) 4900 mm (16 ft)
DN 150
(NPS 6) 9150 mm (30 ft) 6800 mm (22.3 ft) 7100 mm (23.2 ft) 5800 mm (19 ft)
DN 200 10500 mm (34.4
(NPS 8) ft) 8050 mm (26.4 ft) 7950 mm (26 ft) 6700 mm (21.9 ft)
Pipe size Maximum span1)

DN 250 11800 mm (38.7
(NPS 10) ft) 9050 mm (29.6 ft) 8700 mm (28.5 ft) 7400 mm (24.2 ft)
DN 300 12900 mm (42.3
(NPS 12) ft) 9800 mm (32.1 ft) 9150 mm (30 ft) 7800 mm (25.5 ft)
DN 350 15150 mm (49.7 11850 mm (38.8 ft) 10850 mm (35.5 ft) 9300 mm (30.5 ft)
(NPS 14) ft)3)
(NPS 16) ft)3)
(NPS 18) ft) 3)
DN 500 18200 mm 14450 mm (47.4 ft) 11750 mm (38.5 ft) 10400 mm (34.1 ft)
(NPS 20) 3)
(59.7 ft)
DN 600 18950 mm 16050 mm (52.6 ft) 12150 mm (39.8 ft) 10950 mm (35.9 ft)
(NPS 24) 3)
(62.1 ft)
DN 750 21000 mm 17500 mm 13100 mm 11500 mm (37.7 ft)
3)
(NPS 30) (68.9 ft) (57.4 ft) (43 ft)
DN 900 22700 mm 18500 mm 13700 mm 12500 mm
3)
(NPS 36) (74.5 ft) (60.7 ft) (45 ft) (41 ft)
DN 1050 23400 mm 19500 mm 14300 mm 13000 mm
3)
(NPS 42) (76.8 ft) (64 ft) (47 ft) (42.6 ft)
DN 1200 25000 mm 20500 mm 14600 mm 13400 mm
3)
(NPS 48) (82 ft) (67.2 ft) (48 ft) (44 ft)
NOTES: 1. Spans are based on straight pipe. A shape factor, as illustrated in the following
sketches, applies for other configurations
2. The weight of insulation and sheeting is based on insulation thickness varying from 50
mm (2 in) for DN 15 (NPS ½ ) to 160 mm (6 ¼ in) for DN 1200 (NPS 48) and a density
of 190 kg/m3 (12 lb/ft3).
3. Spans limited by deflection. All other spans are limited by longitudinal bending stress.
A.2 STAINLESS STEEL, SCHEDULE 10S
1. For systems where (A.2, Item 2) does not apply, refer to Table A.2 for span data applicable
to the following::
a. austenitic stainless steel pipes, schedule 10S with a maximum temperature of 350 °C
(660 °F);
b. duplex stainless steel pipes, schedule 10S and heavier, with a maximum temperature
of 280 °C (535 °F).
2. For free draining pipes with a slope shallower than 1:900, Table A.2 shall not be used.
3. Spans shown in Table A.2 are based on straight pipe; other configurations shall be multiplied
by a shape factor in accordance with the sketch shown in Table A.2.
Table A.2 Maximum spans for stainless steel, schedule 10S
Pipe size Maximum span1), 2)

DN 25
(NPS 1) 2200 mm (7.2 ft) 1800 mm (5.9 ft) 2100 mm (6.8 ft) 1800 mm (5.9 ft)
DN 40 2800 mm (9.1 ft)
(NPS 1 ½) 2500 mm (8.2 ft) 2400 mm (7.8 ft) 2500 mm (8.2 ft)
DN 50 2800 mm (9.1 ft)
(NPS 2) 2600 mm (8.5 ft) 2700 mm (8.8 ft) 2600 mm (8.5 ft)
DN 80
(NPS 3) 6400 mm (21 ft) 4050 mm (13.2 ft) 4950 mm (16.2 ft) 3500 mm (11.4 ft)
DN 100
DN 150
(NPS 6) 9400 mm (30.8 ft) 5750 mm (18.8 ft) 5950 mm (19.5 ft) 4600 mm (15 ft)
DN 200 10750 mm (35.2
(NPS 8) ft) 6800 mm (22.3 ft) 6450 mm (21.1 ft) 5200 mm (17 ft)
DN 250 10750 mm (35.2
DN 300 10750 mm (35.2
(NPS 12) ft) 8250 mm (27 ft) 7350 mm (24.1 ft) 6050 mm (19.8 ft)
DN 350 10750 mm (35.2
DN 400
(NPS 16) 11000 mm (36 ft) 9450 mm (31 ft) 7750 mm (25.4 ft) 6550 mm (21.4 ft)
DN 450
DN 500 11500 mm (37.7
Pipe size Maximum span1), 2)

