Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Krish Bhatt
Krish Bhatt
Krish Bhatt
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
200610119021
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE PALANPUR
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report submitted along with the project entitled Vartix
Aerospace Private Ltd. has been carried out by Bhatt Krish Sunil kumar under my
guidance in partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical
Engineering, 7th Semester of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad during the
academic year 2023-24.
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the Internship report submitted along with the Internship Vartix
Aerospace Private Ltd. entitled submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering to Gujarat Technological University,
Ahmedabad, is a bonafide record of original project work carried out by me at Vartix
Aerospace under the supervision of MR. Umang Sudani and that no part of this report has
been directly copied from any students’ reports or taken from any other source, without
providing due reference
I/We wish to express our sincere gratitude to our External guide Mr. UMANG SUDANI
for continuously guiding me at the company and answering all my doubts with patience.
We also thank our parents, friends and all the members of the family for their precious
support and encouragement which they had provided in completion of our work. In addition
to that, we would also like to mention the company personals who gave us the permission
to use and experience the valuable resources required for the internship.
Thus, In conclusion to the above said, we once again thank the staff members of
VARTIX AEROSPACE. For their valuable support in completion of the project.
Thank You
➢ Along our journey we wish to inspire more space enthusiast like us with our space
education program.
1. Design Department
2. Avionics Department
3. Propulsion Department
4. Manufacturing Department
5. Assembly Department
The date reporting the first use of true rockets was in 1232. At this time, the Chinese
and the Mongols were at war with each other. During the battle of Kai-Keng, the Chinese
repelled the Mongol invaders by a barrage of “arrows of flying fire.” These fire-arrows
were a simple form of a solid-propellant rocket. A tube, capped at one end, contained
gunpowder. The other end was left open and the tube was attached to a long stick. When
the powder ignited, the rapid burning of the powder produced fire, smoke, and gas that
escaped out the open end and produced a thrust.
Following the battle of Kai-Keng, the Mongols produced rockets of their own and
may have been responsible for the spread of rockets to Europe.
Goddard achieved the first successful flight with a liquid propellant rocket on March
16, 1926. Fuelled by liquid oxygen and gasoline, the rocket flew for only two and a half
seconds, climbed 12.5 meters, and landed 56 meters away in a cabbage patch.
Fig 2.4: Dr. Robert H. Goddard with his First Rocket and Its Design
In 1942-1945 World War II sees the German development and deployment of the
V-2 rocket, the world's first long-range guided ballistic missile. The V-2 rocket was small
by comparison to today’s rockets. It achieved its great thrust by burning a mixture of liquid
oxygen and alcohol at a rate of about one ton every seven seconds.
➢ 1957: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, initiating the
space race and the modern era of space exploration.
➢ 1961: Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human to orbit the Earth aboard Vostok 1,
marking a major milestone in human spaceflight.
➢ 1969: NASA's Apollo 11 mission successfully lands astronauts Neil Armstrong and
Buzz Aldrin on the Moon, a monumental achievement.
➢ 1971: The Soviet Union launches the world's first space station, Salyut 1, laying the
groundwork for long-duration space habitation.
➢ 1981: NASA introduces the Space Shuttle program, enabling reusable spacecraft for
various missions.
➢ 1998: The International Space Station (ISS) project begins, involving multiple
nations in the construction and operation of a habitable space station.
➢ 2000s: Private companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin, and others enter the space
industry, leading to advancements in rocket reusability and cost reduction.
➢ 2012: SpaceX's Falcon 9 delivers cargo to the ISS, marking the first commercial
spacecraft to do so.
➢ 2015: SpaceX achieves the first successful vertical landing of a Falcon 9 first stage,
a crucial step toward reusable rockets.
➢ 2020s: Continued exploration of Mars with rovers and landers, as well as ongoing
advancements in satellite technology, space tourism, and interplanetary missions.
1. Propellant: This is the material that undergoes combustion to produce the gases
expelled out of the rocket's engine. Propellants can be either liquid or solid, each
with its own advantages and disadvantages.
2. Engine: The rocket engine is responsible for igniting and burning the propellant,
generating a high-speed jet of exhaust gases. Rocket engines can be simple or
complex, with various designs based on the type of propellant used.
3. Combustion Chamber: This is where the propellant is ignited and burned. The
combustion process releases a large amount of energy in the form of heat and gases,
creating a high-pressure environment that forces the exhaust gases out of the rocket
nozzle.
