REFERENCING AND

CITATION GUIDE
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This Reference and Citation Guide is an expanded version of the 2005 Manual compiled and
edited by Kumjana Novakova, and by Kiran Auerbach in 2009. This new, expanded Guide
follows a similar structure and examples. It is based on the Chicago Manual of Style1 and
includes a compilation of several texts and examples taken directly from the Manual and other
relevant academic sources.

DISCLAIMER

Different Texts Used and Copied from different sources for Educational Purposes ONLY of the
Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of the University of Sarajevo. The purpose of this Guide is to
enhance the academic writing of ERMA students in their cluster papers and MA theses. Any
unauthorized distribution is strictly forbidden.

RESOURCES

The Referencing and Citation Guide follows the Chicago Manual of Style and contains many
excerpts and examples directly taken from the Manual and the following books. The ERMA
Guide is not exhaustive so please consult these books:
University of Chicago. Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 2003. (Available in the A&D Unit)
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and
Dissertations. 7th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. (Available in the A&D
Unit)
New York University School of Law. Guide to Foreign and International Legal
Citations. 1st ed. New York: NYU School of Law, Journal of International Law and
Politics, 2006. Available online at: https://www.law.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/
upload_documents/Final_GFILC_pdf.pdf.
Hacker, Diana. A Writer’s Reference with extra help for ESL writers. 6th ed. Boston:
Bedford/St. Martins, 2007.
Strunk, William Jr. and E. B. White. The Elements of Style. 4th ed. New York: Allyn and
Bacon, 2000. (Available in the A&D Unit)
Table of contents

1. IN-TEXT CITATIONS: QUOTING, PARAPHRASING, AND SUMMARIZING..............1

1.1. Direct quotations..................................................................................................................1
1.2. Indirect quotations (paraphrase/summary)..........................................................................2
2. BIBLIOGRAPHIC ENTRIES..................................................................................................3
2.1. Books...................................................................................................................................4
2.2. Periodicals (journals, magazines, newspapers)....................................................................9
2.3. Internet sources..................................................................................................................12
2.4. Other sources.....................................................................................................................13
2.5. Non-English sources.........................................................................................................17
3. CREATING AND MANAGING FOOTNOTES..................................................................19
3.1. Position and placement of numbers..................................................................................19
3.2. Format and content of footnote text..................................................................................19
3.3. Multiple references............................................................................................................20
3.4. Avoiding overlong footnotes.............................................................................................20
3.5. Substantive notes...............................................................................................................20
3.6. Short forms........................................................................................................................20
3.7. Managing sources using Microsoft Word options............................................................22
1. IN-TEXT CITATIONS: QUOTING, PARAPHRASING, AND SUMMARIZING

You can reference a source by quoting a passage directly (see § 1.1) or indirectly (see § 1.2). To
quote directly means to take the exact text; to quote indirectly means either to paraphrase or
summarize ideas or main points.

1.1. Direct quotations

Enclose all quoted material in double-quotation marks, i.e. “xxx xxx xxx.” Integrate quotations
into your text in one of two following options:
A. Present the quotation an independent clause or sentence by introducing the author and a
signal word such as claims, argues, states, etc. followed by a punctuation mark and
capitalize the first word of the quoted passage. Example (with corresponding footnotes at
the bottom of the page):
In the Social Contract, Rousseau describes a fundamental failure of society: “Man is born free,
and everywhere he is in chains.”1
B. Fit the grammar and syntax of the quoted material directly into the grammar of your
sentence without punctuation or capitalization. Example (with corresponding footnotes at
the bottom of the page):
John Locke describes the natural condition of man as “a state of perfect freedom.”2

In most cases you may change the initial letter of a quoted passage from capital to lowercase or
vice- versa without noting the change. However, if you are closely analyzing a text you may
indicate any change in capitalization by using brackets, i.e. [x] or [X], around the altered letter.
Footnote numbers are placed after end quotation marks and almost always after any punctuation
mark. For detailed guidelines please see Chapter 3 of this Guide.

1.1.1. Block Quotations

When a direct quotation is five or more lines: left indent, reduce the font size, single space, and
do not use quotation marks. The footnote number follows immediately at the end of the
quotation. Example: Article 1 of the Convention against Torture defines which types of treatment
constitute torture:

1
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. The Social Contract. New York: Penguin Books, 1968. 3.
2
Locke, John. "Second Treatise on Civil Government." In Two Treatises of Government. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1998. 4.

