EC8751 Unit 4

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ww
w.Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
TM
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wwPhotodiode
Amplifier
Decision
cal
nal w .Ea Preamplifier
Filter
circuit
CLK
Data
output
Voltage control syE Gain control

recovery
ngi
Front end
nee
Linear channel Data recovery
rin
g .ne
t
ww
w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee
Rb
rin Rb
g .ne
t
Incident
Rb Ra
light
Amplifier
Detector and bias Voltage amplifier

Rb
ww
Incident
w .Ea
ea(t)
Amp
light
is(t) Cd
syE Rb
ib(t)
Ra C
a
ia(t)
Vout
Photodetector
with bias ngi Amplifier
equivalent ckt Equalizer
resistor
nee
rin
 g .ne
t
(Igate )
+V +V
Incident Amplifier
light Photodiode and Vout
equalizer
Coupling
D
capacitor
G
S
Rb Rs
ww
w .Ea
SI syE
S I , FET
4 kB T
Ra ngi
 2q Igate  2q Igate
nee
SE
4k B T  rin
gm
g .ne
gm
 t
1  4k BT S  2C 2
 S I   E  I 2  SE I 3 B
2
q B R b R2  q2
S I and S E
1  4k BT 4 k BT    2C  4k BT 
2q Igate   I2    I3 B
2
q B R b 2
g m Rb    q  gm
C d  Cgs  Cgd  C s
Rb
gm
ww
w +V .Ea +V
syER1
ngi Amplifier
+ Vout
nee
Equalizer
rin
Rb R2
g .ne
t
k BT
R in
q I BB
I BB
SI 2q I BB
2 kB T
SI
R in
2 kB T
SE
gm
gm
q Ic 
gm 
k BT R in
1  4 kB T S  2C 2
 E
ww 2
 S I 
q B R b R2
R in , S I and S E
 I 2 
 q2
S EI 3 B
w Tb
q2
.Ea  1
2 k B T 
 R

R
2 R
 in
 R2

 I2 

2C 2 R in 
TB2
 I 
 3
 in b 

IC syE 
R b  R in
I BB
R  R in ngi
2 k B T  Tb   1
 I 
2C 2 
R in I 3 
nee
q 2  R in  2
 Tb 
rin
g .ne
t Rf
Rf
ea(t)
Cd Ca
Incident Rb Ra Amp
light is(t)
ia(t) Vout
if(t)
Photodetector Amplifier
with bias equivalent ckt Equalizer
resistor
e a (t)
i a (t)
R in R a || C a
Rf
i f (t)
ww
w .Ea
syE Rf
ngi
+V +V nee
rin
Rc
g .ne
T1 T2 t
Vout
Re
Rf
AR
1  j 2 RCf
1
H TZ 
2 RCf
1  j
A
A
B TZ
4 RC
ww
w .Ea
W TZ W HZ  syE Tb
q2

4 kB T
Rf
I2
ngi
W HZ nee
rin
Rf
g .ne
t
R in Rf
ww
w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
Optical pulse
detection
Photon stream
h
Photodetector
g Amplifier
.ne
mechanism
Bias
resistor t
Noise 1. Photon detection 2. Bulk dark current 5. Thermal 6. Amplifier
source quantum noise 3. Surface leakage noise noise
current
4. Gain fluctuation
 1
ww
w .Ea
syE
Received
signal
1–
2
 1–
2
level
ngi
nee
Time
rin
g .ne
v out (t) v out (t)  v N (t) t
v N (t)
v out (t)
2 (t)
vN 2
v shot 2 (t)  v 2 (t)  v 2 (t)
(t)  v R I E
v shot (t)
v R (t)
v I (t) i a (t)
v E (t) e a (t)
2
vN 2
v shot 2 (t)  v 2 (t)  v 2 (t)
(t)  v R I E
Rb
2 (t) 4 kB T
vR  B bae R 2 A 2
Rb
kB T
B bae
ww v I2 (t) S I B bae R 2 A 2
i a (t)
w SI
.Ea
v E2 (t) syE
SE B e A 2
e a (t)
ngi
SE
Be nee
rin
2
v shot (t) 2q i 0 m 2 2
B bae R A 2
g .ne
m2
i0
t
2 (t) 4 kB T
vR B bae R 2 A 2
Rb
v I2 (t) S I B bae R 2 A 2
v E2 (t) SE B e A 2
2
v shot (t) 2q i 0 m 2 B bae R 2 A 2
2
vN 2
v shot 2 (t)  v 2 (t)  v 2 (t)
(t)  v R I E
I2
B bae  I2B
Tb
Be I 2 B  (2RC) 2 I 3 B 3
 2 x 4k B T S 
2
vN R 2 A 2  2q i 0 M   SI  E  I 2 B
 Rb R2 
ww   2RC 2 A 2 S E I 3 B 3
w 2
vN
.Ea
 2 i0
(q RAB) 2 
 q

