Digital Image Processing

(Code: 455)

National Institute of Technology Delhi

Contents
• Image enhancement in spatial domain

Gaussian Mixture Models

SPATIAL OPERATIONS

• Spatial operations are performed directly on the pixels of an image.

• Spatial operations into three broad categories:
(1) single-pixel operations,
(2) neighborhood operations, and
(3) geometric spatial transformations.
Single-Pixel Operations
• Alter the intensity of its pixels individually using a transformation
function, T, of the form

• where z is the intensity of a pixel in the original image and s is the

(mapped) intensity of the corresponding pixel in the processed image.
• For example, Fig (Next page). shows the transformation used to obtain
the negative (sometimes called the complement) of an 8-bit image.
Neighborhood Operations

• Value of that pixel is determined by a specified operation on the

neighborhood of pixels in the input image with coordinates
• For example, suppose that the specified operation is to compute the
average value of the pixels in a rectangular neighborhood of size m× n
centered on (x, y).
• Averaging operation as

• This type of process is used, for example, to eliminate small

details and thus render “blobs” corresponding to the largest
regions of an image.
Geometric Transformations

• Geometric transformations modify the spatial arrangement of pixels in an

image.
• These transformations are called rubber-sheet transformations.
• Geometric transformations of digital images consist of two basic operations:
1. Spatial transformation of coordinates.
2. Intensity interpolation that assigns intensity values to the spatially
transformed pixels.
Geometric Transformations

• Affine transformations: include scaling, translation, rotation, and

shearing.
• Key characteristic of an affine transformation in 2-D is that it
preserves points, straight lines, and planes.
• Homogeneous coordinates to express all four affine transformations
Image Enhancement
• Enhancement is the process of manipulating an image so that the
result is more suitable than the original for a specific application.
• for example, a method that is quite useful for enhancing X-ray images
may not be the best approach for enhancing infrared images.
• There is no general “theory” of image enhancement.
• The viewer is the ultimate judge of how well a particular method
works.
• Enhancing white or gray detail embedded in dark regions of an image,
especially when the black areas are dominant in size.
LOG TRANSFORMATIONS

• We use a transformation of this type to expand the values of dark

pixels in an image, while compressing the higher-level values.
• The opposite is true of the inverse log (exponential) transformation.
PIECEWISE LINEAR TRANSFORMATION FUNCTIONS
Bit-Plane Slicing
HISTOGRAM PROCESSING
SMOOTHING (LOWPASS) SPATIAL FILTERS
Shading correction using lowpass filtering
Large Kernel Size
SHARPENING (HIGHPASS) SPATIAL
FILTER
USING THE SECOND DERIVATIVE FOR
IMAGE SHARPENING—THE LAPLACIAN
• Laplacian: In continuous case
Laplacian kernel
Laplacian kernel
• Laplacian is a derivative operator, it highlights sharp intensity
transitions in an image and de-emphasizes regions of slowly varying
intensities.
• This will tend to produce images that have grayish edge lines and
other discontinuities, all superimposed on a dark, featureless
background.
• Background features can be “recovered” while still preserving the
sharpening effect of the Laplacian by adding the Laplacian image to
the original.
• Isotropic, meaning their response is independent of orientation.
UNSHARP MASKING AND HIGHBOOST
FILTERING
• Subtracting an unsharp (smoothed) version of an image from the
original image, this process, is called unsharp masking.