1
 For the purposes of this Convention, the term "torture" means any act by which severe pain or
suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as
obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a
third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or
a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is
inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other
person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from,
inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions.3

1.1.2. Insertions and Omissions in Direct Quotations

If you take out any word(s) from a quotation, insert ellipses points, (...). If you insert any letter or
word inside the quotation marks, put it in brackets, [xxx].
Original version:
“The concept is multi-dimensional (economic, cultural, political, military and social) but
economic globalization has dominated recent debates.”
With ellipses and brackets:
Freeman points out: “The concept [globalization] is multi-dimensional…but economic
globalization has dominated recent debates.”4
Ellipses are normally not used (1) before the first word of a quotation, even if the beginning of
the original sentence has been omitted; or (2) after the last word of a quotation, even if the end
of the original sentence has been omitted, unless the sentence as quoted is deliberately
incomplete.
Keep omissions at a minimum in order to avoid skewing the meaning or misrepresenting quoted
material. Also use insertions sparingly to avoid distracting your readers.

1.2. Indirect quotations (paraphrase/summary)

If you use someone else’s ideas and this is not considered common knowledge, you must cite
your source in a footnote. The paraphrase or summary must be in your own words. If the words
are too close to the original this will constitute plagiarism.
Examples:

3
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (New York,10 Dec.
1984) 1465 U.N.T.S. 85, 23 I.L.M. 1027 (1984), as modified by 24 I.L.M. 535 (1985), entered into force 26
June 1987, Art 1, para. 1.
4
Freeman, Michael. Human Rights: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002. 153.

2
 According to Schopflin, collective identities are constructed.5
The writers classify five categories in the process of development of women’s knowledge:
silence, received knowledge, subjective knowledge, procedural knowledge and constructed
knowledge.6

If you paraphrase or summarize the same page(s) of a source in more than one sentence in a
paragraph, you must signal this by naming the author in each sentence or stating in a footnote
that you have used this author’s ideas in the entire paragraph.

2. BIBLIOGRAPHIC ENTRIES

A full bibliography includes all works cited within the text. Some particularly relevant works you
consulted may also be listed, even if not mentioned earlier.
The bibliography should be divided by the category sources belong to. A full reference must
include enough information to enable an interested reader to find the source i.e. book, journal
article, etc.
The elements listed below are included, where applicable, in full documentary notes and
bibliography and reference-list entries:

1. Author: full name of author or authors; full name of editor or editors or, if no author is
listed, name of institution standing in place of author,
2. Title: full title of the book, including subtitle if there is one,
3. Editor, compiler, or translator, if any, if listed on title page in addition to author,
4. Edition, if not the first,
5. Volume: total number of volumes if multivolume work is referred to as a whole;
individual number if single volume of multivolume work is cited, and title of individual
volume if applicable,
6. Series title if applicable, and volume number within series if series is numbered,
7. Facts of publication: city, publisher, and date,
8. Page number or numbers if applicable,
9. URL for Internet sources or, for other electronic sources, an indication of the medium
consulted (e.g., DVD, CD-ROM),

5
Schopflin, George. Nations, Identity, Power. London: Hurst, 2000. 50.
6
Belenky, M.F., et al. Women’s Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice and Mind. New York:
Basic Books, 1986. 31.

3
 10. Date of last access to URL, if consulted.

The order in which the above elements appear varies slightly according to type of publication,
and certain elements are sometimes omitted. Such variation will be discussed and illustrated in
the course of this chapter.
For successive entries by the same author(s), editor(s), translator(s), or compiler(s), a 3- em dash
replaces the name(s) after the first appearance. Do not use the three-hyphen device if the author's
name is used in combination with another author.
Examples:
Krueger, Anne O., ed. Trade and Employment in Developing Countries. Vol. 3,
Synthesis and Conclusions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983.
———, ed. The WTO as an International Organization. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1998.

2.1. Books

2.1.1. Basic Format

The basic format for referencing books is: Last name, First name. Title. City: Publisher, Year. If
the year of publication is not indicated in the front material of the book, use the most recent
copyright date.
When citing a book that is available online (one that resides on the Internet and is intended to be
read by standard browsers) include the URL as part of the citation. Also record in parentheses the
date the material was last retrieved (access date). In other terms, the referencing model does not
differ from the one envisaged for hardcopies.
For example:
Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders (accessed 27 June 2006).
Whenever possible, include the original facts of publication, or at least the date, when citing
electronic editions of older works.