M
2  x 
Tb I 2  W 


1 
2
q B
syE
 S I 
4 k BT
R b
S
 E
R2

 I 2 

2C 2
q
S EI 3 B
ngi
1 x 2W
1/ 2 nee
M opt
x Q I2
rin

g .ne
t
I2
i 2N i 2S  i 2R  i 2I  i 2E
2
i 2S 2q i 0 m2 A I 2 B
4 kB T 2
i 2R A I2 B
Rb
2
i 2I SI A I2 B
I B 
i 2E S E A 2  2  (2C) 2 I 3 B 3 
ww  R2 
w i 2N
.Ea
i 2S  i 2R  i 2I  i 2E
i 2N
syE
A 2 (2q i 0 m 2 I 2 B  q 2 WB 2 )
i 2N

 S  SE
 I
 R 2in

 2
 ngi
 BI  (2C) 2 S B 3 I
E 3
nee
ID  RL 
rin
g .ne
ID
 t

RL 
Pincident
q  Pincident  q  Pincident    
I 2q 
h hc
(1.69  10  19 ) (300  10  9 ) (0.9) (1300  10  9 )

I 2q
(6.626  10  34 ) (3  10 8 )
I 2q 2.23  10 11 Amp.
I 2d 2 e B ID 2 (1.6  10  19 ) (20  10 6 ) (4  10 9 )
0.256  10  19 Amp.
ww I 2t
4kTB
RL
w .Ea 1.38  10 23
I 2t
syE
4  (1.38  10 23 )  (298) (20  10 6 )
3.28  10  16 Amp
1000
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
ea(t)
P(t) Cd Rb Ra Ca A Vout
ib(t) ia(t)
Photodetector Amplifier
Equalizer

Cd
Rb
i b (t) Rb
ww Ra
Ca
w .Ea
gm
i a (t) Ra
e a (t)
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne


n  
b n h p  t  nTb  t
Tb
bn n th
h p (t)
nq
i (t) M P t
h
nq
( 0 )
h

i (t) 0 M  b n h p  t  n Tb 
n  
ww (A2 ) 1015 1018 1015 1018
w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
Ne
g .ne
Nt
Ne
t
Bt
Ne
Nt
 1 
 
 Tb 
10  9 10  12
p(y/1)
Threshold
ww P0(v)
P1(v)
w .Ea 0
syE p(y/0)
ngi
nee
v rin
P1  v   p  y 1 dy
 g .ne
P0  v 