DN 600 12000 mm (39.3
(NPS 24) ft) 11000 mm (36 ft) 9050 mm (29.6 ft) 8050 mm (26.4 ft)
DN 750 14000 mm (45.9
DN 900 16000 mm (52.5
DN 1050
(NPS 42) 18000 mm (59 ft) 16500 mm (54 ft) 12500 mm (41 ft) 11500 mm (37.7 ft)
DN 1200 20000 mm (65.6
(NPS 48) ft) 17300 mm (56.8 ft) 13500 mm (44.3 ft) 12500 mm (41 ft)
NOTES: 1. Spans are based on straight pipe. A shape factor, as illustrated in the following sketches, applies
for other configurations .
2. Spans are limited by longitudinal bending stress.

3. The weight of insulation and sheeting is based on insulation thickness varying from 50 mm (2 in)
for DN 25 (NPS 1) to 160 mm (6¼ in) for DN 1200 (NPS 48) and a density of 190 kg/m3 (12 lb/ft3).
APPENDIX B: SCREENING REQUIREMENTS FOR AVOIDING

VIBRATION INDUCED FATIGUE FAILURE OF PIPING SYSTEMS
B.1 GENERAL
1. Refer to the following sections for the screening requirements to prevent vibration induced
fatigue failure of piping systems due to the following types of vibrations:
a. Appendix B.2: Flow induced vibrations;
b.Appendix B.3: Pulsation and transient vibrations;
c.Appendix B.4: High frequency acoustic excitation.
2. For types of vibrations other than those mentioned in B.1, Item 1 or where vibration is
anticipated or where there is a history of vibration problems piping system shall be assessed
and designed in accordance to “Energy Institute guidelines for the avoidance of vibration
induced fatigue failure in process pipework”.
B.2 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS
Flow induced vibrations (FIV) are more predominant in turbulent flow regime piping systems.
The turbulent flow regime generates potentially high levels of kinetic energy local to the turbulent
source. This energy is distributed across a wide frequency range, the majority of the excitation
is concentrated at low frequency. This type of vibration leads to displacement of piping system
and in some cases also leads to damage to pipe supports.
1.Table B.1 shall be followed for the susceptibility to failure of piping systems due to flow induced
vibrations:
Table B.1 Susceptibility of failure
2. For flare and vent piping system FIV criterion, refer to SP-2373/DEP 31.38.01.25(Gen) Piping
– Process Design Requirement..
3. Based on the classification in Table B.1 for susceptibility to failure:
a. For “Negligible” classification for susceptibility to failure, piping system design shall
meet:
i. pipe support span requirements in accordance with Appendix-A
ii. small bore branch connection requirements in accordance with Cl.18.0.
b. For “Medium” classification for susceptibility to failure, piping system design shall meet:
i. pipe support span requirements in accordance with Appendix-A
ii. Small bore branch connection requirements in accordance with Cl.18.0.
Around excitation sources (valves, tees, elbows) of piping systems, this implies that
the support span will be reduced to 2/3rds of the support span of Appendix-A
For liquid service piping systems with wall thickness less than or equal to Sch.10S,
the support span will be reduced to 2/3rds of the support span of Appendix-A
iii. For multiphase piping systems with wall thickness less than or equal to Schedule
10S, are to be designed in accordance with Section 3 of “Energy Institute guidelines for
the avoidance of vibration induced fatigue failure in process pipework”.
c. For “High” classification for susceptibility to failure, refer to Cl.10.0.
4. If the piping system cannot meet detailed assessment “Energy Institute guidelines for the
avoidance of vibration induced fatigue failure in process pipework” requirements for medium and
high susceptibility failure categories, the piping system shall be evaluated using dynamic
analysis methods.
B.3 PULSATION AND TRANSIENT VIBRATIONS
1. Pulsation due to periodic flow induced excitation, which is only relevant for gas lines (e.g.,
condensable gasses) containing dead legs, should satisfy the criterion described in Equation
B.1 or Equation B.2 as applicable.
Eqn B.1
D [=] inches Eqn B.2
Where D is inside diameter of dead leg branch.
2. If the criterion in B.3, Item 1 is not met for dead legs, then those dead legs in the piping
systems shall be assessed and designed in accordance to “Energy Institute guidelines to
prevent vibration induced fatigue failure in process pipework”.
3.If piping system cannot meet detailed described in B.3, Item 2, then the piping system shall be
evaluated using dynamic analysis methods and / or reference [T2-2] in the “Energy Institute
guidelines to prevent vibration induced fatigue failure in process pipework”.
If pulsations are limited to within the requirements of as specified SP-2341 and also in
accordance to Equation B.1 or Equation B.2, then no additional study is required.
4. If there are piping systems that will experience slug flow, or transient vibrations (flashing,
cavitation, and surge/momentum) then these piping systems shall be analysed per the “Energy
Institute guidelines for the avoidance of vibration induced fatigue failure in process pipework”.
5. If the piping system cannot meet the detailed assessment described in B.3, Item 4, then the
piping system shall be evaluated in accordance with Appendix C.
B.4 HIGH FREQUENCY ACOUSTIC EXCITATION
High frequency acoustic excitation is more predominant in gas piping systems with pressure
reducing devices (e.g., relief valve, control valve or orifice plate). This type of vibration takes the
form of local pipe wall flexure resulting in potentially high dynamic stress levels at circumferential
discontinuities on the pipe wall, fabricated tees or welded pipe supports, small bore connections.
1. For studying the effect of “high frequency acoustic excitation” on piping systems, sound
power level of piping system shall be calculated as per Equation B.3 or Equation B.4.
in Equations B.3 and B.4, SFF is a correction factor to account for multiple occurrences of sonic
flow in a line. If consecutive sonic conditions exist, then SFF=6; otherwise SFF = 0.
in metric engineering units:
𝑃1 −𝑃2 3.6 𝑇 1.2