4
Example:
Project Gutenberg notes that their text is based on the 1909 New York edition of The
Ambassadors.7

2.1.2. Single author books

Example:
Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

2.1.3. Two or three authors

Note that only the first author's name is reversed (last name first). Subsequent names are given
first name before the last name.
Example:
Cowlishaw, Guy, and Robin Dunbar. Primate Conservation Biology. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2000.

2.1.4. Four or more authors

When referencing to books authored by four or more persons, you have two options:
A. Use only the first name listed on the book’s front page, followed by “et al.”
meaning, “and others.”
For example:
Belenky, Mary Field et al. Women's Ways of Knowing: The Development of
Self, Voice, and Mind. New York: Basic Books, 1986.
B. List all the authors in the same order as they appear on the book's front page. For
a book that has more than four editors, however, use only the name of the first
editor listed on the title page followed by et. al.
For example:
Belenky, M. F., Clinchy, B. M., Goldberger, N. R., & Tarule, J. M. Women's
Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and Mind. New York:
Basic Books, 1986.

7
James, Henry. The Ambassadors. 1909. Project Gutenberg, 1996. http://ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/
gutenberg/etext96/ambas10.txt (accessed 27 June 2006).

5
2.1.5. Edited book, translated book, or compiler instead of one author

Examples:
Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.
Hudson, Ray and Allan M. Williams, eds. Divided Europe: Society and Territory. London:
SAGE Publications Ltd., 1999.

2.1.6. Editor, translator, or compiler in addition to author

In the bibliography, it is preferable to use the full term “edited by” or “translated by”
however, you may use the abbreviations “ed.” or “trans.” in footnotes.
Examples:
Bonnefoy, Yves. New and Selected Poems. Edited by John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
Adorno, Theodor W., and Walter Benjamin. The Complete Correspondence, 1928–1940.
Edited by Henri Lonitz. Translated by Nicholas Walker. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 1999.
Menchú, Rigoberta. Crossing Borders. Translated and edited by Ann Wright. New York:
Verso, 1999.

2.1.7. Article or essay in an anthology

Example:
Ellet, Elizabeth F. L. “By Rail and Stage to Galena.” In Prairie State: Impressions of Illinois,
1673–1967, by Travelers and Other Observers, ed. Paul M. Angle, 271–79. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1968.

2.1.8. Book with a corporate author

Basic format: Organisation. Title. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.

6
2.1.9. Chapter of an edited volume, originally published elsewhere (as in primary
sources)

Example:
Cicero, Quintus Tullius. “Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship.” In Rome: Late
Republic and Principate, edited by Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White. Vol. 2 of
University of Chicago Readings in Western Civilization, edited by John Boyer and Julius
Kirshner, 33–46. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Originally published in Evelyn S.
Shuckburgh, trans., The Letters of Cicero, vol. 1 (London: George Bell & Sons, 1908).

2.1.10. Chapter in a single-author book

Example:
Ashbrook, James B., and Carol Rausch Albright. “The Frontal Lobes, Intending, and a
Purposeful God.” Chap. 7 in The Humanizing Brain. Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press, 1997.

2.1.11. Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a book

Example:
Rieger, James. Introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary
Wollstonecraft Shelley, xi–xxxvii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.

If the Introduction or Foreword has an actual title, include that title in quotation marks between
the author's name and the word “Introduction,” etc.

2.1.12. Organization as author

If a publication issued by an organization, association, or corporation carries no personal author’s

name on the title page, the organization is listed as author, even if it is also given as publisher.
For non-English sources, see section 2.5.
Example:
World Health Organization. WHO Editorial Style Manual. Geneva: World Health
Organization, 1993.

7
2.1.13. Anonymous author

If the author or editor is unknown, the note or bibliographic entry begins with the title. An initial
article is ignored in alphabetizing.
Example:
Remarks upon Remarques: Or, a Vindication of the Conversations of the Town. London,
1673.

2.1.14. Editions other than the first

When an edition other than the first is used or cited, the number or description of the edition
follows the title in the listing. Such wording as “Second edition, revised and enlarged” is
abbreviated as “2nd ed.”; “Revised edition” (with no number) is abbreviated as “rev. ed.” Any
volume number mentioned follows the edition number.
Example:
Strunk, William, Jr., and E. B. White. The Elements of Style. 4th ed. New York: Allyn and
Bacon, 2000.