4. Nozzle: The rocket nozzle is designed to accelerate the exhaust gases to an
extremely high speed, in accordance with the principles of fluid dynamics. This
high-speed exhaust generates thrust in the opposite direction, propelling the rocket
forward.
5. Payload: The payload is the cargo or equipment that the rocket is designed to carry.
It could be satellites, scientific instruments, astronauts, or other materials depending
on the mission's objectives.
Rockets operate on the principle of Newton's third law of motion, which states that
"for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction." This law explains how rockets
are able to generate thrust and move through the vacuum of space.
• Here's how it works:
1. Expelling Propellant: Rockets carry propellant (a combination of fuel and
oxidizer) in their tanks. When the propellant is burned, it creates high-speed exhaust
gases.
2. Action-Reaction: As the propellant is expelled out of the rocket's engine nozzle at
high speed, it creates an action (exhaust gases moving in one direction). According
to Newton's third law, there is an equal and opposite reaction, which in this case is
the rocket being pushed forward in the opposite direction.
3. Conservation of Momentum: The rocket's acceleration is a result of the
conservation of momentum. By expelling mass (the exhaust gases) at high velocity,
the rocket gains an equal and opposite momentum, propelling it forward.
4. Continuous Process: Rockets continue to burn propellant and expel exhaust gases
at high speeds. This ongoing action-reaction cycle allows the rocket to achieve
higher and higher velocities, enabling it to reach escape velocity and overcome
Earth's gravity.
It's important to note that rockets can work in space because they don't require a
medium (like air) to push against, as they generate their own thrust through the expulsion
of propellant. This is in contrast to some other forms of propulsion, such as jet engines,
which rely on intake of air to mix with fuel for combustion and subsequent propulsion.
Rockets have been crucial for space exploration and satellite launches because they
are the most effective way to overcome Earth's gravity and reach the high speeds necessary
to enter and manoeuvre in space.
1. Fin Design: Fins play a significant role in rocket stability. They increase drag at the
rear of the rocket, ensuring that the rocket aligns itself with its velocity vector.
2. Center of Gravity (CG): The CG should be placed ahead of the CP to ensure static
stability. If the CG is too far forward, the rocket might be overly stable, which can
result in oscillations. If it's too far back, the rocket might become unstable.
3. Aerodynamic Shape: The rocket's overall shape can influence stability. A well-
streamlined shape reduces the chances of unstable aerodynamic effects.
4. Mass Distribution: The distribution of mass along the length of the rocket affects
stability. Concentrating too much mass in one section can lead to instability.
5. Nose Cone: The shape and size of the nose cone impact the rocket's aerodynamics
and stability. A properly designed nose cone helps reduce air resistance and
maintain stability.
7.
1. Problem Identification:
• Clearly define the problem that needs to be solved or the objective that needs
to be achieved through the design.
2. Research and Analysis:
• Gather relevant information, data, and research to understand the problem, its
context, and potential solutions.
• Analyse existing products or systems to identify strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, and threats.
3. Concept Development:
• Evaluate and refine the generated ideas to select the most promising
concepts.
• Develop detailed sketches, diagrams, or prototypes to visualize and
communicate the concepts.
4. Preliminary Design:
• Build a physical or virtual prototype of the design to test and validate its
functionality, performance, and usability.
• Iterate on the design based on prototype testing and feedback.
7. Testing and Validation:
• Incorporate all the refinements and improvements into the design to create
the final version.
• Ensure that the final design meets all requirements and objectives.
10. Documentation:
4.3 No of Components :
5.1 OpenRocket:
1. 3D Modelling
2. Assembly Design
3. Simulation and Analysis
4. Drawings and Documentation
5. Sheet Metal Design
6. Surface Modelling
7. Integration with Other Software
8. Large Material Library
9. Industry Applications
6.1 Introduction:
The Recovery system of a rocket is a crucial component that ensure the safe return
of the rocket to the ground after it completer its mission or reached a certain altitude. The
primary purpose of recovery system is to slow down and control the decent of rocket,
preventing it from crashing and sustaining damage upon landing.
5. Soft Landing Engines: In some advanced rockets, especially those designed for
vertical take-off and landing (VTOL), soft landing engines are used to provide a
controlled descent and landing. These engines can throttle or vector their thrust to
achieve precise landings.