𝑃𝑊𝐿 = 10 log10 [( ) 𝑊 2 (𝑀𝑤) ] + 126.1 + 𝑆𝐹𝐹 Eqn B.3
𝑃1
Where:
P1 is upstream pressure (bara)
P2 is downstream pressure (bara)
W is flow rate (kg/s)
T is upstream temperature (K)
Mw is molecular weight (grams/mol)
in USC engineering units:

𝑃1 −𝑃2 3.6 𝑇 1.2
𝑃𝑊𝐿 = 10 log10 [( ) 𝑊 2 (𝑀𝑤) ] + 116.2 + 𝑆𝐹𝐹 Eqn B.4
𝑃1
Where:
P1 is upstream pressure (psia)
P2 is downstream pressure (psia)
W is flow rate (lbm/s)
T is upstream temperature (°R)
Mw is molecular weight (the ratio of the mass of a molecule to the unified atomic mass
unit (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of the isotope carbon-12).
2. Piping systems with sound power level (PWL) > 155 dB shall be further assessed and
designed in accordance to “Quantitative” methods of Section T-2, Energy Institute guidelines for
the avoidance of vibration induced fatigue failure in process pipework.
APPENDIX C: DYNAMIC ANALYSIS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

FOR PIPING SYSTEMS
C.1 GENERAL
The effect of a dynamic load on a piping system is the result of the interaction between the
dynamic excitation force or displacement and the dynamical properties of the piping system.
In this Appendix attention is focused on the following aspects:

 the excitation mechanism or dynamic loads;
 analysis of piping system subjected to dynamic loads.
C.2 DYNAMIC LOADS ON PIPING SYSTEMS
C.2.1 General
1. Dynamic loads on piping systems can be categorised as follows:
a. mechanically induced dynamic loads;
b. fluid mechanical excitation dynamic loads;
c.transient dynamic loads.
C.2.2 Mechanically induced dynamic loads
Mechanically induced dynamic loads are often related to rotating equipment.
Mechanical induced dynamic loads are characterized by periodic excitation forces or

displacements of moderate amplitude but of long duration. (of the order of minutes - days).
For the mechanically induced excitation type, mitigation attention is focused on keeping the
natural frequency of the pipe away from the source frequency or isolating the piping system
from vibrating equipment. Important mitigation contributors are support stiffness and mode
shape.
C.2.3 Fluid mechanical excitation dynamic loads
Fluid mechanical excitations dynamic loads are distributed over the piping system. Fluid
mechanical forces consist of two components, a friction component tangential to the pipe
wall and a pressure component normal to the pipe wall. In general, the friction component
is small compared to the pressure contribution. Since pressure forces act normal to the
pipe wall they are generally balanced by the circumferential pipe stress.
C.2.4 Transient dynamic loads
Transient dynamic loads are characterized by relatively large forces of relatively short
duration (fractions of a second).
Typical examples of transient dynamic loads are:
 slug loads;
 relief loads;
 surge (water hammer) loads;
 earthquake.
For the transient excitation the attention is focused on control of support location, type,
span and support stiffness.
C.3 ANALYSIS METHODS
C.3.3 Transient vibration
1. The effects of the impact of a shock load on a piping system being hazardous for this
kind of dynamical load condition shall be assessed through a dynamic analysis.
2. The use of a pseudo static analysis shall be subject to approval from COMPANY
(Petroleum Development Oman).
C.4 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
C.4.1 General
1. Dynamic analysis shall consist of the following steps.
a. Identify the source of vibration and establish or estimate the excitation forces.
b. Creation of a piping model with required nodes in order to properly describe the
various mode shapes.
c. Application of composite analysis shall be subject to the approval of COMPANY