2.1.15. Reprint editions and modern editions

Books may be reissued in paperback by the original publisher or in paper or hardcover by

another company. In bibliographic listings the original publication details - at least the date - are
often the more relevant.
Examples:
Bernhardt, Peter. The Rose’s Kiss: A Natural History of Flowers. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2002. First published 1999 by Island Press.
Schweitzer, Albert. J. S. Bach. Translated by Ernest Newman. 1911. Reprint, New York:
Dover, 1966.

2.1.16. Multi-volume works

2.1.16.1. Citing the work as a whole

When a multivolume work is cited as a whole, the total number of volumes is given after the title
of the work (or, if an editor as well as an author is mentioned, after the editor’s name). If the
volumes have been published over several years, the range of years is given.

8
Example:
Byrne, Muriel St. Clare, ed. The Lisle Letters. 6 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press,1981.

2.1.16.2. Citing a particular volume in a bibliography or reference list

If only one volume of a multivolume work is of interest to readers, it may be listed alone in a
bibliography or reference list in either of the following ways.
Example:
Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine. Vol. 1,
The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.

2.2. Periodicals (journals, magazines, newspapers)

The word periodical includes scholarly and professional journals, popular magazines, and
newspapers—whether printed or online.
Citations to periodicals require the following data:
1. Author’s or authors’ name(s),
2. Title and subtitle of article or column,
3. Title of periodical,
4. Issue information (volume, issue number, date, etc.),
5. Page reference (where appropriate),
6. For online periodicals, a URL and access date.

Enough data must be furnished to allow readers to track down articles in libraries or other
archives or databases. Indispensable for newspapers and most magazines is the specific date
(day, month, and year). For journals, the volume or year and the month or issue number are
required. Additional data make location easier.

2.2.1. Journals versus magazines

Journal refers to scholarly or professional periodicals available mainly by subscription (e.g.,

European Journal of International Law, Human Rights Quarterly). Journals are normally
cited by volume and date.
Magazine is used here for the kind of weekly or monthly periodical - professionally produced,
sometimes specialized, but more accessible to general readers - that is

9
available either by subscription or in individual issues at bookstores or newsstands.
Magazines are normally cited by date alone.
If in doubt whether a particular periodical is better treated as a journal or as a magazine, use
journal form if the volume number is easily located, magazine form if it is not.

2.2.2. Article in a print journal

Basic form: Last name, First name. “Article title.” Journal name Volume number and issue
number if given (year or date of publication): page of the journal where the article starts
– page of the journal where the article ends.
Examples:
Smith, John Maynard. “The Origin of Altruism.” Nature 393 (1998): 639-640.
Roth, Rachel. "Searching for the State: Who Governs Prisoners' Reproductive Rights?" Social
Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society 11, no. 3 (2004): 411– 438.

2.2.3. Article in an online journal

Last name, First name. “Article title.” Journal title journal volume, journal ssue no.
(month/year): page range, DOI or URL (accessed day, month, year).
Example:
Warr, Mark, and Christopher G. Ellison. Rethinking Social Reactions to Crime: Personal and
Altruistic Fear in Family Households.” American Journal of Sociology 106, no. 3 (November
2000): 551–78. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v106n3
/050125/050125.html (accessed 7January 2002).

2.2.4. Articles from news and journal databases (EBSCO, JSTOR, etc.)

For citations to news or journal articles obtained by searching a third-party Internet database,
follow the recommendations in the sections on journals and other periodicals. In addition,
include the URL of the main entrance of the service. Also provide the access date at the end.

Example:
Thomas, Trevor M. “Wales: Land of Mines and Quarries.” Geographical Review 46, no. 1
(1956): 59-81. http://www.jstor.org/ (accessed 12 June 2008).

10
2.2.5. Magazine article

Example:
Wolkomir, Richard. "Charting the Terrain of Touch." Smithsonian June 2000: 38-48.
If the magazine or journal you have used is published more often than once a month, use the
complete date.

2.2.6. Online magazine article

Example:
Osborne, Lawrence. “Poison Pen.” Review of The Collaborator: The Trial and Execution of
Robert Brasillach, by Alice Kaplan. Salon, 29 March 2000. http://www.salon.com/
books/it/2000/03/29/kaplan/index.html (accessed July 10 2001).

2.2.7. Newspaper article

Omit an initial "The" in newspaper titles.

Example:
Niederkorn, William S. “A Scholar Recants on His ‘Shakespeare’ Discovery.” New York
Times, 20 June 2002, Arts section, Midwest edition.

