VELAMMAL VIDHYASHRAM SURAPET

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

ON

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

NAME: VISHAL.P
CLASS:12A4

ROLL NUMBER:
SSCE-2023-2024
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that , vishal.p of class XII A4 has successfully
completed the project on the topic Electromagnetic Induction under the
guidance of Mr vijoy thomas in partial fulfillment of physics practical
examination conducted by SSCE,CBSE, New Delhi for the academic
year 2023 – 2024.

Signature of Teacher in charge Signature of Internal Examiner

Signature of Principal Signature of External Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have

best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support. So I
am utilizing this opportunity to thank all the people who have been
concerned with my project.
Primarily I would like to thank God almighty for giving me the
strength, knowledge and good health to complete this project with
success.

Then I would like to thank our Principal Mam for his continuous
support and our physics teacher whose whole hearted guidance helped
me to patch this project and make it full proof success. The suggestions
and instructions given by them served as the major contribution to the
completion of this project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me
with their valuable suggestions and guidance, which has been helpful
in various phases of the completion of this project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have
helped me a lot.
TABLE OF CONTENT
SNO TOPICS PAGE NO

1 Introduction 1

2 Aim 7

3 Material Required 7
4 Theory 8

5 Procedure 8

6 Observation 9

7 Precautions 9

8 Conclusion 10

9 Biblography 10
NTRODUCTION

Electromagnet:
An Electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is
produced by electric current . Electromagnets usually consist of wire
wound into a coil.
• The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off.
• The wire turns are often wound around a magnetic core made from
a ferromagnetic or ferromagnetic material such as iron; the
magnetic core concentrates the magnetic flux and makes a more
powerful magnet.
• The main advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet
is that the magnetic field can be quickly changed by controlling the
amount of electric current in the winding.
• However, unlike a permanent magnet that needs no power, an
electromagnet requires a continuous supply of current to maintain
the magnetic field.
• Electromagnets are widely used as components of other electrical
devices,suchas motors, generators, electromechanical solenoids,
relays, loudspeakers, hard disks, MRI machines, scientific
instruments, and magnetic separation equipment.
• Electromagnets are also employed in industry for picking up and
moving heavy iron objects such as scrap iron and steel.

1
Induction:
• This process of generating current in a conductor by placing the
conductor in a changing magnetic field is called induction.
• Faraday and Henry discovered just the opposite. They noticed that
a moving magnetic field would induce current in an electrical
conductor.
• This process of generating electrical current in a conductor by
placing the conductor in a changing magnetic field is called
electromagnetic induction or just induction. It is called induction
because the current is said to be induced in the conductor by the
magnetic field.
Electromagnetic Induction:
• Electromagnetic Induction is the production of a potential
difference(voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a
varying magnetic field.
• Electromagnetic Induction is when an electromagnetic field causes
molecules in another object to flow .
• Induction can produce electricity, heat, or waves .
• Finally, it is referring to the phenomenon where an emf is induced
when the magnetic flux linking a conductor change.
• Electromagnetic Induction was discovered by Michael Faraday in
1831, and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically described it as
Faraday’s law of induction.
• Electromagnetic Induction is a current produced because of voltage
production (electromotive force) due to a changing magnetic field.

2
• This either happens when a conductor is placed in a moving
magnetic field (when using an AC power source) or when a
conductor is constantly moving in a stationary magnetic field.

• As per the setup given below, Michael Faraday arranged a

conducting wire attached to a device to measure the voltage across
the circuit.
• When a bar magnet is moved through the coiling, the voltage
detector measures the voltage in the circuit.

Magnetic Flux:
• Magnetic flux defined as the product of the magnetic flux density
and the area normal to the field through which the field is passing.
• It provides the measurement of the total magnetic field that passes
through a given surface area.
• Here, the area under consideration can be of any size and under any
orientation with respect to the direction of the magnetic field.
• Magnetic flux is commonly denoted using the Greek letter Phi or
Phi suffix B.