(Petroleum Development Oman).
d.If the natural frequencies are calculated and if dynamic loads (magnitude and time
history) are available, a response study may be performed.
C.4.2 Computer program requirements
1. To perform the dynamic analysis, a computer program with the following capabilities
shall be used.
a. Static module, able to incorporate:
i. friction factor;
ii. nonlinear restraints;
iii. flexible restraints.
b. Dynamic module, able to incorporate:
i. natural frequencies and mode shape extraction;
ii. harmonic response;
iii. shock load response.
C.5 NATURAL FREQUENCY RANGE
C.5.1 Mechanically induced vibration
1. For mechanically induced vibration, piping natural frequencies and excitation

frequencies should be separated by more than 20 %.
a. For mechanically induced vibration, the allowable piping natural frequency range
shall be determined by the excitation frequency or frequencies.
2. For compressor piping where the excitation consists of several harmonics the lowest
piping natural frequency should be higher than the third compressor harmonic.
3. If C.5.1, Item 2 cannot be met, then the predicted natural frequencies of piping system
shall be separated from the excitation frequencies by at least 20 %.
In this case, the piping system might experience vibration for a short moment during
start-up/shutdown.
With respect to the allowable frequency range in transient vibrations, two characteristic time
scales of the time history of shock loads are of interest:
 rising time;
 duration.
The rising time is of importance for the excitation of high frequency mode shapes, and for
the duration for the excitation of low frequency mode shapes.
1. A pseudo static analysis, if approved by the COMPANY (Petroleum Development

Oman) for evaluating the effect of transient vibrations on piping systems shall include the
following:
a. converting the shock load to an equivalent harmonic load;
b. performing frequency domain analysis to find out the dynamic stresses and loads
at supports.
C.6 PIPING LAYOUT DESIGN
1. This clause provides design guidelines in decreasing order of importance, which

should be followed for piping layout design to prevent vibration problems:
a. apply double acting support functions with minimum clearance;
b. add pipe supports at all heavy masses and piping discontinuities;
c. eliminate as many bends as possible;
d. add pipe supports at or in the vicinity of a bend;
e. avoid pipe routing through upper tiers of pipe racks;
f. do not use ‘pipe to pipe’ branch connections;
g. provide stiff supports;
h. vary pipe support spans (if practical);
i. reinforce the small bore piping with braces as suggested in EI guidelines.
C.7 ALLOWABLE STRESSES AND ALLOWABLE LOADS
C.7.1 Mechanically induced vibration
C.7.1.1 General
1.For mechanically induced vibration if a forced response analysis has been performed,
then the stresses in the piping system should be evaluated through the fatigue limit.
C.7.1.2 Fatigue limit
The fatigue limit is the stress level equal to the allowable stress level at corresponding
107 cycles.
Based on this property, it can be concluded that if a component has lasted to its
endurance limit, it is unlikely to ever fail by fatigue unless conditions change.
C.7.1.3 Allowable stress levels
With respect to the structural integrity a more reliable approach is taken if the magnitude
of the alternating stress component is calculated and the result is compared with the
endurance curve for the piping material. (See for instance, PD5500).
1. Adequate safety factors shall be applied.
In practice safety factors for the allowable stress of 3 to 5 are not unusual.
C.7.2.1 Allowable stress levels
1. For piping systems subjected to transient vibrations, allowable stresses shall be

considered in accordance with occasional condition as defined in ASME B31.3.
2. Where a forced response analysis has been performed, the fatigue limit may be
applied.
C.8 DOCUMENTATION
1. In addition to Cl. 14.0 the dynamic analysis report shall include the following:
a. excitation mechanism, loads;
b. natural frequency up to 30 Hz;
c. dynamic pipe stress;
d. dynamic support loads;
e. dynamic nozzle loads;
f. dynamic pipe displacement amplitudes.
APPENDIX-D: TYPICAL LOAD CASE (FOR REFERENCE ONLY)
T1 Maximum Design Temperature
T2 Operating Temperature
T3 Black bulb temperature
T4 Steam out temperature
T5 Minimum Design Temperature (ex. Blow down condition)
T6 Equipment-A Operating, Equipment -B Standby
T7 Equipment -B Operating, Equipment-A Standby
P1 Design pressure
P2 Steam out pressure
HP Hydro Test Pressure
D1 Displacement case #1 where required
F1 PSV Reaction force/Slug force
WIN1 Wind Force +X Direction
WIN2 Wind Force -X Direction
WIN3 Wind Force +Z Direction
WIN4 Wind Force -Z Direction
H Hanger loads
WW Water Filled Weight
WNC Weight no content
W Weight
NOTE: - In case D1 is used for the tank settlement, D1 shall be treated as sustained vector.
STRESS
SI NO LOAD CASE CONDITIONS
TYPE
L1 W HGR Weight for Hanger Loads