2.2.8. Unsigned newspaper article

Use the title of the newspaper in place of author when no author is given.
Example:
New York Times. “In Texas, ad heats up race for governor.” 30 July 2002.

2.2.9. Book review

Example:
Gorman, James. “Endangered Species.” Review of The Last American Man, by Elizabeth Gilbert.
New York Times Book Review, 2 June 2002.

11
2.2.10. Online newspaper, news service, and other news outlets

Citations to online newspapers or news articles posted by news services are identical to their
print counterparts, with the addition of a URL. Also add the date the material was last accessed,
as shown in the first example.
Example:
Mitchell, Alison, and Frank Bruni. “Scars Still Raw, Bush Clashes with McCain.” New York
Times, 25 March 2001. http://www.nytimes.com (accessed 2 January 2002).

2.3. Internet sources

2.3.1. Websites

For original content from online sources other than periodicals, include as much of the following
as can be determined: Author of the content, Title of the page, Title or owner of the site, URL,
and date of access.
Example:
Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. “Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000–2010:
A Decade of Outreach.” Evanston Public Library. http://www.epl.org/library/ strategic- plan-
00.html (accessed 1 June 2005).

2.3.2. E-mail correspondence

Example:
John Doe. E-mail message to author. 31 October 2005.

2.3.3. Personal website

Example:
Stallman, Richard. Homepage. 22 Oct. 2005. http://www.stallman.org/ (accessed 2
November 2005).

12
2.3.4. Weblog entry or comment

Example:
Becker-Posner Blog, The. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/ (accessed 6 March 2006).
Note: Please be very careful checking the reliability of internet sources such as personal websites
and blog entries.

2.4. Other sources

2.4.1. Public documents

Use as many of the following elements as possible:

1. Name of government (country, state, city, county or canton) and government body
(legislative body, executive department, commission, committee, etc.) issuing the
document,
2. Subsidiary divisions, regional offices, etc,
3. Title of the document (generally italicized),
4. Individual author or editor, if given,
5. Report number or other identifying information,
6. Publishing information (place and name if different than the issuing body),
7. Date of publication.

2.4.2. Publications of international bodies

General elements to include:

1. Authorizing body and author/editor if appropriate,
2. Title of paper,
3. Date,
4. Series letters and numbers, symbols, publication numbers, place of publication,
5. For online public documents: include URL with an access date.

Examples:
World Trade Organization. International Trade: Trends and Statistics. Geneva: WTO,
1995.

13
UN General Assembly. Ninth Session, Official Records, Supplement 19. Special United
Nations Fund for Economic Development: Final Report. Prepared by Raymond Scheyvn in
pursuance of UN General Assembly Resolution 724B (VIII), A/2728. 1954.

2.4.3. Treaties, conventions, declarations, resolutions, case law, and legal

publications of international organizations and tribunals

Follow guidelines in: New York University School of Law. Guide to Foreign and
International Legal Citations. New York: NYU School of Law, Journal of International Law
and Politics, 2006.

General format for treaties, conventions, declarations (see p. 266 of NYU’s Guide):

1. Official title,
2. City of signature (optional),
3. Date of completion (in parentheses or set off by commas),
4. Parties to the treaty (only for bilateral treaties),
5. Official series numbers, letters, and symbols,
6. Date of entry into force,
7. Any relevant amendment information (if available),
8. Subdivision (article and paragraph) referenced (for footnotes only).

Citation of all major International Human Rights Documents can be found on p. 268 of NYU’s
Guide.
Examples:
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (New York,
7 Mar. 1966) 660 U.N.T.S. 195, 5 I.L.M. 352 (1966), entered into force 4 Jan. 1969,
Art 1.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (New York, 16 Dec. 1966)
993 U.N.T.S. 3, entered into force 3 Jan. 1976.

For international and regional tribunals, see p. 257 of NYU’s Guide.

For other legal texts of international organizations (United Nations, European Union, and World
Trade Organization), see p. 218 NYU’s Guide.
For prominent international law cases, see p. 273 NYU’s Guide.

