Che m ist ry:

The study of matter and its changes

Matter
M a t t e r:
Part 1: The Classification of Matter
Anything that has mass and volume

 Examples:
 Salt Water
Wha t is t he St ruc t ure of M a t t e r? 
M ix t ure s 
Soda
Blood
 Rocks

 are made of many
Mixtures Soil
 Trees
…are made of many substances.  Air

Substances  most matter you

…called either… …or commonly encounter is a
mixture.
Compounds
…are made of  different substances can
be separated from a
Elements mixture by simple,
physical processes.
…of different

Atoms
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Dist illa t ion A Simple Physical

M ix t ure s ( Con ’t ) Separation of a Mixture to
obtain pure substances

 Example:
Salt Water

 Can be separated into two substances:

substances:
water and salt

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 Filt ra t ion
M ix t ure s ( Con ’t )
 Example: Soda

A Simple Physical
Separation of a Mixture
to obtain pure
substances

 Can be separated into several substances:

substances:
water and sugars and dyes and presevatives…
presevatives…etc.
etc.

M ix t ure s ( Con ’t ) M ix t ure s Con ’t

 Example: Soil (Dirt) or Rocks
 This is obviously a
mixture; you can see
more than one
substance present:
 This is also a
mixture, even though
it looks like it is a
pure substance.

 Can be separated into many, many substances:

substances:
muscovite and biotite and feldspar and iron…
iron…etc.
etc.

 Examples:

T w o T ype s of M ix t ure : M ix t ure s 
Salt Water
Soda
 Blood
 Rocks
H om oge ne ous M ix t ure  are made of many  Soil
substances.  Trees

An even mixture; particles are blended  most matter you commonly

evenly throughout the mixture.
(a.k.a. “solutions”
solutions”)
H e t e roge ne ous M ix t ure :
encounter is a mixture.
 different substances can be
separated from a mixture by
simple, physical processes.
 mixtures are made of many…
many…

An uneven mixture;
particles are unevenly distributed.
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 Subst a nc e s (Pure ) Subst a nc e
 also called Examples:  DEFINITION:
 Water
PURE SUBSTANCES  Salt
 Gold
 Copper
An element or a compound.
 cannot be further
 Butane
 Can always be represented by a single
separated or broken
down by simple
physical processes chemical formula.

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Examples:
Subst a nc e s Com pounds  Water (H2O)
contains
 Hydrogen
You might recognize Examples:  Oxygen
 Water  Salt (NaCl
that of these DEFINITION:
(NaCl))
substances are  Salt
 Gold  A substance
elements…
elements… contains
 Sodium
 Copper
 Chlorine
containing more
 Butane
 Butane (C6H12O6)
than one element.
element.
whereas others are
compounds.
compounds. contains
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
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 Oxygen
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M ix t ure s vs. Com pounds

Ele c t rolysis
Water is not a mixture, Mixtures Compounds
so it cannot be
separated into simpler
substances by
physical means…
means… can be separated can only be separated
by PHYSICAL by CHEMICAL
means into means into
but it can be separated
into simpler substances
by CHEMICAL means. Compounds
and/or Elements
Elements
 Water is a compound because it is a substance containing
more than one element.
element. Example: Distillation Example: Electrolysis

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 M ix t ure s vs. Com pounds
Mixtures are made of
Com pounds, ( Con ’t )
Compounds are made
compounds and/or of atoms of different
elements that are elements that are  Molecular compounds  Ionic compounds are
MIXED together. BONDED together. are made of atoms made of atoms that
that bond together to bond together to
form molecules.
molecules. form networks.
networks.

This is a pure substance;

oxygen atoms and hydrogen
In this example, methanol
atoms are bonded together to
molecules and water molecules are
form a compound, hydrogen
mixed together; not bonded together.
peroxide (H2O2)

Ele m e nt s Ea c h e le m e nt ha s a na m e a nd sym bol:

DEFINITION: Examples;

 An element is a  Iron (Fe)

substance that  Carbon (C)
cannot be broken  Chlorine (Cl
(Cl))
down into simpler  Mercury (Hg)
substances.
 There are about 117 elements.

 “A type of atom”
atom”

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N ot a ll e le m e nt s a re e qua lly c om m on: A M a t t e r Flow c ha rt

MATTER
yes Can it be physically
no
separated?

MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE

yes Is the composition no yes Can it be chemically no

uniform? decomposed?

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Mixture Mixture Compound Element
(solution)

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 At om s Here is a picture of an atom:
M ix t ure s Too
 All elements are made of atoms Easy?

 Atoms are the most basic

building block of matter

DEFINTION:
? Here’
Here’s a much
more advanced
and
comprehensive
look at
classifying

 The smallest particle of an

matter.
The structure of an atom is
not easy to determine;
element they are too small to be
observed directly.
(…that has the properties of the
element)

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Re vie w :

Matter At om :
The basic unit of matter
Part 2: Molecules and Chemical Formulae
Ele m e nt :
A type of atom

Examples:
Molecule:
A group of atoms held together by
sharing electrons (covalent bonds)

Compound:
A substance containing more than one
element.
• Atom, Element, Molecule, Compound:

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 Four different molecules: Some molecules are more complex:
Some fat molecules: A protein
• Which are compounds? molecule:

cholester

• There can be different forms of a single element

What are each
of these?
Oxygen has 2 allotropes:
Atom,
Element,
Molecule,
O2
or Diatomic O3
Compound Oxygen Ozone
Molecule Molecule

Forms of Carbon
Practice with Vocabulary:

Diamond Graphite

All are pure carbon; each has a different

molecular or crystalline form.

Fullerenes Carbon
Nanotubes

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Molecules can be represented many ways: • All substances can be represented by a

Chemical CH4 H2O Chemical Formula:

Formula:
H H
Structural Formula: O
H2 O
Ball and Stick
Model:
subscript
Space Filling Model:

How many atoms of each

Chemical Formulas show how many atoms
of each element are in one molecule: element are present in one
molecule of:
Chemical # of # of atoms # of Carbon
Formula
O2
elements

1
total

2
atoms

0
(NH4)2SO3
H2 O 2 3 0 N……………. 2
C3 H8 O 3 12 3 H…………… 8
S……………. 1
C6H12O4Cl 4 23 6
O…………… 3

Re vie w : Pure Substance or Mixture?

Cla ssific a t ion of M a t t e r

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 Pure Substance:
Homogeneous Mixture
= An element or a compound
(Any substance An even mixture; particles are blended
that can be described evenly throughout the mixture.
by a single chemical formula) (= “solutions”)

Mixture: Heterogeneous Mixture:

A substance that contains An uneven mixture;
more than one pure substance particles are unevenly distributed.

• All pure substances can be represented by a

Homogeneous Mixture
An even mixture; particles are blended Single Chemical Formula:
evenly throughout the mixture.
(= “solutions”)
H2 O
Heterogeneous Mixture:
If it’s really a pure substance, you should only need to
An uneven mixture; write ONE chemical formula to describe it’s composition.

particles are unevenly distributed.