L2 W+T1+P1+D1 HGR Operating for Hanger Travel
L3 WW+H+HP HYD Hydro Test condition
L4 W+T1+P1+D1+H OPE Maximum Design Temperature
L5 W+T2+P1+D1+H OPE Maximum Operating Temperature
PSV Pop-up force/Slug force/Max. Operating
L6 W+T2+P1+D1+H+F1 OPE
Temperature
L7 W+T2+P1+D1+H+WIN1 OPE Wind Force acting +X Direction
L8 W+T2+P1+D1+H+WIN2 OPE Wind Force acting -X Direction
L9 W+T2+P1+D1+H+WIN3 OPE Wind Force acting +Z Direction
L10 W+T2+P1+D1+H+WIN4 OPE Wind Force acting -Z Direction
L11 W+T3+P1+D1+H OPE Black bulb temperature
L12 W+T4+P1+D1+H OPE Steam out temperature
L13 W+T5+P1+D1+H OPE Minimum Design Temperature
L14 W+T6+P1+D1+H OPE Pump-A Operating, Pump-B Standby
L15 W+T7+P1+D1+H OPE Pump-B Operating, Pump-A Standby
L16 W+P1+H SUS Sustained condition
L17 WNC+H SUS Sustained condition, Weight no contents
L18 W+P1+T1 OPE Maximum design temperature
L19 W+P1+T2 OPE Maximum operating temperature
L20 T1 EXP Maximum design temperature
L21 T2 EXP Maximum operating temperature
L22 L6-L5 OCC PSV Reaction Force
L23 L7-L5 OCC Wind Force +X Direction
L24 L8-L5 OCC Wind Force -X Direction
L25 L9-L5 OCC Wind Force +Z Direction
L26 L10-L5 OCC Wind Force -Z Direction
L27 L22+L16 OCC PSV Reaction Force+ Sustained Condition
L28 L23+L16 OCC Wind Force +X Direction +Sustained Condition
L29 L24+L16 OCC Wind Force -X Direction +Sustained Condition
L30 L25+L16 OCC Wind Force +Z Direction +Sustained Condition
L31 L26+L16 OCC Wind Force -Z Direction +Sustained Condition
STRESS
TYPE
L32 L4-L16 EXP Maximum Design temp. Expansion Condition
L33 L5-L16 EXP Maximum Operating temp. Expansion condition
L34 L11-L16 EXP Black bulb temp Expansion condition

L35 L12-L16 EXP Steam out temp. Expansion condition
L36 L13-L16 EXP Minimum Design temp. Expansion condition
L14-L16 EXP Expansion Stress Condition Pump-A Max. Operat.
L37 temp.
STRESS
TYPE
Expansion Stress Condition Pump-B Max.Operat.

L38 L15-L16 EXP
Temp.
L39 L32-L36 EXP Min-Max Design temp. Expansion Stress Range
L40 L18-L20 SUS Hot Sustained maximum design temperature
L41 L19-L21 SUS Hot Sustained maximum operating temperature
APPENDIX-E: PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS CHECKLIST-INPUT/OUTPUT
PROJECT NAME XXXXXX SYS NO:

PROJECT NUMBER XXXXXXXX DATE
PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS CHECKLIST-INPUT
SI. REMARKS/
DESCRIPTION Originator Checker
COMMENTS
NO
I GENERAL
Coordinate axis followed for input modeling -X = North, +Y = Up,
1
-Z = East.
Global coordinates (corresponding to piping stress isometric coordinates)
2
entered at first pipe element node.
II PSI FILE INTERFACING
Change the orientation as per the plant north direction (Rotate 90˚ about
1
vertical axis).
2 Model the equipment with nozzle connection.
3 Update the unit file as per the project requirement.
4 Update the design parameters.
5 Update special execution parameters.
6 Update bend angle and bend Radius.
Delete stiffness values and make it blank, this will allow giving the default
7
value 1 x 10¹².
8 Material selection as per the piping class.
9 Add rigid weight for flanges, valves, Spectacle blind, Spacer.
III INPUT MODELLING
A PIPING
Piping Configuration defined correctly and Coordinates are matching as
1
provided in Isometric drawing.
2 Pipe data (OD, Thickness, Material, and Corrosion allowance.) verified.
3 Insulation (Thickness, Density) verified.
Process parameters (Operating temperature, Design temperature, Design
4
pressure, Test pressure, Fluid density) defined correctly.
5 Is design temp > 82 deg C for un insulated A/G pipe
6 Is design temp > 65 deg C for U/G pipe
7 Allowable stress selected on the first pipe element for each pipe material.
Piping Code ASME B31.3 / B31.1/ B31.4/ B31.8/ ISO14692 - correctly
8
defined.
9 Bourdon effect consideration (Translation only).
10 Tank Settlement consideration.