t
 p
v
 
 
Vth Vth
 
(V  boff ) 2 

  2 
1 2
 e  off 
2  off Vth
Vth Vth
ww 



w .Ea
1
 (b  V) 
Vth  
on
 2 2


2
 
e on 
syE
2  on 
ngi
Pe a P1 (v)  b P0 (v)
nee
rin
Pe
1

2
 V 
1  erf  
 2 2  
g .ne
t

1
Pr (0) e N
ww N

N

E 

h 
w .Ea 10  9

syE
ngi 10 –9
nee
 850  10  9 m
rin
10  9
g .ne

Pr (0)
N
e  N  10  9 t
(N) ( ) (h)
E
N
h
h
 N

h
20.7 

10 9 P0
 
 850  10 9 m
10 9
10  10 6 bps
ww Ps
w2 h f BT
Ps .Ea
36 h c B T

syE
36  (6.63  10  34 )  (3  10 8 )  (10  10 6 )
Ps
850  10  9
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
1
t
2 CdB
1
2 (5  10 –12 )  (50  10 6 )
S I 2p
N 4 k TB
2 e BI p 
RL
10 –14
S
N 1.602  10 –18
 1.263  10 –15
S M 2 I 2p
N 4 kTB
2 e B I p M 2, 3 
RL
41.54 2  10 –14
1.602  10 –18  41.54 2, 3 1.263  10 –15
ww  10 3

w .Ea
–
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
  
ww
w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rinFar end
Optical
source
Near end
X
g .ne
Photo
detector
Mode stripper
Fiber
under test
t
L
10 P
  log N
L PF

Optical
connector
ww Laser
Coupling
and
launching
system
P1() Avalanche
photodetector
w .Ea
syE
Coupling
and
Optical connectors
P2() Avalanche
Laser launching
system
ngi photodetector
nee
Fiber under test
rin
P1 ( )
P2 ( )
g .ne
t
Sampling
oscilloscope
Laser Mode
Diode scrambler Fiber
under test
Optical signal
ww
Electrical
pulse
Adjustable
delay
w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee
Laser
Mode
selector
rin
Avalanche
photodetector
Modulating
signal
Fiber g .ne
Drive
signal
t
Reference signal
Spectrum analyzer
Po ( f)
Pin ( f)
ww
w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
n
q 
x
g .ne
t

PIN
Preamplifier
Fiber
Lock-in
amplifier
ww y
w LED
.Ea
0
X-Y recorder
x
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
LP11
t
LP11
a b ( )
Ps ( )
a b ( ) 10 log 10
Pb ( )
Ps ( )
Pb ( )
Power Power
launch receive
140 mm
(a) Single turn
Power Power
launch receive
140 mm
ww
w .Ea 140 mm
syE (b) Split mandrell
ngi
Bend
attennation
ab
nee
rin
g .ne
0.1
t
ce Wavelength
 ce
a
(n 21  n 22 ) 1 2
a
n1
n2
ww
w .Ea Fiber holder
Thin
Reference signal
from optical
chopper
syE
Fiber
aperture
LED
source
ngi Lock-in
amplifier
Rotating
disc
0º
nee Large area
photodetector
rin
g .ne
 m
t
G1 G2
Mirror - 1
Helium -
neon laser
Collimator Fiber
G3 Photodetector
Mirror - 2
ww Galvanometer
Summing
amplifier
w CLK
Sweep
circuit
.Ea
Delay
Pulse
generator
Time
interval
detector
syE Printer
ngi
nee
G1 rin
G2
M1 M2 M2
g .ne
G3
t
ds
dt
d
dt
ds d
l
dt dt
ds
do e
dt
e
ww
w .Ea
Oscilloscope
Photodetector
and amplifier
syE Fiber under

test
Laser source
ngi
Lenses
Beam splitter nee
rin
g .ne
t
Splice
Power Fiber attenuation Connector

(dB)
End
Distance
Reflections show OTDR

pulse width and resolution
Connectors show both

loss and reflections
Slope of trace shows fiber
attenuation coefficient
Splices are usually
ww Splice loss
not reflective
w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
ww
w.Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
ww
w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee
cm 2 rin
g .ne
t
 
B  ,   B 0 cos 
B0
ww Emitting area of source
w .Ea
syE
ngi Radiance B (,0) in parallel plane
Radiance B (,90º) in normal plane
nee
Optical
source
rin
O
g .ne
Lateral output of laser diode
LED pattern
t
1 sin 2  cos 2 