3
• It is a useful tool for helping describe the effects of the magnetic
force on something occupying a given area. The measurement of
magnetic flux is tied to the particular area chosen.

• We can choose to make the area any size we want and orient it in
any way relative to the magnetic field.
• If we use the field-line picture of a magnetic field then every field
line passing through the given area contributes some magnetic flux.
• The angle at which the field line intersects the area is also
important. A field line passing through at a glancing angle will only
contribute a small component of the field to the magnetic flux.
• When calculating the magnetic flux we include only the
component of the magnetic field vector which is normal to our
test area.
• Magnetic flux symbol: Φ or ΦB.
• It is a scalar quantity. SI Unit-weber(wb)

4
Application of Electromagnetic Induction

Electrical Generator
• Electric generators, also known as dynamos is an electric machine
that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
• The electric generator’s mechanical energy is usually provided by
steam turbines, gas turbines, and wind turbines.
• Electrical generators provide nearly all the power that is required
for electric power grids.
• The reverse conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy is
done by an electric motor.
• Both motors and generators have many similarities. But in this, the
article let us focus mainly on electric generators and how they
convert mechanical energy to electrical energy.
• They provide the power for most power networks across cities
• Small scale generators provide a good backup for household power
needs or small businesses
• At construction sites, before the power is set up, they extensively
make use of electric generators

5
Transformer
• The transformer, in a simple way, can be described as a device
that steps up or steps down voltage.
• In a step-up transformer, the output voltage is increased, and in a
step-down transformer, the output voltage is decreased. The step-up
transformer will decrease the output current, and the step-down
transformer will increase the output current to keep the input and
output power of the system equal.
• The transformer is basically a voltage control device that is used
widely in the distribution and transmission of alternating current
power.
• The idea of a transformer was first discussed by Michael Faraday
in the year 1831 and was carried forward by many other prominent
science scholars.
• However, the general purpose of using transformers was to
maintain a balance between the electricity that was generated at
very high voltages and consumption which was done at very low
voltages.

6
AIM:
To become familiar with magnetic induction ,faraday’s law, and lenz’s
law through a series of qualitative investigation.

MATERIAL REQUIRED:
>Battery(9V)
> Battery Connector
>Bulb
>15 kiloohm resistor
>Transistor
>Copper wire

Circuit Diagram:

THEORY
Invention:
7
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction
in 1831 though it may have been anticipated by the work of Francesco
Zantedeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph Henry made a
similar discovery, but did not publish his findings until later.

Induced emf:
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then an e.m.f. will be
generated in the coil. This effect was first observed and explained by
Ampere and Faraday between 1825 and 1831. Faraday discovered that
an e.m.f. could be generated either by,
(a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each other or
(b) By changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic flux.

Note:
The e.m.f. is only produced while the flux is changing.

PROCEDURE
Take a copper coil with 40 turns.(C1) Take a copper coil with 20 turns.
(C2) Connect a bulb to the coil C1.
Connect battery, resistor and transistor to the coil C2. Move the coil C1
towards or away from the coil C2.
OBSERVATION

Magnet is moved at certain rate and certain voltage is produced.

Magnet is moved at faster rate and creating a greater induced voltage.
Magnet is moved at same speed through coil that has greater number of
turn and greater voltage is induced.
8
Observation Table:

S.No Distance between the two coils(cm) Intensity of the bulb

1 5 low

2 2 high

PRECAUTIONS
Do all the connection carefully.
Do not scratch insulated cooper wire while making loop. Do not use
very thick or thin copper wire. Use only insulated copper wire
CONCLUSION
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and
published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century, describes
a very important electro-magnetic concept. Although its mathematical
representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday’s is not hard to
grasp: it relates an induced electric potential or voltage to a dynamic
magnetic field. This concept has many far-reaching ramifications that
touch our lives in many ways: from the shining of the sun, to the
convenience of mobile communications, to electricity to power our
homes. We can all appreciate the profound impact Faraday’s Law has
on us.

9
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Wikipedia.comm Google search engine
Physics NCERT book for class XII

10