SI. REMARKS/
COMMENTS
NO
11 Liberal Stress Allowable Off.

12 Activate Appendix P in Caesar-II Configuration file
For Pipe Diameter including Insulation > 200 mm, and > 10 m above, Wind
13 shape factor of 0.7, applied on the first pipe element. No wind shape factor
to be considered inside pipe racks and shelters in any case.
B FITTING
1 Verify Type of bend (single/Double/No flange) identified.
2 Branch connections specified as per branch table.
3 RF Pad thickness considered for branch reinforcement, If applicable.
4 SIF for lateral branch connections (45°) specified.
SIF for GRP branch Connection specified.
5 Type of reducer modelled properly.
Rigid weights (flange with bolts and nuts accounted for valves, Spectacle
6
blind, Spacer) considered.
7 Flanges & Valve modelled Separately.
8 Slug effects (if any) considered in analysis.
9 PSV Reaction Forces included.
C EQUIPMENT
1 Equipment to be modeled as rigid.
2 Nozzles on Equipments are modeled anchor with Connecting node.
Equipment Skirt growth not considered
D SUPPORT
1 Friction coefficient 0.3 considered on all +Y restraints.
Trunnion modeled as pipe with diameter at least one size lower than that
2
of main pipe. Ambient temperature is considered for the trunnion.
3 Supports are modeled with "Gap=0".
Variable Spring supports - Allowable load variation and Maximum
4
displacement shall be as per stress design basis.
Lines connected to the existing line - Existing line to be modelled till the
4
first line stop and next two guides.
E LOAD CASE EDITOR
1 For Pumps Standby/Operating load Cases.
2 Compressors recycle case.
3 Pump minimum flow recirculation case.

SI. REMARKS/
COMMENTS
NO
4 Caesar II start run option performed and all warning messages reviewed.
5 Load cases are built as per Appendix - 1 of design basis.
6 Thermal stress range from maximum to minimum temperature.
PROJECT NAME XXXXXXX SYS NO

PROJECT NUMBER XXXXXXX DATE
PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS CHECKLIST-OUTPUT
SI. REMARKS/
COMMENTS
NO
I STRESSES/MODAL ANALYSIS
1 Stress summary are within the corresponding code limits.
2 Slug or Two phase flow – Natural frequency > 4 Hz
II DEFLECTION/DISPLACEMENTS
Vertical deflection (sag) of pipe, in sustained cases limited to 15mm
1
maximum (Including Hydro-Test case).
2 Interference with adjacent pipe due to thermal displacement.
3 Check for expansion loop requirement.
Anchor-free analysis requirement for rotating equipment
4 < 3 mm in axial direction and
< 2 mm in the lateral direction.
The maximum shoe displacement is limited to 125 mm. Displacement more
5
than 125 mm to be highlighted for the selection suitable shoe length.
III FORCES AND MOMENTS - EQUIPMENT NOZZLE
The Piping loads on Nozzles of Rotating Equipments are assessed on face
1
of Nozzle flange.
The Piping loads on Nozzles of Pressure Vessels are assessed at the
2
intersection between Nozzle axis and external surface of Pressure vessel.
IV NOZZLE LOADS QUALIFICATION
1 Nozzle load as per allowable of clause 9.5 of design basis.
V FORCES AND MOMENTS - SUPPORT
Vertical loads on all "+Y" restraints are acting downwards (-FY Load) in all
1
operating load cases.
For Supports, hold down requirements for uplift force checked and
2
highlighted.
Check for excessive forces and moments in the supporting elements and
3
loads optimized.
VI FLANGE LEAKAGE CHECK
1 Flange leakage check performed as per stress design basis.
VII STRESS REQUIREMENTS IN MARKUP ISO
1 Coordinate Axis indicated on PDMS Extracted isometrics.
The location of supports, support types (using Conventional
symbols) and Node number correctly marked on PDMS Extracted
2
isometrics as per the analysis performed and transmitted to layout/supports
group.
3 Nozzle Node Number at which Nozzle loads are assessed is marked.
PROJECT NAME XXXXXXX SYS NO