For cases, use the following style: ‘… the ECtHR also observed that the child’s reluctance to
engage with the shelter system was also due to the remoteness of the reception

14
facilities’ (Khan v. France, no. 12267/16, § 90, 29 February 2019) or ‘… the CRC reaffirmed
that state parties have positive obligation to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental
violence, injury or abuse in all circumstances, even where the parent or guardian is unable to
resist social pressure’ (IAM on behalf of KYM v. Denmark, no. 3/2016, § 11.8.b, 25 January
2018).
For subsequent references, please use the name of the case in italic without the full reference in
brackets except the paragraph number, e.g: In Khan, … (§ 90) or In IAM on behalf of KYM, …
(§ 11.8.b).

2.4.4. National legislation

References to cases and legislation should be included in brackets within the text. Legislative
documents should be stated in the following manner:
First reference: According to the Constitution of Greece (as revised by the parliamentary
resolution of 6 April 2001 of the VII Revisionary Parliament), every person has the right to
freely express and propagate his/her thoughts in compliance with the state laws (Art 14.1).
Following references: The Greek Constitution 2001… (Art 14.1).

First reference: Asylum and Temporary Protection Act of the Republic of Serbia
(Official Gazette of the RS, no. 24/2018) prescribes…
Following references: Serbian Asylum and Temporary Protection Act 2018… (Art 3)

2.4.5. Thesis or dissertation

Example:
Amundin, M. “Click Repetition Rate Patterns in Communicative Sounds from the Harbour
Porpoise, Phocoena phocoena.” PhD diss., Stockholm University, 1991.

2.4.6. Lectures, speeches, papers presented at meetings, etc.

The sponsorship, location, and date of the meeting at which a speech was given or a paper
presented follow the title.

Examples:

15
Puhovski, Žarko. “Human Rights and Moral Theories.” Center for Interdisciplinary Postgraduate
Studies, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. 16-18 November 2006.
Doyle, Brian. “Howling Like Dogs: Metaphorical Language in Psalm 59.” Paper presented at the
annual international meeting for the Society of Biblical Literature, Berlin, Germany, 19–22 June
2002.

2.4.7. Interviews

2.4.6.1. Published or broadcasted interviews

An interview that has already been published or broadcast is treated like an article in a periodical
or a chapter in a book.
Example:
Bellour, Raymond. “Alternation, Segmentation, Hypnosis: Interview with Raymond Bellour.”
Interviewed by Janet Bergstrom. Camera Obscura, nos. 3–4 (Summer 1979): 89–94.

2.4.6.2. Unpublished interviews

Citations should include the names of both the person interviewed and the interviewer; brief
identifying information, if appropriate; the place and/or date of the interview; and, if a transcript
or tape is available, where it may be found. Permission to quote may be needed.
Example:
Hunt, Horace. Interviewed by Ronald Schatz. Tape recording. Pennsylvania Historical and
Museum Commission, Harrisburg. 16 May 2000.

2.4.6.3. Unattributed interviews

An interview with a person who prefers to remain anonymous or whose name the author does not
wish to reveal may be cited in whatever form is appropriate in context. The absence of a name
should be explained (e.g., “All interviews were conducted in confidentiality”).
Example:
Interview with health care worker. 10 August 1999.

2.4.6.4. Interview that you conducted

16
Example:
Litwack, Leon. Personal Interview. 12 April 2004.

2.4.8. DVDs and videocassettes

Facts of publication for video recordings generally follow that of books, with the addition of the
type of medium. Scenes (individually accessible in DVDs) are treated as chapters and cited by
title or by number. Ancillary material, such as critical commentary, is cited by author and title.
Example:
Cleese, John, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. “Commentaries.” Disc 2.
Monty Python and the Holy Grail, special ed. DVD. Directed by Terry Gilliam and Terry
Jones. Culver City, CA: Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment, 2001.

2.4.9. One Source Quoted in Another

Citing a source quoted in another source is discouraged unless the original source is unavailable.
You must indicate the original and secondary sources by citing the original as “quoted in” the
secondary source.
Example:
Zukofsky, Louis. “Sincerity and Objectification.” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269. Quoted in
Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1981.

2.5. Non-English sources

2.5.1. Citing and quoting

Cite titles of books and other materials in their original language using the Latin alphabet. When
quoting from the source, you can note “my translation” at the end of your footnote. If all
translations are your own, a single note to that effect will suffice.
Examples:
Alerić, Danijel. “Ime zagrebačkoga biskupa u zadarskoj ispravi kralja Kolomana.” Slovo
18–191(1969):155–70.
Diccionario de historia de Venezuela. 3 vols. Caracas: Fundación Polar, 1988.