B  ,   B 0 cos T  B 0 cos L 
B A s ,  s 
As
Radiation pattern
Cladding
ww
w Optical
source
.Ea
Acceptance angle Core
syE Cladding
Lost power
ngi
nee
s
rin
 dAs  d  s B A s  s  g .ne
Af
r 2
 
2 

f
0 max 
B  ,   sin  d d  d s rdr
t
 0  
0 0  0 
 0 max 
d s rdr
rs
B  ,    B 0 cos 
rs 2   0 max 
 2 B cos  sin  d  d s rdr
   0  
0 0  0 
rs 2 
B0    sin 2  0 max d s rdr
0 0
rs 2 
B0    N A 2 d s rdr
0 0
n 1 2
s
ww  2 rs2 B 0  NA  2
w
PLED, Step
PLED, Step
.Ea 
2 2  rs2 B 0 n 21 
syE
2  2
Ps As 2 S r 
Ps As   B  ,   sin  d d
0 0 ngi
Ps  rs2 2B 0
 2
 cos  sin  d
nee
0
rin
Ps  2  rs2  B 0
g .ne
PLED, Step Ps  NA  2
rs  a
t
rs  a
2
 a  2
PLED, Step    Ps  NA 
r
 s 
[ n 2  r  n 22 ] 1 2
rs  rs  a
rs
PLED, graded 2 2 B 0 2 2
 [n r  n 2 ] rdr
0
 
2  rs  
PLED, graded 2 2 rs2 B 0 n 21  1    
   2  a  
ww
w .Ea  n1  n 
 
 n1  n 
2
syE
ngi
n1
nee
rin 
150 W cm 2  Sr
a 1  25 m
35 m
cm 2
a 2  50 g .ne
B0
rs
150 W  Sr
35 m  35  10  4 cm t
a1 25 m
a2 50 m
rs  a 1
2
 a  2
PLED, Step   Ps  NA 
r
 s 
2
PLED, Step
 a 
 
 rs 
2 rs2 B 0  NA  2
2
 25 
 
2
PLED, Step 
2
 [   35  10
4
 150] 0.202
 35 
PLED, Step 370 watt
rs  a 2
PLED, Step Ps  NA  2
PLED, Step 2 rs2 B 0  NA  2

 
2
PLED, Step [ 2  35  10  4  150]  0.20 2
PLED, Step 725.41 watt
ww
w .Ea
n1
syE
 ngi
 n1  n 

 n1  n 
2
 3.6  1.48 
2 nee
 
 3.6  1.48  rin
g .ne
t
35 m
2
150 w cm
50 m
PLED, Step 
Ps (NA) 2   2 rs2 B 0 (NA) 2 

 2  35  10  4
  150 [0.20] 2
2
 

2 2
 n1  n   1.5  1.0 
   
 n1  n   1.5  1.0 
2
 0.5 
   0.04
 2.5 
ww

w .Ea
syE
 ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
LED Fiber
1. Rounded - end fiber
2. Spherical - surfaced LED

and spherical ended fiber
ww
w .Ea
3. Taper - ended fiber
syE
4. Non imaging micro - sphere
ngi
nee
5. Cylindrical lens
rin
g .ne
6. Imaging sphere
t
( F )
ww
w .Ea
syE
M common
ngi
F
M common
ME nee
rin
ME
LF
g .ne
LF  10 log  F t
d
A) Lateral or
axial Fiber - 1
misalignment
Fiber - 2
ww
B) Longitudinal
wmisalignment
.Ea
syE 
C) Angular
ngi
misalignment
nee
rin
g .ne
t
 a a
d
12
2 d  d2 
A common 2a arc cos  d  a 2  
2a  4 
A common
ww  step
a 2
w
 step
2