PROJECT NUMBER XXXXXXX DATE
PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS CHECKLIST-OUTPUT
SI. REMARKS/
COMMENTS
NO
Supports from equipment if any, highlighted and transmitted to vendor for

4
vessel clips through supports group.
First support from rotating equipment nozzle is indicated as adjustable
5
support.
6 Rest support on inlet line close to PSV is indicated as hold down.
Supports special considerations - gaps, sliding plate, hanger, rigid strut etc.
7
shall be indicated.
8 Supports rising up in operation noted as "Rise up in operation".
Loads occurring during Design conditions and Occasional condition also to
9
be provided for Support design.
Changes in layout configurations if any to be drawn in the isometric
10
drawing, and coordinated with the Piping engineer/Piping Designer.
Changes in proposed support locations if any highlighted in the Stress
11
Isometrics.
For lines on Pipe Rack, Axial Stop diagram prepared and transmitted to
12
Structural department
13 Spring data sheet prepared and transmitted to Supports.
Displacement greater than 30 mm in lateral direction to be marked on the
14.
stress sketches.
APPENDIX-F: SMALL BORE PIPING

a) Hydrotest vents and drains need not be provided with bracings unless it comes under
vibrating service criteria.
b) Pressure instrument connections will be provided with bracings only when they are tapped
in horizontal direction (as there will be cantilever loading) or when they are in vibrating
service criteria.
c) For process Reciprocating compressor & reciprocating pump suction and discharge piping,
minimum size of branch connection (vents/drains/pressure instrument) shall be DN40.
d) Orifice flanges in process compressor & reciprocating pump suction / discharge piping and
in vibrating service shall be braced.
Note: However, minimum branch size requirement on the lines prone to vibration due to flow
induced or acoustic needs to be analyzed and qualified as per the Energy institute guidelines.
SP-2390 Version-1.0
APPENDIX-G: DETAILED ANALYSIS CONDITIONS FOR CRITICAL PIPING SYSTEMS

Pressure Temperature conditions Other conditions Occasional conditions
conditions
Analyse the Analyse the following cases: 1. Sustained loads analysed, e.g., weight of pipe 1. Wind loads1: analysed according to the
following cases: and contents, insulation, fluid, valve and special applicable standard.
1. Design temperature
1. Design items.
a. Wind effects analysed by applying
2. Lower design temperature
Pressure 2. Thermal displacement of equipment nozzles wind load in all four horizontal
3. Maximum operating temperature calculated using the relevant piping temperature. perpendicular directions which
2. Maximum
Operating 4. Operating temperature would induce maximum stress in
3. Effects of frictional resistance to thermal
Pressure the piping stress.
5. Transient temperature conditions movement of the analyzed for all pipe sizes.
3. Operating possibly caused by the following load 2. Seismic loads2:
a. Friction force calculated based on properties
Pressure cases: of the sliding surface and contact material. a. in earthquake prone zones,
4. Cyclic a. start-up and shut-down; earthquake loads are analysed to
b. Following values used to select the static
pressure ensure structural integrity of pipe
b. protective steam heating or friction coefficient:
conditions support structures;
electrical heating including Contact Friction
winterising; Surface Coefficient b. the frequency of earthquake
occurrences, intensity and
c. decoking; Stainless Steel 0.1
duration derived from seismic data
on PTFE
d. regeneration; or accelerograms (i.e., recordings
Steel on Steel 0.3 of actual ground accelerations
e. compressor recycle; Steel on 0.6 during earthquakes), local codes
f. temperature drop by pressure Concrete and standards or as specified by
relief, or depressurisation the Principal;
c. Code stress checks and actual piping forces
effect; and moments for equipment nozzles qualified c. for piping design with seismic
The specific pressure - temperature with and without friction factor at pipe loads, see (3.5);
envelope can be defined as a supports.
specific load case to take credit for d. seismic effects analysed by
pressure reduction at low 4. Stiffness changes: Stiffness changes analysed applying seismic load in all four
temperatures. where applicable. horizontal perpendicular directions
g. solar radiation;