17
Lamarche, Jean-François, Danielle Maisonneuve, and Yves St-Amand, Les relations
publiques: Dans une société en mouvance. Sainte-Foy, QC: Presses de l‘Université de
Québec, 1998.
Stojanovic, Ljiljana Piletic, ed. Gutfreund i ceški kubizam. Belgrade: Muzej savremene
umetnosti, 1971.

2.5.2. Translation added to a title

If you feel that an English translation of a title is needed for your readers or especially for
languages not originally written in Latin script, it follows the original title and is enclosed in
brackets, without italics or quotation marks. It is capitalized sentence style regardless of the
bibliographic style followed.
Example:
Pirumova, N. M. Zemskoe liberal’noe dvizhenie: Sotsial’nye korni i evoliutsiia do nachala XX
veka [The Zemstvo liberal movement: Its social roots and evolution to the beginning of the
twentieth century]. Moscow: Izdatel‘stvo “Nauka,” 1977.

2.5.3. Foreign terms

Terms used for volume, edition, and so on may be translated—but only if the author or editor has
a firm grasp of bibliographic terms in the foreign language. “Ausgabe in einem Band,” for
example, may be rendered as “one-volume edition” or simply left untranslated.

2.5.4. Non-English city names

Current, commonly used English names for non-English speaking cities should be used:
Belgrade (not Beograd), Cologne (not Köln), Mexico City (not México), Milan (not Milano),
Munich (not München), Prague (not Praha), Rome (not Roma), The Hague (not Den Haag),
Turin (not Torino), Vienna (not Wien).

2.5.5. Non-English publishers’ names

No part of a foreign publisher’s name should be translated, even though the city has been given
in its English form. Capitalization of a publisher’s name should follow the original unless the
name appears in full capitals there; in that case, it should be capitalized headline style.

18
Examples:
Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1982. Mexico
City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1981.

Note that abbreviations corresponding to Inc. or Ltd. (for example, GmbH, in German
language) are omitted.
Example:
Instead of Munich: Delphin Verlag GmbH, 1983 use Munich: Delphin Verlag, 1983.

3. CREATING FOOTNOTES

3.1. Position and placement of numbers

Footnote reference numbers in text are set as superior (superscript) numbers, and are numbered
consecutively throughout the text. Footnotes can be inserted automatically in Microsoft Word by
clicking on the References section and following instructions for “insert footnote.”
A footnote number should be placed at the end of a sentence or at the end of a clause. The
number follows any punctuation mark except for the dash, which it precedes. It follows a closing
parenthesis.
Examples:
“Nonrestrictive relative clauses are parenthetic, as are similar clauses introduced by conjunctions
indicating time or place.”8
“This,” wrote George Templeton Strong, “is what our tailors can do.” (In an earlier book he had
said quite the opposite.)
The bias was apparent in the Shotwell series—and it must be remembered that Shotwell was a
student of Robinson’s.

3.2. Format and content of footnote text

The footnote is placed at the bottom of the page, in 10-point font. In the footnote text, list the full
bibliographic entry of the source with the page number or range of page numbers which you are
citing (see footnote 8 as example).

8
Strunk, William Jr. and E. B. White, The Elements of Style, 4th ed. New York: Allyn and Bacon, 2000. 3.

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3.3. Multiple references

Using more than one note reference at a single location (such as 5, 6) should be rigorously
avoided. A single note can contain more than one citation or comment.

3.4. Avoiding overlong footnotes

Lengthy, discursive notes should be reduced or integrated into the text. Complicated tabular
material, lists, and other entities not part of the text should be put in an appendix rather than in
the footnotes. A parenthetical note in the text might read, for example, “For a list of institutions
involved, see appendix A.”

3.5. Substantive notes

Substantive, or discursive, notes may merely amplify the text and include no sources. When a
source is needed… if brief and already cited in full, may appear parenthetically, as in the
following example.9

3.6. Short forms

To reduce the bulk of documentation in scholarly works that use footnotes or endnotes,
subsequent citations to sources already given in full may be shortened whenever possible. The
short form, as distinct from an abbreviation, should include enough information to remind
readers of the full title and lead them to the appropriate entry in the bibliography.

3.6.1. The basic short form

The most common short form consists of the last name of the author(s) and the main title of the
work cited, usually shortened if more than four words.
Examples of bibliographic entries with footnotes to corresponding short form entries:
Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference: Gender and Myth in Ancient Greece and India.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.10

9
Ernst Cassirer takes important notice of this in Language and Myth (59–62) and offers a searching analysis
of man’s regard for things on which his power of inspirited action may crucially depend.
10
Doniger, Splitting the Difference, 23.