7.1 Introduction:
The word propulsion means push forward which work on the principle of Newton third
law of motion it is a Greek word
Its converts the pressure energy into kinetic energy
The engine are of two types breathing and non breathing
• Breathing engine
Its required the air from the atmosphere its not carry any oxidizer
•
Fig .8.1 : Breathing and Non- Breathing Engine
• STEAM PROPULSION
• DIESEL PROPULSION
• DIESEL ELECTRIC PROPULSION
• WIND PROPULSION
• NUCLEAR PROPULSION
• GAS TRUBINE PROPULSION
• FUEL CELL PROPULSION
• SOLAR PROPULSION
This are various types of propulsion engine but we use fuel based and cryogenic engine
AS show in the figure the various terminology is used which are interconnected with each
other
5.5 NOZZLE
The function of the nozzle is to converted the pressure energy to kinetic energy
The function is also to increase the efficiency also
But if we see the intermitted process pressure to heat to kinetic energy the design of the
nozzle is done on the base of requirement and which stage you want to reach
Mainly there are two types of nozzle
• Converged nozzle
the kno3 is heated at 100 degree Celsius as per weight and at a last 2 to 3 min the sugar
is added and after that sulphur and its is filled in a motor.
• Sugar • 60 gram
• Sulphur • 2 gram
This date 04/08/2023 we launched our model rocket the launch was successful
and it was our first launch in internship.
This date 19/08/2023 we launched our HPR rocket the launch was unsuccessful
because the motor is back fired and rocket fly at some altitude but the launch was not 100%
successful. After the motor got backfire the rocket does not go in vertical direction its slowly
downward fall and crashed. In rocket the other system worked properly like recovery and
avionics.
One of the most significant takeaways from this internship is the exposure to cutting-edge
technologies and innovative solutions that are driving the aerospace sector forward. From
working on aircraft design and optimization to contributing to the development of
propulsion systems and avionics, I've witnessed firsthand the incredible progress being
made in this field.
Moreover, the internship has provided me with insights into the intricate regulatory and
safety standards that govern aerospace operations. Understanding the importance of safety
and compliance in an industry as complex as aerospace has been a crucial aspect of my
learning journey.
Additionally, the experience has allowed me to develop essential soft skills, including
effective communication, teamwork, time management, and problem-solving. These skills
are not only beneficial for a successful career in aerospace but also transferable to various
other areas of life.
In this comprehensive document, we have delved into the multifaceted world of rocketry
and the dynamics of an internship experience with [Company Name]. Chapter 1 introduced
us to the company, providing a foundation for the internship summary, its purpose,
objectives, scope, and the meticulous planning involved in the process. Moreover, we
explored the various departments within the organization, setting the stage for a deep dive
into the aerospace industry.
Chapter 2 unveiled the rich history of rocketry, spanning from ancient times to the modern
era. We uncovered how this technology has evolved over the centuries, ultimately leading
us to the present state of rocket science.
Chapter 4 brought us into the realm of rocket design, outlining the crucial steps and criteria
involved in creating efficient and effective rocket systems. We also explored the software
tools, such as Open Rocket and SolidWorks, that play a pivotal role in the design process.
Chapter 6 delved into the intricate world of rocket recovery systems, shedding light on the
various types and detailing our own design in this crucial aspect of rocketry.
Chapter 7 ventured into avionics, elucidating the different types of avionics used in rockets
and the specific components that facilitate their operation.
Chapter 8 unveiled the propulsion systems, showcasing the different types of propulsion
methods employed in rocketry, essential for launching these incredible machines into the
cosmos.
Chapter 9 explored the manufacturing process of rockets, highlighting key components like
the nose cone, motor mount, fins, and recovery system. These elements come together to
create a functional and efficient rocket.
Finally, Chapter 10 offered insights into the climax of the rocketry process: the launch. It
detailed the differences between model rocket launches and high-powered rocket launches,
emphasizing the precision and safety measures involved in such endeavors.
Throughout this document, we have embarked on a fascinating journey through the world
of rocketry, from its historical roots to its modern-day applications. This journey has also
been a reflection of the valuable knowledge and experiences gained during the internship
with [Company Name]. As the chapters unfolded, the complexity and interplay of various
components became evident, highlighting the collaborative nature of this field. The
internship experience has not only broadened horizons but has also provided a practical
understanding of the aerospace industry.
This document stands as a testament to the dedication and hard work put into this internship,
providing a well-rounded overview of the diverse aspects of rocketry and how they
converge within the aerospace industry. It serves as a valuable resource for those seeking
to explore the world of rockets, from history to design, manufacturing, and launch, while
also offering a glimpse into the innovative software and technologies that drive
this field forward