Pressure Temperature conditions Other conditions Occasional conditions

conditions
h. steam-out conditions. 5. Barge accelerations, relative movement of which would induce maximum
platforms stress in the piping stress.
6. Where applicable, flare radiation
scenario analysed in accordance with 3. Snow loads: Snow loads analysed,
the following requirements: where applicable.
a. piping exposed to flare radiation: 4. Blast loading (refer to 3.1, Item 4).
stress analysis accounts for the a. piping systems whose failure could
increase in temperature of the lead to major flammable fluid
piping system due to flare release or rupture in the event of
radiation. blast analysed for blast loading.
b. piping connected to flare tips: Stress analysis performed to limit
additional thermal cases (low the stresses due to blast,
pressure flare piping system wherever applicable;
subjected to radiation due to high b. maximum allowable stress in blast
pressure flare piping system and case is the minimum of 2.4 x S or
vice versa) analysed; 1.5 x SY, where S is the ASME B
c. low pressure / high pressure 31.3 allowable stress limit and SY
combined flare tip: analyse one is the pipe material yield stress.
operating and one standby and This blast over pressures is
the standby subjected to applied as wind loading in the
radiation temperature; appropriate directions.
d. piping designed to withstand the

flare tip thrust forces; the small
bore piping connected to the flare
tip designed to withstand the flare
radiation temperature and flare
tip thermal movement.
NOTES: 1. Wind loading is applied in all four horizontal perpendicular directions to find out the governing direction.
2. Seismic loading is applied in all four directions to find out the governing direction
SP-2390 Version-1.0
APPENDIX–H: USER FEEDBACK FORM
SP-2390 –PIPE STRESS ANALYSIS (Aligned to international standards)

USER FEEDBACK FORM
Any user who identifies an inaccuracy, error or ambiguity is requested to notify

the custodian so that appropriate action can be taken. The user is requested to
return this page fully completed, indicating precisely the amendment(s)
recommended.
Name:
Ref ID / Contr. Date:
Page Ref: Brief Description of Change Required and Reasons
To: Mahesh Manjakuppam Srinivasan - UEMS1

Custodian of Document Date:

APPENDIX–I: MAIN CHANGES
Section / Para Main Changes

SP 2390 Stress

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SP-2390 Version-1.

Petroleum Development Oman L.L.C.

Document title: Pipe Stress Analysis

Document Type Specification

Discipline Mechanical – Static/Piping

Owner Abdulnabhi Al-Balushi, UEMS

Issue Date 05 Dec. 2021

Page 1 Pipe Stress Analysis Printed 05/12/2021

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Version No. Date Authors Scope / Remarks

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iii Related Business Processes

iv Related Corporate Management Frame Work (CMF) Documents

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8.17.1 Variable Spring Hangers: .......................................................................................................... 19

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9.6.17 Auxilary Boiler/HRSG ................................................................................................................ 27

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2.0 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

2.1 PDO/Company specification

SP-2339 - Low Energy Centrifugal Pumps Specification

SP-2340 - High Energy Pumps Specification (Aligned with

SP-2341 - Specification for Reciprocating Compressor

SP-2355 - Specification for Centrifugal Compressor Packages

SP-2069 - Specification for Pressure Vessels

SP-2070 - Specification for Air cooled heat exchangers

SP-2170 - Specification for Shell & Tube heat exchangers

SP-2187 - Specification for Storage Tanks

SP-2279 - Specification for Flare System

SP-2373 - Specification for Piping – Process design

SP-2376 - Specification for Piping - Engineering layout

SP-2092 - GRP Specification (Qualification and Manufacturing)

Page 9 Pipe Stress Analysis Printed 05/12/2021

SP-2404 - Specification for shop & field fabrication /installation

SP-2411 - Specification for the primary supports

GU-629 - Application & Selection of Standard Pipe Supports

2.2 International Codes & Standards

ASME B31.1 - Power Piping

ASME B31.3 - Process Piping

ASME B31.4 - Pipeline transport system for liquid

ASME B31,8 - Gas transmission and distribution of piping system

AWWA M45 - Fibreglass Pipe Design

ASME Sec. -I - Power Boilers

ASME Sec. VIII - Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.

ASME B16.47 - Large Diameter Steel Flanges NPS 26 through NPS

ASME B36.10M - Welded and seamless wrought steel pipe

ASME B36.19M - Stainless Steel Pipe

API 560 - Fired Heaters for General Refinery Service

API 617 - Axial and Centrifugal Compressors for petroleum,

API 618 - Reciprocating Compressor for Petroleum, Chemical,

API RP520 - Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-

API 650 - Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage

API 661/ISO 13706 - Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger for General Refinery

API 674 - Positive Displacement Pumps - Reciprocating

Page 10 Pipe Stress Analysis Printed 05/12/21

API 676 - Positive Displacement Pumps – Rotary

API RP686 - Recommended practise for machinery installation &

API 6A - Specification for wellhead and Christmas tree

ISO 13705 - Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries

ISO 15547 - Plate and Frame Heat Exchagers

NEMA SM 23 - Steam Turbines for Mechanical Drive Service