20
Morley, Samuel A. Poverty and Inequality in Latin America: The Impact of Adjustment
and Recovery. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.11
Schwartz, Regina M. “Nationals and Nationalism: Adultery in the House of David.” Critical
Inquiry 19, no. 1 (1992): 131–32.12
Kaiser Ernest. “The Literature of Harlem.” In Harlem: A Community in Transition, ed. J.
H. Clarke. New York: Citadel Press, 1964.13

3.6.2. Author’s name

Only the last name of the author, or of the editor or translator if given first in the full reference, is
needed in the short form. Full names or initials are included only when two or more authors with
the same last name have been cited. Such abbreviations as ed. or trans. following a name in the
full reference are omitted in subsequent references. If a work has two or three authors, give the
last name of each; for more than three, the last name of the first author followed by et al. or and
others.
Example 1:
Kathryn Petras and Ross Petras, eds., Very Bad Poetry => Petras and Petras, Very Bad Poetry.
Example 2:
Joseph A. Belizzi, H. F. Kruckeberg, J. R. Hamilton, and W. S. Martin, “Consumer Perceptions
of National, Private, and Generic Brands.” => Belizzi et al., “Consumer Perceptions”

2.6.2. Title

The short title contains the key word or words from the main title. An initial ‘A’ or ‘The’ is
omitted. The order of the words should not be changed (for example, Daily Notes of a Trip
around the World should be shortened not to World Trip but to Daily Notes or Around the
World). Titles of four words or fewer are seldom shortened. The short title is italicized or set in
roman according to the way the full title appears.
Example 1:
The War Journal of Major Damon “Rocky” Gause => War Journal.

11
Morley, Poverty and Inequality, 43.
12
Schwartz, “Nationals and Nationalism,” 138.
13
Kaiser, “Literature of Harlem,” 189, 140.

21
Example 2:
“A Brief Account of the Reconstruction of Aristotle’s Protrepticus” => “Aristotle’s Protrepticus”
Example 3:
Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht, 1940–1945 => Kriegstagebuch

In short titles in languages other than English, no word should be omitted that governs the case
ending of a word included in the short title.

2.6.3. The use of “Ibid.”

The abbreviation “Ibid.” (from ibidem, “in the same place”) refers to a single work cited in the
note immediately preceding. It must never be used if the preceding note contains more than one
citation. It takes the place of the name(s) of the author(s) or editor(s), the title of the work, and as
much of the succeeding material as is identical. If the entire reference, including page numbers or
other particulars, is identical, the abbreviation “Ibid.” alone is used.
Examples:
Example of a footnoted source.14
Citation of the same source with different page numbers.15
Citation of the same source with same page numbers as previous citation.16

3.7. Managing sources using Microsoft Word options

Go to “References” tab, set to “Chicago” style, click on “Manage Sources.”

For detailed guidance, please use Chicago University Press, Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed.
Chicago: University Press, 2003. Online version at: http://www.chicago
manualofstyle.org/home.html.

14
Farmwinkle, Humor of the Midwest, 241.
15
Ibid.,258-259.
16
Ibid.

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3.7.2. Free online bibliography and citation machines

1. BibMe
http://www.bibme.org
One of the most functional free online bibliography and citation tools on
the Internet. All the features an eLearning content developer need are
there.
2. Citation Machine
http://www.citationmachine.net
This is definitely one of the easiest ways to use free online
bibliography and citation tools.
3. Citavi
https://www.citavi.com/en
Citavi is a multi-purpose free online bibliography and citation tool
eLearning content developers can use for their knowledge organization
needs. It is also a reference manager and a task management platform.
4. Recipes4Success
http://recipes.tech4learning.com
What’s radical about this free online bibliography and citation tool is that
it gives you the chance to even reference sources like sound effects,
music pieces, images and email messages.
5. Zotero
https://www.zotero.org
Browser plugin and a great free online bibliography and citation tool that
helps eLearning content developers gather, manage and share their
research sources.
6. EasyBib
www.easybib.com
Free online bibliography and citation tools constitute a functional way for
people wanting to reference various types of content, both digital and
print. EasyBib provides a well-rounded solution for all your citation
needs.

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7. CiteThisForMe
http://www.citethisforme.com/
CiteThisForMe is one of those free online bibliography and citation tools that
offer a plethora of features for reference management.

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