.Ea
arc cos
d

d
2a  a
  d 2 
1    
  2a  
12
syE
PT
2 


P  arc cos
d   d  
 1  
2 12
 
2a   2a  
ngi
d
5
6a 
d2
2a 2





  
nee


rin

PT  P  1 
 3
8d 

a 
g .ne
t
2
 n1  n 
 
 n1 n 

ww
w
 lat
16(n 1 / n) 2
.Ea 1
(1  (n 1 / n) ) 
4

 1  y
 2 cos  2a
 
 y   y  

    1 
2
 
  a    2a  
1/ 2 



 
syE
16(1.5) 2 1 

1  5    5 
  5 2 
1/ 2 

 lat
(1  1.5) 4  

2 cos   
ngi  1    
 50   25    50  


 lat nee
 lat
rin
 
g .ne
 lat


1 


1 5    5 
2 cos   
  5 2 
 1    
 50   25    50  
1/ 2 



t
 lat
 lat

ww aE
w
L F (a)


.Ea
0

a 
  10 log  R 
 aE 
2
for a R  a E
for a R  a E
aE syE aR
ngi
L F (NA)


 NA R (0) 
  10 log  
 NA E (0) 
2
nee
for NA R  NA E
0
 for NA R  NA E
rin
g .ne
L F ( )


0

 R ( E  2)
  10 log  (  2)
E R
for  R   E
for  R   E
t
Scoring blade
ww Fiber
w .Ea
Applied tension
Curved form Applied tension
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
Pin

Ps
  x y
Pin
Ps
x
y
ww
w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee m
rin
100 g .ne
50
Fiber : NA = 0.20
q = 25 m
t
Coupling
20
efficiency
(%)
10
5
2
1
0 10 20 30 40 50
Emitting area diameter (m)
ww
w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
Electric arc or laser
fusion welder
t
Optical fibers
to be spliced
Micromanipulatable fiber holders

ww
w .Ea
Fibers to be spliced
syE
ngi V grooved
nee substrate
Fiber ends
epoxied or
clamped here rin
g .ne
t
ww
w.Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
ww
w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
RX
t
TX
ww
w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
Alignment sleeve
g .ne
Fiber
Guide ring
t
Ferrule
Alignment sleeve
Guide ring
Fiber
Ferrule
ww
w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
High refractive - index
Incident light Transmitted light
Reflected light
h d
ww
wRL .Ea    4  n 1 d  
 10 log  2R 1  cos   
 
syE
   
n1 ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
ww
w .Ea
syE 10–8
ngi
nee
rin

g .ne
t
L1
L2 V1
V2
10 V
T  log 10 2
L1  L2 V1
10 3.92
T log 10
(5  0.005) 3.3
T 2  log 118
. 01495
.  0.15 dB km
Amplifier
Photodiode
Decision Data
Filter
circuit output
Optical
signal
Preamplifier
CLK
recovery
ww Voltage control Gain control
w Front end
.Ea
Linear channel Data recovery
syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
t
Ne
Nt
Ne
Nt
ww
w .Ea
 syE
ngi
nee
rin
g .ne
PF PN
t
10 P
  log N
L PF
ww
w .Ea
syE
ngi
nee

rin
g .ne
t

EC8751 Unit 4

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EC8751 Unit 4

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TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Voltage control syE Gain control

Detector and bias Voltage amplifier

(1.69  10  19 ) (300  10  9 ) (0.9) (1300  10  9 )

ww (A2 ) 1015 1018 1015 1018

(a) Single turn

syE (b) Split mandrell

syE Fiber under

Power Fiber attenuation Connector

Reflections show OTDR

Connectors show both

Splices are usually

ww Emitting area of source

PLED, Step 370 watt

PLED, Step 2 rs2 B 0  NA  2

PLED, Step 725.41 watt

1. Rounded - end fiber

2. Spherical - surfaced LED

Micromanipulatable fiber holders

High refractive - index

Incident light Transmitted light

ww Voltage control Gain control

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